Vocabulary exercises

I.

1. g

2. e

3. a

4. i

5. b

6. c

7. d

8. k

9. j

10. l

11. h

12. f

II.

1. e

2. a

3. g

4. c

5. d

6. f

7. b

III.

1. 2e 3d

2. 2a 3c

3. 2b 3e

4. 2j 3b

5. 2i 3a

6. 2k 3j

7. 2c 3f

8. 2d 3g

9. 2h 3h

10. 2f 3k

11. 2g 3i

V.

1. b

2. l

3. h

4. a

5. j

6. m

7. d

8. i

9. n

10. c

11. k

12. e

13. g

14. f

VI.

1. allocatіon of costs/expenses; 2. heavy consumer; 3. consumers' needs; 4. pass іnto the ownershіp; 5. restrіct іnvestments; 6. rіval enterprіse; 7. reduce allocatіon; 8. vote down an amendment; 9. іnsert/іntroduce/іssue an amendment; 10. tax іncentіves; 11. check/slow back productіon; 12. remuneratіve enterprіse; 13. promote іnvestments; 14. satіsfy the needs; 15. seed capіtal.

VII.

1. entrepreneur; 2. consumer; 3. innovation; 4. incentive; 5. allocatіon; 6. enterprіse; 7. investment; 8. abolіtіon; 9. ownership; 10. productіon.

III.

1. from, in, into; 2. from, to; 3. of, by, of, by; 4. in, of, to; 5. in, in, at, by; 6. in, by, of; 7. in, for, of; 8. of, by; 9. in, in, in, of; 10. of, in, of, by.

IV.

1. a, a, the; 2. a, the, a, the; 3. _, _, _; 4. _, _, _; 5. a, _; 6. a, the, _; 7. a, _; 8. a, the; 9. the, the; 10. a, the.

V.

1. private enterprises, public ownership; 2. ownership, allocation; 3. state-owned, incentive; 4. production; 5. individual goals, collective goals; 6. direct investments; 7. private ownership; 8. efficient production; 9. abolition, consumer needs; 10. incentive, consumer needs.

VI.

1. More specifically, we can identify four types of economic systems: a market economy, a command economy, a mixed economy, and a state-directed economy. 2. Economic system is a set of principles and techniques by which the ownership and allocation of economic resources are organized by society. 3. Сommand economies were found in communist countries where collectivist goals were given priority over individual goals. 4. In contrast, in countries where collective goals are given prominence, the state may have taken control over many enterprises, while markets in such countries are likely to be restricted rather than free. 5. Private ownership ensures that entrepreneurs have a right to the profits generated by their own efforts. 6. The role of government in a market economy is to encourage vigorous competition between private producers. 7. In a pure command economy, all businesses are state owned. 8. In countries where individual goals are given primacy over collective goals, we are more likely to find free market economic systems. 9. In a pure market economy the goods and services that a country produces, and the quantity in which they are produced, are not planned by anyone. 10. If supply exceeds demand, prices will fall, signaling producers to produce less.

I.

1. is generated; 2. is employed; 3. are left; 4. are planned; 5. are not planned; 6. is determined; 7. are restricted; 8. are limited.

II.

1. The manager asked the customer if he had any complaints to make. 2. He added that private ownership also encouraged vigorous competition and economic efficiency. 3. He asked if command economies had been found in communist countries. 4. The manager asked the secretary how many letters he had typed since he came to the office. 5. The newspaper article said that the citizens of Ukraine had the right to education, health protection and housing. 6. The lecturer stated that the role of government in a market economy was to encourage vigorous competition between private producers. 7. The student said that economic systems differed from country to country. 8. He added that they could identify four broad types of economic systems.

III.

1. isn’t he? 2. isn’t it? 3. weren’t they? 4. isn’t it? 5. wasn’t he? 6. isn’t it? 7. aren’t they? 8. aren’t they?

IV.

1. He must have been waiting for you for half an hour. 2. His daughter must have graduated from the university. 3. They must have gone away. 4. She must have been learning English for three years. 5. She must be cooking dinner now. 6. They must have been discussing this question since two o'clock. 7. They must have been living here for a number of years. 8. They must have seen this performance last year.

V.

1. I shall have to expel you from the circle. 2. He has to get up at half past six. 3. They had to spend the summer holidays in the Caucasus. 4. We shall have to go to the circus. 5. She had to read a lot of books in order to prepare a good report. 6. He will have to see a doctor. 7. The driver had to stop the car. 8. The girl had to take care of her younger sister.

VIII.

1. don’t you? 2. don’t we? 3. do I? 4. need you? 5. don’t they? 6. is there? 7. do you? 8. need you?

IX.

1. have to be approved; 2. have to spend; 3. must be confirmed; 4. have to take; 5. must be fastened; 6. have to take; 7. has to be; 8. must prove.

X.

1. Students who wish to enter Oxford and Cambridge have to take certain exams. 2. We can identify four broad types of economic systems. 3. Oxford and Cambridge Universities are able to appoint their own staff. 4. The role of government is to encourage competition between private producers. 5. The government can direct all businesses to make investments. 6. The state may have taken control over many enterprises. 7. Production is determined by the interaction of supply and demand. 8. France, Italy, and Sweden can all be classified as mixed economies.