- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word combinations. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Give the plural of the following nouns
- •II. Fill in the proper forms of the verb to be
- •III. Change the sentences into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •IV. Change the number of the noun in bold type and make all other necessary changes
- •V. Fill in there is or there are
- •VI. Add question tags to the following statements. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •VII. Put the nouns given in brackets in the possessive case and translate the sentences
- •VIII. Fill in the proper forms of the verb to have (have, has)
- •IX. Change the sentences into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •X. Make the following sentences plural, pay attention to the forms of the verbs to be and to have
- •XI. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Give the plural of the following nouns
- •II. Put the nouns given in brackets in the possessive case and translate the sentences
- •III. Fill in the proper forms of the verb to be or to have
- •IV. Change the sentences into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •V. Add question tags to the following statements. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •VI. Ask questions to which the following statements can be the answers
- •VII. Give the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives
- •VIII. Replace the adjectives in brackets by their comparative or superlative
- •IX. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •X. Give Active and Passive Infinitive forms of the verbs given below
- •XI. Give four forms of the following regular verbs
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the words on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Give the plural of the following nouns
- •VI. Conjugate the following verbs in the Present, Past and Future Indefinite
- •VII. Change the sentences given in the Present Indefinite into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •VIII. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •IX. Form the Past Indefinite of the following regular verbs
- •X. Change the sentences given in the Past Indefinite into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •XI. Put the verbs in the correct tense form
- •XII. Change the sentences given in the Future Indefinite Tense into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •XIII. Refer the following statements to the past and to the future
- •XIV. Make up as many general questions as you can. Pay attention to the order of words
- •XV. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •XVI. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Give the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives
- •II. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate forms of the adjectives from the box
- •III. Give Infinitive forms of the verbs given below
- •IV. Give four forms of the following irregular verbs. Consult the table of irregular verbs if necessary
- •V. Refer the following statements to the past and to the future
- •VI. Conjugate the following verbs in the Present, Past and Future Continuous
- •VII. Change the sentences given in the Present Continuous into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •VIII. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •IX. Replace the infinitive in brackets by the Present Indefinite or the Present Continuous
- •X. Change the sentences given in the Past Continuous Tense into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •XI. Replace the infinitive in brackets by the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous Tenses
- •XII. Replace the infinitive in brackets by the Future Indefinite or the Future Continuous
- •XIII. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •XIV. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Shops and shopping
- •Shopping in britain
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Give the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives
- •VI. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Present Perfect or the Past Indefinite
- •VII. Change the sentences given in the Past Perfect into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •VIII. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Past Indefinite or the Past Perfect
- •IX. Change the sentences given in the Future Perfect into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •X. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Future Indefinite or the Future Perfect
- •XI. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •XII. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Give the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives and adverbs
- •II. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate forms of the adjectives or adverbs given in brackets
- •III. Give four forms of the following verbs
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense
- •V. Change the sentences given in the Present Perfect Continuous into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •VI. Express the same idea in one sentence instead of two by using the Present Perfect Continuous
- •VII. Change the sentences given in the Past Perfect Continuous into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •VIII. Turn the following into the Past Perfect Continuous. Add other words indicating a past moment as in the model
- •IX. Change the sentences given in the Future Perfect Continuous into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •X. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •The geographical position of the united states
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Form the Passive Voice of the following verbs
- •II. Make up as many sentences as you can
- •III. Change the sentences given in the Passive Voice into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •IV. Put the following sentences in the Passive Voice
- •V. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •VI. Put the verbs in the correct tense form
- •VII. Refer the following statements to the past and to the future if possible
- •VIII. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Indirect democracy
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Give four forms of the following irregular verbs. Consult the table of irregular verbs if necessary
