- •М.В. Жесткова, с.Я. Никитина
- •Самара 2007
- •Contents
- •Grammar review
- •To have
- •In the computer room
- •Grammar review
- •The internet
- •Computers in our life
- •Common computer applications
- •Computer applications on railways
- •Grammar review
- •What is a computer?
- •Types of computers
- •Микрокомпьютер
- •Мейнфрейм
- •Analog and digital computers
- •Grammar review
- •Hardware
- •(1) The Central Processing Unit
- •(2) Storage Devices
- •Internal Memory
- •(3) Input Devices
- •(4) Output Devices
- •The definition of mechanical brain
- •Grammar review
- •Software
- •(A) програмmное обеспечение компьютера
- •(B) популярные операционные системы windows
- •Macintosh
- •(1) Introduction
- •(2) Early Efforts
- •(3) Video Games
- •(4) Nintendo And Competitors
- •(5) Computer Games
- •(6) Advantages of Computer Games
- •(7) Popular Computer Games
- •Grammar review
- •Part I (Prehistory)
- •Part II (The Computer of the 19th Century)
- •As far as I know; In fact; It is hard to say; To my mind; In my opinion I believe; I suppose.
- •(1) Charles babbage
- •(2) Augusta ada king, countess of lovelace
- •Grammar review
- •Babbage's dream come true Part I (The Harvard Mark I)
- •Part II (colossus, eniac, edvac)
- •Computerland
- •Grammar review
- •Deep blue
- •The pc revolution Part I
- •Part III
- •People who changed the computer world Part I
- •Part II
- •Part III
- •Part IV
- •Наступление персональных компьютеров
- •Enjoy yourself
- •(2) Mother should have warned you!
- •(3) Bill gates in heaven
- •(4) 10 Programmers
- •(5) What if dr. Suess wrote a manual?
- •How modern are you?
- •Add up your score and read the analysis.
- •Add up your score and read the analysis.
- •Краткий грамматический справочник
- •§ 1. Личные и притяжательные местоимения Personal and Possessive Pronouns
- •§ 2. Глагол to be
- •§ 3. Глагол to have
- •§ 5. Притяжательный падеж имени существительного (Possessive Case)
- •§ 6. Существительное в функции определения (Noun as Attributive)
- •§ 7. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий (Comparison Degrees of Adjectives and Adverbs)
- •§ 8. Основные формы глагола
- •§ 9. Времена групп Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect в действительном (Active) и страдательном (Passive) залогах
- •Tenses in Active Voice
- •Tenses in Passive Voice
- •§ 10. Согласование времён (Sequence of Tenses)
- •§ 11. Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
- •§ 12. Эквиваленты модальных глаголов (Equivalents of Modal Verbs)
- •§ 13. Причастие (The Participle)
- •Participle I
- •Participle II
- •§ 14. Герундий (The Gerund)
- •§ 15. Функции слов с окончанием -ing в предложении
- •§ 16. Функции слов с окончанием -ed в предложении
- •§ 17. Инфинитив (The Infinitive)
- •§ 18. Функции глагола to be
- •§ 19. Функции глагола to have
- •§ 20. Порядок слов в утвердительных предложениях
- •§ 21. Порядок слов в вопросительных предложениях
- •§ 22. Порядок слов в отрицательных предложениях
- •§ 23. Условные придаточные предложения (Conditional Sentences)
- •§ 24. Наиболее распространенные служебные слова
- •Библиографический список
Grammar review
1. Verbs to be, to have. 2. Construction there +to be. 3. Infinitive of Purpose. 4. Modal Verbs: can, must, may, should. |
Ex. 15. Read and translate the sentences, paying attention to the verbs to be, to have.
TO BE
BIOS is an acronym for Basic Input Output System.
These problems were very difficult, but it took her only five minutes to solve them.
Many computer engineers consider that the future of computer hardware will not be in further miniaturization but in radically new computer designs.
These VCRs are easy to program for automatic recording.
The Apple II was one of the first PCs with a color video display and a keyboard that made the computer easy to use.
The speed of supercomputers is about 10 billion operations per second.
It was an easy task for an expert, while it was difficult for a novice.
If I am not in my office, leave a voice message.
The two machines are similar in size but different in their computing capabilities.
When will the information be available to the public?
The screens of the first computer monitors were white-black.
To have
You have too many programs open on your desktop.
Each file has its name, type, length in Kbytes, the date and the time of its creation.
Laser printers have high print quality.
