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Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology for Drug Delivery Systems (PTDDS), Volume 2
 
brain barrier permeability as investigated by in vitro permeability assay in
bEnd.3 cells (Pradhan et al., 2019).
-
    


al. prepared doxorubicin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles
       
       
-


cells. In addition, the hybrid nanocarriers revealed good stability , biocompat-


-




    
     



        

        
        


to entrap high drug amounts and sustain their release. When compared to
untreated control cells, both andrographolide and andrographolide nanopar-
          


In the recognition test, neither treated nor untreated animals demonstrated

Natural Biocarriers for Brain Targeting
119
-

       

  
   -


    
-
pholide nanoparticles have exceptional versatility , nontoxicity, nonimmuno-
genicity, high biodegradability, and astounding drug-loading capacity (Bilia
et al., 2019).
In another study, Gregory et al. designed a human serum albumin-based
        





          
        
mammals. Its main role is to support connective tissues such as the bones,



-
-



     -

treat several conditions, including cerebral ischemia and neurodegenerative


120
Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology for Drug Delivery Systems (PTDDS), Volume 2


   
-

-
     


nanoparticles, even in small doses (Rathore et al., 2020b).

        
-
tion restrict its medical use. Glutathione-coated collagen nanoparticles,
termed nanoresveratrol, had been developed to improve resveratrol delivery


cognitive impairment test and biochemical and histopathological investiga-



        
    
  
     


  

        


  -
    

curcumin–collagen nanocomposites (Rathore et al., 2020a).
         
     

Natural Biocarriers for Brain Targeting
121



a good antioxidant property as studied using the DPPH radical scavenging

an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (Bashir et al., 2022). A more recent study


-
-
  


acetylcholinesterase, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase


(Bashir et al., 2023).

        
-
mine the gelatin type (Ucar, 2021). Depending on the preparation method,



et al., 2017). Gelatin provides several advantages as a drug carrier, including


biomedical and pharmaceutical applications (Shamarekh et al., 2020).
-

-
 


   

122
Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology for Drug Delivery Systems (PTDDS), Volume 2
      
   

      -

       


        

       
-

       
-
tive reliability as a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. Gadolinium-
    


        

      
tumors (Kimura et al., 2021).
-
        
presented paclitaxel encapsulated in dual stimuli-responsive in situ hydro-
     
        
          
      

   
       
     
     


        
Joachim et al. developed 17-estradiol-loaded gelatin nanoparticles to be
Natural Biocarriers for Brain Targeting
123
delivered intranasally to the brain to enhance neuroprotection and decrease

-
ticles resulted in 5-times increase in E2 brain concentration and 2.5-times




is a hydrophobic protein secreted by some insects, such as spiders and silk-
   

by being biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic, and nonimmunogenic


        
      
        
  



       
prepared matrix in the rodent brain revealed good biocompatibility and toler-



    
to prolong the circulation time and enhance the blood–brain barrier trans-

    
         
           
   
   

99m


124
Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology for Drug Delivery Systems (PTDDS), Volume 2



et al., 2020b).
       
       
loaded nanoparticles demonstrated spherical, negatively charged particles

         
          




        
investigated carrier (Xu et al., 2018).


   
-

2022b).
   

      

   -
         
      
       
     
         
-
 -
    

Natural Biocarriers for Brain Targeting
125

 

    

       
         
  




       
Aiming to overcome this obstacle, Moreno et al. encapsulated quercetin into
in vivo

-



   
   
          
      
distinguished by their ability to highly penetrate the cell membrane like
-

     


    
          
        

cellular uptake by BCEC and C6 cell lines than casein-based nanoparticles.
          
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Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology for Drug Delivery Systems (PTDDS), Volume 2
nanoparticles to penetrate in vitro      



      



       
-



on serum iron concentration and serum pituitary hormones. In addition,
-


4.2.3 EXOSOMES

Exosomes, or extracellular nanovesicles, are biological cell-derived lipid


      
astrocytes, neuronal, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and endothelial-derived
        



         
        
     
more stable than their parent cells and can cross the blood–brain barrier.
       
      
  
exosomes in addition to the exosomes content particularly microRNAs that
have a vital role in gene regulation (Xiong et al., 2017).
Natural Biocarriers for Brain Targeting
127
TABLE 4.3 
Protein
type
Disease Drug Special comment References
Albumin   
endocytosis-mediated and CD44 receptor targeting.

2021)
Glioblastoma Doxorubicin Doxorubicin-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)nanoparticles



2019)
siRNA 
(iRGD).
(Gregory et al., 2020)
Stroke Citicoline 

(Pradhan et al., 2019)
 Albumin nanoparticles encapsulating iron oxide nanoparticles



disease
Andrographolide 

(Bilia et al., 2019)
Curcumin 

circulation time.
(Gao et al., 2020)
 Rh-erythropoietin  (Xue et al., 2020)
Epilepsy Levetiracetam  (Wilson et al., 2020)
Collagen Cerebral ischemia Silymarin 
biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical

(Rathore et al., 2020b)
Curcumin 

(Rathore et al., 2020a)
Epilepsy Resveratrol Glutathione-coated collagen nanoparticles. (Siddiqui et al., 2022)