- •II. Put the following sentences in the Passive Voice
- •III. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •IV. Put the verbs in the correct tense form
- •V. Refer the following statements to the past and to the future if possible
- •VI. Say whether the action of the object clause precedes, follows or is simultaneous with the action of the principal clause in the following sentences
- •VII. Use the required tense aspect forms in the following sentences, observing the rules of the sequence of tenses
- •VIII. Ask your friends and then say what they answered
- •IX. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Give four forms of the following irregular verbs. Consult the table of irregular verbs if necessary
- •II. Put the following sentences in the Passive Voice
- •III. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •IV. Put the verbs in the correct tense form
- •V. Rewrite the following sentences in indirect speech. Make the necessary changes in verbs and pronouns
- •VI. Put the following in indirect speech
- •VII. Put the following in direct speech with the appropriate punctuation
- •VIII. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Put the verbs in the correct tense form
- •II. Put the following in indirect speech
- •III. Change the given sentences into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •IV. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •V. Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •VI. Fill in the blanks with may, might, can or could
- •VII. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Put the verbs in the correct tense form
- •II. Put the following in indirect speech
- •III. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •IV. Paraphrase the following using the verb must
- •V. Paraphrase the following using the modal verb to have to
- •VI. Paraphrase the following sentences referring them to the past and to the future
- •VII. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use the modal verb need
- •VIII. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •IX. Fill in the blanks with to be to, to have to or must, using the correct form of the infinitive
- •X. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative. Give short affirmative and negative answers
- •II. Refer the following to the past. Make all the necessary changes
- •III. Paraphrase the sentences using the verb shall
- •IV. Paraphrase the following using the verbs will or would
- •V. Use dare with the correct form of the infinitive in brackets
- •VI. Paraphrase the following sentences using the proper modal verbs
- •VII. Use be to, can, have (had) to, may, must, should, with the correct form of the infinitive in brackets
- •VIII. Translate the following sentences into English using the modal verbs be to, should, ought to, can (could), be able to, dare, must or need.
- •IX. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Put the verbs in the correct voice and tense form
- •II. Rewrite these sentences using the Passive Voice
- •III. Put the following sentences in the Passive Voice
- •IV. Add question tags to the following statements and give short answers
- •V. Fill in the blanks with the negative forms of the modal verbs able to, could, may, might, must, need, should and translate the sentences into Ukrainian
- •VI. Fill in the blanks with the proper modal verbs
- •VII. Give possible answers to the following statements or questions using the proper modal verbs
- •IX. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Match these terms with their definitions
- •II. Match the verbs on the left with their corresponding definitions on the right
- •III. Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b and antonyms in column c
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and expressions. Use a dictionary
- •V. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents
- •VI. Find synonyms of the following word combinations
- •VII. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •I. Find in the text the following words and word combinations, translate the sentences in which they are used and make up sentences with them
- •II. Find English equivalents of the words and word combinations given below and make up sentences with them
- •III. Fill in prepositions, where necessary
- •IV. Fill in articles where necessary
- •V. Complete the following sentences filling in appropriate words from the box
- •VI. Translate into English
- •I. Make up situations of your own using the given words and word combinations
- •II. Complete the open dialogue and learn it by heart
- •I. Complete these sentences using the passive voice
- •II. Put the verbs in the correct voice and tense form
- •III. Put the verb in the correct form, present simple or past simple, active or passive
- •IV. Translate the following sentences into English using the Passive Voice
- •VI. Make up sentences from the words in brackets
- •VII. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •Indefinite Tenses
- •Indirect Speech
- •Variant 1
- •V. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •VI. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •VII. Ask all possible questions about the sentences and put them down
- •VIII. Translate into English
- •IX. Read and translate the text orally. Translate paragraph 4 in writing
- •X. Answer the following questions in writing
- •Variant 2
- •V. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •VI. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •VII. Ask all possible questions about the sentences and put them down
- •VIII. Translate into English
- •IX. Read and translate the text orally. Translate paragraph 4 in writing
- •X. Answer the following questions in writing
- •IV. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the proper tense forms
- •V. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •VI. Fill in the blanks with the proper modal verb using the correct form of the infinitive
- •VII. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •VIII. Translate into English
- •IX. Read and translate the text orally. Translate paragraph 4 in writing
- •X. Answer the following questions in writing
- •IV. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the proper tense forms
- •V. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •VI. Fill in the blanks with the proper modal verb using the correct form of the infinitive