Bill Gates had his own company in 19 – not bad going!
A computer has an arithmetic unit for performing mathematical operations.
The system crashed, but fortunately, we had backup copies of all our files.
I will have time to do a quick edit of my essay before handing it in.
Do you have one host computer and ten terminals in your computer room? – Yes, we do.
How many keys does the keyboard of this personal computer have? – It has 102 keys.
Did the first generation of PCs have an eight-bit microprocessor? – Yes, they did.
Ex. 16. Express the idea in the Present, Past and Future Indefinite.
The library to have a database of over 21 million book titles.
The program to be available over the Internet as free software.
I to have copies of these files on my laptop.
Computer games to be a popular Christmas present for children.
The software to be too difficult for the average user.
This video game to have 15 levels.
Robots to have many different uses in modern industry.
Computer security specialists to be in great demand.
The programmer to have a contract to work for a major American computer firm.
Sometimes the phone lines to be so busy that it to be impossible to get connected to the Internet.
Ex. 17. Put general questions and special questions to the underlined words.
Our University will have a large computer centre next year.
We have more than 10,000 résumés on our database.
They had an agreement never to talk about work at home.
The PC has two USB ports.
The printers have an automatic paper feed.
They had a system crash last night.
My friend has a fine collection of old records.
You will have just 30 seconds to answer the question.
The CD-ROMs have a memory capacity of 680 megabytes.
A chip has several hundred thousand electronic components (transistors, resistors, etc.).
Ex. 18. Use the verbs to be, to have in the required tense form.
Computer programs to be the sets of instructions that tell a computer what to do. [Present]
Microsoft, Inc. to have branch offices in more than 60 countries around the world. [Present]
A new information service soon to be available to library users. [Future]
The Mark I computer to be the first machine, which solved mathematical problems at a high speed. [Past]
Online databases to be available to anyone who to have access to the Internet. [Present]
ENIAC to be the first digital computer built in the 1940s. It to be enormous. It to be as big as a locomotive. It to have more than 18,000 glass vacuum tubes inside and its weight to be equal to the weight of six elephants. [Past]
GRIDPad computer to be a portable computer that to have an electronic pen instead of a keyboard. [Present]
Since next week, all our computers to have unlimited access to the Internet. [Future]
The first programmer in the world to be Lord Byron’s daughter. [Past]
The central processing unit, keyboard, mouse, printer and monitor to be parts of computer hardware. [Present]
The system to have the ability to run more than one program at the same time. [Present]
The first programs to be very hard to write and understand. They to be extremely long strings of zeros and ones. [Past]
BASIC to be a programming language for solving mathematical and business problems. [Present]
Electrons in the atom to have the negative charge. [Present]
Next year, the number of homes with either cable or satellite television to be over ten million. [Future]
Ex. 19. Read and translate the sentences, paying attention to the construction there + to be.
There are two buttons and a scroll wheel on the top of the mouse.
There was not much difference in price between the two notebooks.
Computer experts consider that there will be about 900 million Internet users worldwide by the end of 2010.
At the beginning of the 1970s, there were two types of computers available. There were room-sized mainframes, which cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. There were also smaller, cheaper, mass-produced minicomputers, which cost tens of thousands of dollars.
There will be a live chat forum on web design (=creation of websites) at 9 p.m.
There was not enough memory available on the hard disk to install the program.
There are several devices, which help to enter information into the computer.
There will be a discount of 7 percent on this computer if you buy it before January 31.
There is a special switch on the computer keyboard that regulates the work with Russian and Latin alphabets.
There were two versions of the game available, a long one and a short one.
Ex. 20. Fill in the gaps with the verb to be in the required tense form.
There ___ two fundamentally different types of computers: analogue and digital.
I turned the volume right up, but there ___ still no sound.
Before loading the program, make sure that there ___ enough memory available.
How many keys ___ there on the first computer keyboard?
There ___ 256 different ways of combining 0 and 1 bits in a byte.
___ there any room for a computer on your desk? Yes, there ___ a lot of room.
There ___ an answering machine in our office but it broke down.
On this Web site, there ___ the useful information on how to find a job abroad.
There ___ no point [смысл] reading the instructions because they ___ completely useless.
There ___ 3,000 switches in the Mark I computer to control its operation.
Ex. 21. INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE. Read and translate the sentences.
Model: The library's statistical section uses its terminal to access various statistical databases. – Статистический отдел библиотеки использует свой терминал, чтобы получить доступ к различным статистическим базам данных.
