VI. Make up sentences from the words in brackets

1. Ann was standing outside the cinema. (she must/wait/for somebody)

2. He was in prison at the time that the crime was committed, so (he couldn't/do/it).

3. I am surprised nobody told you that the road was very dangerous. (you should/warn)

4. Do you know what your sister is doing? I am not sure. (she may/watch/television)

5. Don't call up Ann now. (she might/have/lunch)

6. I have worked too much. Now I feel tired. (I shouldn't/work/so much)

7. I wonder why Tom didn't call on us on Sunday. (he must/forget)

8. They have signed the contract. (it/can't/change/now)

9. Why did you come to the office so early? (you needn't/come/to the office/so early)

10. Why didn't you ask me to help you? (I would/help/you)

11. Why weren't you here earlier? (you ought/be/here earlier)

VII. Make up sentences from the words given below

1. are; by; crime; from; have; in; individuals; ordinarily; practice; prosecutions; such; suffered; the; the; undertaken; who.

2. all; criminal; in; in; is; king; Kingdom; offences; prosecutor; the; the; the; United.

3. agencies; and; co-operates; Crown; investigating; jurisdictions; of; other; prosecuting; Prosecution; Service; the; the; with.

4. agency; an; Crown; Home; is; of; Office; Prosecution; Service; the; the.

5. Crown; Director; head; is; of; of; Prosecution; Prosecutions; Public; Service; the; the; the.

6. constitutional; Crown; fundamental; importance; independence; is; of; of; Prosecutors; the.

7. and; charge; crimes; investigate; people; police; the.

8. based; Code; Crown; decision; for; in; is; on; out; Prosecutors; prosecutor's; set; tests; the; the; the; two.

9. ambiguity; arises; criminal; discretion; law; of; of; out; the; the; this.

10. an; decide; factor; important; interest; is; lies; prosecutors; public; the; this; when; where.

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

Unit 1

To be

Affirmative			Interrogative			Negative
I	am		Am	I		I	am
He		a traveller.		he	a traveller?	He
She	is		Is	she		She	is		a traveller.
It				it		It		not
We				we		We
You	are	travellers.	Are	you	travellers?	You	are		travellers.
They				they		They

There is, there are

When a noun representing an indefinite person or thing is the subject of the verb be a there + be + noun construction is normally used.

Affirmative	Singular	There is a dining car on many fast trains in Britain.
	Plural	There are dining cars on many fast trains in Britain.
Interrogative	Singular	Is there a dining car on many fast trains in Britain?
	Plural	Are there dining cars on many fast trains in Britain?
Negative	Singular	There isn’t a dining car on many fast trains in Britain.
	Plural	There aren’t dining cars on many fast trains in Britain.

To have

Affirmative			Interrogative				Negative
I	have		Do	I			I	do
He				he			He
She	has	a belt.	Does	she		a belt?	She	does		a belt.
It				it	have		It		not have
We				we you they			We
You	have	belts.	Do			belts?	You	do		belts.
They							They

Nouns

1. The plural of a noun is usually made by adding -s to the singular.

seat – seats, ship – ships, train – trains, plane – planes

2. Nouns ending in -o, -ch, -sh, -ss, -x often form their plural by ending -es.

hero – heroes, watch – watches, dress – dresses, potato – potatoes, bush – bushes, box – boxes

But words of foreign origin or abbreviated words ending in -o add -s only.

auto – autos, kimono – kimonos, piano – pianos, memo – memos, kilo – kilos, photo – photos, soprano – sopranos, radio – radios, zoo – zoos, video – videos, solo – solos

3. Nouns ending in -y following a consonant form their plural by dropping the -y and adding -ies.

city – cities, baby – babies, country – countries, lady – ladies

Nouns ending in -y following a vowel form their plural by adding -s:

boy – boys, day – days, donkey – donkeys

4. Twelve nouns ending in -f or -fe drop the -f or -fe and add -ves: calf, half, knife, leaf, loaf, life, self, sheaf, shelf, thief, wife, wolf.

half – halves, life – lives, self – selves, wife – wives

The nouns loaf, scarf and wharf take either -s or -ves in the plural.

loafs or loaves, scarf or scarves, wharf or wharves

Other words ending in -f or -fe add -s in the ordinary way.

belief – beliefs, chief – chiefs, cliff – cliffs, roof – roofs

5. A few nouns form their plural by a vowel change.

foot – feet, louse – lice, mouse – mice, woman – women, ox – oxen, goose – geese, man – men, tooth – teeth, child – children

6. Names of certain creatures do not change in the plural:

deer, sheep, fish (fish is usually unchanged, fishes exists but is unknown).