- •VII. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •VIII. Translate into English
- •IX. Read and translate the text orally. Translate paragraph 4 in writing
- •X. Answer the following questions in writing
- •Variant 3
- •I. Give synonyms and antonyms of the following adjectives and their comparative and superlative
- •II. Give the meaning of the following verbs and their four forms
- •III. Put the following sentences in the Passive Voice
- •IV. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the proper tense forms
- •V. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •VI. Fill in the blanks with the proper modal verb using the correct form of the infinitive
- •VII. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •VIII. Translate into English
- •IX. Read and translate the text orally. Translate paragraph 4 in writing
- •X. Answer the following questions in writing
- •IV. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the proper tense forms
- •V. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below. The first letter or letters of the missing words are given, and the dashes correspond to the number of missing letters
- •VI. Fill in the blanks with the proper modal verb using the correct form of the infinitive
- •VII. Make up sentences from the words given below
- •VIII. Translate into English
- •IX. Read and translate the text orally. Translate paragraph 4 in writing
- •X. Answer the following questions in writing
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •Irregular verbs
Indefinite Tenses
Formation
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|
Present Indefinite |
Past Indefinite |
Future Indefinite | |||||||||||||
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1. |
Affirmative form | |||||||||||||||
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I |
work |
I |
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I |
shall |
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He |
|
He |
|
He |
|
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|
She |
works |
She |
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She |
will |
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It |
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It |
worked |
It |
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doesn’t |
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1. The affirmative form of the Present Indefinite coincides with the form of the Indefinite Infinitive without the particle to. The only exception is the third person singular in which the ending -s is added to the infinitive. To form the third person singular verbs ending in -ss, -sh, -ch, -tch, -x and -o add -es, instead of -s alone.
I dress – she dresses; I box – he boxes; I wash – he washes; I do – he does; I watch – he watches; I go – he goes
Verbs ending in -y following a consonant form the third person singular by dropping the -y and adding -ies.
I carry – he carries; I copy – he copies; I try – he tries
Verbs ending in -y following a vowel form the third person singular by adding -s.
I say – he says; I play – he plays
The interrogative form of the Present Indefinite is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the Present Indefinite and the infinitive of the main verb without the particle to.
The negative form of the Present Indefinite is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the Present Indefinite, the negative particle not and the infinitive of the main verb without the particle to.
2. The Past Indefinite of regular verbs is formed by adding the ending -ed to the infinitive without the particle to.
Verbs ending in -y following a consonant form the Past Indefinite tense by dropping the y and adding -ied.
I carry – he carried, I copy – he copied, I try – he tried
Verbs ending in y following a vowel form the Past Indefinite tense by adding ed.
I play – he played, I enjoy – he enjoyed
When a verb of one syllable has one vowel and ends in a single consonant, this consonant is doubled before -ed.
stop – stopped, nod – nodded
Verbs of two or more syllables whose last syllable contains only one vowel and ends in a single consonant double this consonant before -ed if the stress falls on the last syllable.
admit – admitted
Final -r is doubled if the last syllable of the infinitive contains a stressed monophthong.
pre'fer – preferred, o'ccur – occurred
Final -l is doubled if it is preceded by a short vowel, stressed or unstressed.
The interrogative form of the Past Indefinite is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the Past Indefinite (did) and the infinitive of the main verb without the particle to. The auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.
The negative form of the Past Indefinite is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the Past Indefinite, the negative particle not and the infinitive of the main verb without the particle to.
3. The Future Indefinite is formed by means of the auxiliary verbs shall and will and the infinitive of the main verb without the particle to. Both shall and will may be used for the first person singular and plural.
a) Will is kept for intension.
I will wait for you. = I intend to wait for you.
b) Shall is used when there is no intention, i.e. for actions where the subjects wishes were not involved.
I shall be twenty next week. I shall see him tomorrow.
The Present Indefinite is used
1. to express a recurrent or permanent action in the present, such adverbs or adverb phrases as: always, never, occasionally, often, sometimes, usually, every week, on Mondays, twice a week, every year, whenever, when, etc. can be used.
I go to the theatre once a month. Whenever you come she is out.
2. to express an action permanently characterizing the subject in the present;
He speaks both French and English fluently.
3. to express a planned future action mostly with verbs denoting motion.
We leave London at 10 and arrive in Paris at 12.
4. to express an action or state which does not refer to any particular time.
Sugar dissolves in water.
5. to express an action going on at the time of speaking:
a) if the verb is not used in the continuous form: to see, to know, to hear, to feel, to like, to hate, to love, to understand, to believe.
І don't understand it.
b) when the speaker does not emphasize the progress of the action but merely states a fact.
Why does she walk so slow?
6. to express a future action in adverbial clauses of time and condition.