Click on the X in the top right-hand corner to close the window.
To open a new file, double-click on the icon.
Infra-red sensors are used in TV to switch it on/off and to change programs.
You need to type the password on this line to view the information in the file.
Click the left mouse button twice to highlight the word.
Use the mouse to drag the icon to a new position.
Press Ctrl + S to save the document.
To fax the document, drag it to the fax machine icon.
Various test programs are used to detect faults in the computer system.
I will run a test program to see why the server keeps crashing.
Which switch do I press to turn off the unit?
To start printing out the document, click on the printer icon with the left mouse.
Customers can visit our website to see the list of books available as well as to order them.
A lot of people use the Internet to communicate with friends by e-mail, to read news, to search for all kinds of information, to shop, to pay bills, and to play video games.
Use the mouse wheel to scroll the text down.
Ex. 22. Complete the sentences according to the model.
Model: To cut a block of the text…
To cut a block of the text, highlight it and then press Del.
To save your files to a floppy disk or a CD, …
To install the new program, …
To replace the paragraph of the text, …
To scan the disk for viruses, …
To check spelling in your document, …
To indent the first line of the paragraph, …
To install the password on your computer, …
To enter the edit mode, …
Ex. 23. MODAL VERBS. Read and translate the sentences.
You must list all of your information sources at the end of the essay.
I could not open a program by selecting an icon and double-clicking it.
The Internet café is a place with computers where customers can use the Internet and buy drinks and food.
I consider that we must repeat the experiment again using a different method.
You may select programs, which you want to watch, and program your VCR to record them.
A primitive man knew only ten number-sounds and could count in the way a small child counts today, one by one, with the help of his fingers.
Before installing the program, users must positively answer several questions.
A computer virus can infect your files and corrupt your hard disk.
If you must do a lot of things, make a list and arrange them in order of importance.
You should make a copy of the disk as a backup.
You may delete any files that end in ".tmp".
PIM (personal information manager) is a computer program in which you write names, addresses, things that you must do, etc.
Ex. 24. Ex. Give English equivalents to the italicized words.
How often должен you change the rechargeable batteries in your optical mouse?
You можешь send faxes by email from your computer.
You не следует use computer equipment without special training.
Можешь you set the VCR to record the football match for me tonight?
Можно I use your cellular phone?
Our scientists должны direct their attention to the development of new technologies.
This book is useless! I не смог find any of the information I needed.
You следует make a backup copy of any work you do on the computer.
You должен turn off the electric energy supply before doing repairs.
Business minicomputers могут perform up to 100 million operations per second.
Ex. 25. Match the beginnings and ends of these sentences.
|
|
Ex. 26. Put special questions. Begin with question-words given in brackets
I can type 50 words a minute. [How many?]
At this plant, all the workers must wear protective clothing. [Where?]
The early computers could perform only one task at a time. [How many]
Computer screens should be at eye level. [Where?]
A fax system can now send text or graphic information to several places at the same time in less than a minute. [How fast?]
All students without exception must take the exam in English. [What exam?]
The new software might be very useful for Internet users. [Whom?]
You should update your anti-virus program regularly. [What program?]
He couldn't finish repairing the printer because he didn't have the right tools. [Why?]
To connect to the Internet, you must have a modem. [What?]
Ex. 27. Translate the following sentences into English (do it in writing).
У нас есть база данных с телефонами и адресами всех жителей города.
Вы можете отправить своё резюме [résumé] по факсу или по электронной почте.
Эта программа слишком сложная для неопытного [inexperienced]пользователя.
Когда у вас будет доступ в Интернет?
На некоторых веб-сайтах полно бесполезной информации.
Существует большое количество вирусов и 'червей', которые очень быстро могут заразить [toinfect]миллионы компьютеров.
Для того чтобы найти наш сайт, наберите слово "Oxford".
У тебя есть чистый [blank] компакт диск?
Я думаю, что в программе есть ошибка.
Только у директора был неограниченныйдоступ ко всем файлам?
Ты должен сначала скопировать файл на жёсткий диск, а затем сохранить его.
Этот компьютер имеет два дисковода.
Для того чтобы начертить диаграмму, ты можешь воспользоваться компьютером.
Есть несколько способов решения этой задачи.
Нажмите кнопку OK, чтобы начать установку программы.
Ex. 28. Memorize the following terms:
|
Ex. 29. Read and translate the dialogue.