7. Collective nouns, crew, family, team etc. can take a singular or plural verb:

a) singular if we consider the word to mean a single group or unit.

Our team is the best.

b) plural if we take it to mean a number of individuals.

Our team are wearing their new jerseys.

8. Certain words are always plural and take a plural verb.

clothes, police, pyjamas, trousers, binoculars, scales, scissors, spectacles, etc.

9. Words plural in form but singular in meaning include news:

The news is good.

certain diseases: mumps, rickets, shingles

and certain games: billiards, darts, draughts, bowls, dominoes

Possessive Case

The possessive case is formed by means of

a) ‘s with singular nouns and plural nouns not ending in -s

a man’s job, the butcher’s shop, a child’s voice

men’s work, women’s clothes, the children’s room

b) ‘(apostrophe) with plural nouns ending in -s

a girls’ school, the students’ hostel, the Smiths’ car

The possessive case is chiefly used of

a) people, countries, animals, ships, boats, in time expressions, in expressions of

money + worth, with for + noun + sake, etc.

the ship’s bell, a week’s holiday, today’s paper, ten dollars’ worth of books, one pound’s worth of stamps, for heaven’s sake, a stone’s throw, journey’s end

b) planes, trains, cars and other vehicles though here the of construction is safer

the train’s heating system or the heating system of the train

Unit 2

Adjective

There are three degrees of comparison of adjectives: Positive, Comparative, Superlative.

1. One syllable adjectives and adjectives of two syllables ending in -er, -y, -ly, -ow form their comparative and superlative by adding -er and -est to the positive form.

new – newer – the newest, clever – cleverer – the cleverest, hot – hotter – the hottest, heavy – heavier – the heaviest, bright – brighter – the brightest, silly – sillier – the silliest, brave – braver – the bravest, narrow – narrower – the narrowest

2. All the other two syllable adjectives and adjectives of three or more syllables form their comparative and superlative by putting more and most before the positive.

modern – more modern – the most modern

different – more different – the most different

enjoyable – more enjoyable – the most enjoyable

3. Irregular comparisons

good – better – the best, bad – worse – the worst, many/much – more – the most, little – less – the least, far – farther – the farthest, old – older – the oldest, far – further – the furthest, old – elder – the eldest

Verb

Transitive verbs (verbs that take a direct object) may have four forms of the Infinitive in the Active Voice: Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous.

Infinitive	Active
Indefinite	to ask
Continuous	to be asking
Perfect	to have asked
Perfect Continuous	to have been asking

There are as many groups of tenses in the English language as there are infinitives. In the Active Voice there are four tense groups: Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous. Each of them has such tenses as Present, Past, Future and Future-in-the Past.

Tenses

Active Voice
Indefinite	Present	The Indefinite tenses denote a customary repeated action in the present, past or future.
	Past
	Future
	Future-in-the Past
Continuous	Present	The Continuous tenses give the idea that an action is in progress during a particular present, past or future moment.
	Past
	Future
	Future-in-the Past
Perfect	Present	The Perfect tenses give the idea that one thing happens before another time or event in the present, past or future.
	Past
	Future
	Future-in-the Past
Perfect Continuous	Present	The Perfect Continuous tenses give the idea that one event is in progress immediately before, up to, until another time or event in the present, past or future.
	Past
	Future
	Future-in-the Past

Unit 3

Almost all English verbs have four forms: Infinitive, Past Indefinite, Past Participle and Present Participle. All the verbs in the English language are divided into two groups: regular and irregular. If the verb is regular its second and third forms are formed by means of ending -ed. The forms of irregular verbs can be found in the table of irregular verbs.

	Infinitive	Past Indefinite	Past Participle	Present participle
Regular	to work	worked	worked	working
Irregular	to write	wrote	written	writing