As soon as he comes he will call you. If it rains tomorrow we shall stay at home.
The Past Indefinite is used
1. to express a single or permanent action which took place in the past:
a) when the time is given;
Pushkin died in 1837.
b) when the time is asked about;
When did you come to London?
c) when the action clearly took place at a definite time even though the time is not indicated.
The train was ten minutes late. І saw you in the street just now.
2. to express a succession of past actions;
I dressed, went downstairs, had some coffee and went out to the office.
3. to express a recurrent action in the past.
We were at the supermarket every morning.
The Future Indefinite is used
1. to express the speaker’s opinions, assumptions, speculations about the future. These may be introduced by verbs such as assume, be afraid, be/feel sure, believe, daresay, expect, hope, know, suppose, think, wonder o accompanied by adverbs such as perhaps, possibly, probably, surely, but can be used without them.
(I am sure) they will wait for us. (Perhaps) we’ll find him at the hotel.
2. to express a single, a permanent or a recurrent action in the future.
He will go to Britain next summer. He'll work at the factory next year.
3. to express future habitual actions which we assume will take place.
Spring will come again.
Unit 4
Continuous Tenses
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Interrogative form | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Negative form | ||||||||||||||||||||
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1. The Present Continuous is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Indefinite and the Present Participle of the main verb.
In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.
In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb.
2. The Past Continuous is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Indefinite and the Present Participle of the main verb.
In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.
In the negative form the negative particle not is used after the auxiliary verb.
3. The Future Continuous is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Future Indefinite and the Present Participle of the main verb.
In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb shall or will is placed before the subject.
In the negative form the particle not is used after the auxiliary verb shall or will.
The Present Continuous is used:
1) to express an action going on at the present moment, at the time of speaking.
What are you doing now? You are not listening to me.
2) to express an action in its progress going on at the present period of time not necessarily at the time of speaking.
I'm studying at the university of Economics
3) to express a continuous action going on at the same time with another action referring to the present time.
What does he do when he's not studying?
4) to express a planned future action mostly with verbs denoting motion.
We're flying to Paris in the morning. When are you coming back?
The combination of the Present Continuous of the verb to go with the infinitive of another verb expresses an action, which will take place in the near future, an intention to perform an action or something which will inevitably happen.
І am going to buy an open ticket to London. He is going to be a teacher.
The Past Continuous is used:
1. to express an action going on at a definite moment in the past.
He was working at his English at that time.
2. to express an action in its progress going on at a definite period of time in the past.
Last spring he was visiting his old schoolfellow.
The Future Continuous is used:
to express an action going on at a definite moment or during a definite period of time in the future.
Meet me at two o'clock. I'll be looking out for you.
In present-day English the Future Continuous is often used in the same meaning as the Future Indefinite, that is to express a future action.
From now on I'll be asking thousands of questions. He'll be going to school soon.
Unit 5
Adverb
According to their meaning adverbs are subdivided into adverbs of time, place, repetition and frequency, degree and manner.
The most important suffix by means of which adverbs are formed from other parts of speech is the suffix -ly. Final -у is changed into -і before the suffix -ly.
quick – quickly, happy – happily, gay – gaily, year – yearly
There are three forms of comparison of adverbs of manner and some other adverbs: Positive, Comparative, Superlative.
1. One syllable adverbs and two syllable adverbs ending in -y, -er, -ow form their comparative and superlative forms by adding -er and -est to the positive form.
late – later – latest, fast – faster – fastest, early – earlier – earliest
2. All the other two syllable adverbs and adverbs of three and more syllables form their comparative and superlative forms by putting more and most before the positive form.
quietly – more quietly – most quietly, carefully – more carefully – most carefully
3. Irregular comparisons
well – better – best, badly – worse – worst, much – more – most, little – less – least, far – farther – farthest, far – further – furthest
Perfect Tenses
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Negative form | |||||||||||||||||
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worked. |
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hadn’t |
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worked. |
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1. The Present Perfect is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the Present Indefinite and the Past Participle of the main verb.
In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.
In the negative form the negative particle not is used after the auxiliary verb.
2. The Past Perfect is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the Past Indefinite and the Past Participle of the main verb.
3. The Future Perfect is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the Future Indefinite and Past Participle of the main verb.
The Present Perfect is used:
1. to express an action which took place before the present moment when the speaker's aim is to emphasize the present result of this action.
І have locked the door. She has gone to the theatre.
In this case the time of the action expressed by the Present Perfect is mostly not indicated. But it can be indicated in one of the following ways:
a) by means of adverbial modifiers denoting a period begun in the past and continued up to the present moment.
Up to now we have read three English books. You haven't read the book yet.
b) by means of adverbial modifiers denoting a period which has not yet ended.
My friends have not arrived today. I haven’t seen her today?
c) by means of adverbial modifiers of indefinite time and frequency.
I've often heard him tell the tale. Have you ever thought about it?
The Present Perfect is not used with adverbial modifiers of past time.
She went two days ago. When did you see her?
2. to express an action which began before the present moment and continued up to it. In this case the preposition for is mostly used to indicate the period of duration. The starting point of the action is indicated by means of the word since.
I haven't seen you for a whole year. Has he been asleep all this time?
In adverbial clauses of time and condition the Present Perfect is used to express an action completed before a definite future moment.
When you have found the land where there is happiness, I will join you there.
The Past Perfect is used:
to express an action, which took place before another past action or before a definite moment in the past indicated by such expressions as by five o'clock, by that time, etc.
І told you I had met her. І had done my homework by eight o'clock.
The Past Perfect is used to express an action, which began before a definite moment in the past and continued up to that moment.
When he came, I had been there for half an hour.
In adverbial clauses of time and condition the Past Perfect is used to express an action completed before another action which was future with regard to the past.
She said that she would go home as soon as she had passed all her exams.
The Future Perfect is used:
to express an action completed before a definite future moment or before the beginning of another future action.
I'll have read the story by the time you come back.
In adverbial clauses of time and condition the Present Perfect is used instead of the Future Perfect.
We'll get a new flat when they have built the house.
Unit 6
Perfect Continuous Tenses
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Past |
Future | ||||||||||||||||||
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Affirmative form | ||||||||||||||||||||
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been |
She |
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been |
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have | ||||||||||||
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working. |
It |
had |
working. |
It |
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been | ||||||||||||
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working. | ||||||||||||
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will |
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2. |
Interrogative form | ||||||||||||||||||||
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Have |
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Shall |
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Has |
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been |
Will |
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have | ||||||||||||
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it |
working? |
Had |
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been | ||||||||||||
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working? | ||||||||||||
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Will |
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3. |
Negative form | ||||||||||||||||||||
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I |
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been |
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hadn’t |
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have | |||||||||||||
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working. |
It |
been |
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been | |||||||||||||
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working. |
We |
shan’t |
working. | |||||||||||||
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1. The Present Perfect Continuous is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and Present Participle of the main verb.
2. The Past Perfect Continuous is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and Present Participle of the main verb.
3. The Future Perfect Continuous is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Future Perfect and Present Participle of the main verb.
The Present Perfect Continuous is used:
to express an action which began in the past, has been going on up to the present and is either still continuing or just finished.
His father has been working at this plant for twenty years.
If the verb has no continuous form, the Present Perfect is used instead of the Present Perfect Continuous.
How long have you known her? I've been at home all the time.
The Past Perfect Continuous is used:
to express an action, which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to it and was or was not going on at that past moment.
І explained that I had been looking for it for the last two hours.
With the verbs, which have no continuous form the Past Perfect is used instead of the Past Perfect Continuous.
When we came to see Kate, she had been ill for three days.
The Future Perfect Continuous is used:
to express an action, which began before a definite moment in the future and continued into that future moment.
I shall have been writing for two hours by the time you come back.
Unit 8
Passive Voice
In the English language the verb has two voices: the Active Voice and the Passive Voice. The Active Voice is used when the person or thing denoted by the subject of the sentence is the subject of the action expressed by the predicate. My brother wrote this letter yesterday. The Passive Voice is used when the person or thing denoted by the subject of the sentence is an object of the action expressed by the predicate. This letter was written yesterday.
In the Passive Voice only two tense groups (Indefinite and Perfect) have such tenses as Present, Past, Future and Future-in-the Past. As to Continuous group of tenses it has only two tenses: Present and Past. Perfect Continuous group of tenses does not have Passive Voice forms at all.
Tenses
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Passive Voice | ||
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Indefinite |
Continuous |
Perfect |
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Present |
Present |
Present |
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Past |
Past |
Past |
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Future |
–– |
Future |
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Future-in-the Past |
–– |
Future-in-the Past |
The tenses of the Passive Voice are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the corresponding tense and Past Participle of the main verb.
Formation
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Passive Voice | |||||||||||||
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Indefinite Tenses | |||||||||||||
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Present |
Past |
Future | |||||||||||
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I |
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I |
shall be |
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He |
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will be |
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She |
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She |
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It |
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read. |
It |
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read. |
It |
shall be |
read. | |||||
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We |
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We |
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You |
are |
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You |
were |
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You |
will be |
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They |
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They |
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They |
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Perfect Tenses | |||||||||||||
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Present |
Past |
Future | |||||||||||
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I |
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I |
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I |
shall |
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He |
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He |
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He |
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She |
has |
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She |
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She |
will |
have | ||||||
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It |
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read. |
It |
had been read. |
It |
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been | ||||||
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We |
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We |
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We |
shall |
read. | ||||||
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You |
have |
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You |
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You |
will |
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They |
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They |
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They |
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Continuous Tenses | |||||||||||||
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Present |
Past |
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I |
am |
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I |
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He |
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He |
was |
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She |
is |
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She |
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It |
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being |
It |
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being |
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We |
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read. |
We |
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read. |
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You |
are |
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You |
were |
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They |
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They |
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The Passive Voice is used when:
the agent (the person or thing doing the action) is unknown or not important.
The magazine was founded in 2005. (I don’t know who founded it.)
the identity of the agent is clear from the context.
The magazine is sold at newsstands. (We can assume that the newsstands owners and employers sell it. We don’t need to mention them.)
you want to avoid mentioning the agent.
Some mistakes were made in that article. (I know who made the mistake, but I don’t want to blame the person who made them.)
If we mention the agent we use the passive with by.
The article was written by a psychologist.
The tenses of the Passive Voice are used according to the same rules as the corresponding tenses of the Active Voice.
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Active Voice |
Passive Voice | |||||
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Present Indefinite |
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We use cranes for lifting heavy weights. |
Cranes are used for lifting heavy weights. | |||||
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Past Indefinite |
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Last year the school offered new courses. |
New courses were offered by the school last year. | |||||
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Future Indefinite |
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They will build the bridge next year. |
The bridge will be built next year. | |||||
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Future Indefinite in the Past |
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He said that they would build the bridge next year. |
He said that the bridge would be built next year. | |||||
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Present Continuous |
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They are discussing the question at the meeting. |
The question is being discussed at the meeting. | |||||
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Past Continuous |
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They were discussing this question when I entered the room. |
This question was being discussed when I entered the room. | |||||
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Present Perfect |
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The typist has just typed the letter. |
The letter has just been typed | |||||
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Past Perfect |
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She showed me the article which her brother had translated. |
She showed me the article which had been translated by her brother. | |||||
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Future Perfect |
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I shall have translated the article by six o’clock. |
The article will have been translated by six o’clock. | |||||
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Future perfect in the Past |
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I said that I should have translated the article by six o’clock. |
I said that the article would have been translated by six o’clock. | |||||
Unit 9
Sequence of Tenses
The sequence of tenses is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal clause. The choice of the tense in the subordinate clause is free after a present or a future tense form in the principal clause. If the verb in the principal clause expresses a past action:
the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous in the subordinate clause show that the action is simultaneous with that of the principal clause.
I quite forgot you were his friend.
the Past Perfect and the Past Perfect Continuous in the subordinate clause show the priority of the action to that of the principal clause.
І thought you had left England.
the Future-in-the Past in the subordinate clause show that the action follows that of the principal clause.
I knew that you would understand me.
If the object clause is subordinated to another subordinate clause, the tense of the verb in the object clause depends on the predicate of the clause to which it is subordinated (not on the predicate of the principal clause).
He said that his sister had written him that she worked at a plant.
The sequence of tenses is not usually observed if the object clause expresses a well-known fact.
Не knew that metals conduct electricity.
If the action of the object clause is simultaneous with the action of the principal clause or future with regard to the time of speaking, the sequence of tenses is not always observed — the present or future tense can be used in the object clause though the action of the principal clause refers to the past.
Somebody asked me where I'm going.
Unit 10