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- •Dedication
- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Contents
- •Analytical Balance
- •Weight Box
- •Rider
- •Care and Use of the Balance
- •Normalities of Some Acids
- •Types of Titration
- •Acid
- •Neutralization Reaction
- •Theories of Indicators
- •Litmus theory
- •Ostwald theory
- •Quinonoid theory
- •Experiment 1
- •Primary standard
- •Indicator:
- •Method
- •End point:
- •Reaction involved
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical uses
- •Caution
- •Experiment 2
- •Primary standard
- •Indicator:
- •Method
- •End point:
- •Reaction involved
- •Calculation
- •Safety
- •Experiment 3
- •Primary standard
- •Indicator
- •Method
- •End point:
- •Reaction involved
- •Calculation
- •Experiment 4
- •Principle:
- •Molecular formula:
- •Molecular weight:
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical uses
- •Category:
- •Experiment 5
- •IP followed:
- •Principle:
- •Molecular formula:
- •Molecular weight:
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical uses
- •Category:
- •Experiment 6
- •Principle:
- •Molecular formula:
- •Molecular weight:
- •Indicator:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Experiment 7
- •IP followed:
- •Principle:
- •Molecular formula:
- •Molecular weight:
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical uses
- •Category:
- •Experiment 8
- •Principle:
- •Molecular formula:
- •Molecular weight:
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Experiment 10
- •IP followed:
- •Principle:
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Category:
- •Experiment 11
- •IP followed:
- •Principle:
- •Molecular weight:
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Category:
- •Experiment 12
- •IP followed:
- •Principle:
- •Molecular formula:
- •Molecular weight
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Category:
- •Experiment 13
- •IP followed:
- •Principle:
- •Molecular formula:
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Category:
- •Experiment 14
- •IP followed:
- •Principle:
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Experiment 9
- •Principle:
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Category:
- •Experiment 15
- •Principle:
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Category:
- •Available Oxygen Method
- •Example
- •Ion Electron Method
- •Example
- •Oxidation Number Method
- •Example
- •Iodimetric Titration
- •Iodometric Titration
- •Self Indicator
- •External Indicator
- •Internal Indicator
- •Experiment 1
- •Primary standard
- •Method:
- •Preparation:
- •Reaction involved
- •Calculation
- •Experiment 2
- •Primary standard
- •Indicator:
- •Method
- •End point:
- •Reaction involved
- •Calculation
- •Experiment 3
- •Primary standard
- •Indicator:
- •Method
- •End point:
- •Reaction involved
- •Calculation
- •Experiment 4
- •Primary standard
- •Indicator:
- •Method
- •Reaction involved
- •Remedy
- •Calculation
- •Experiment 5
- •Primary standard
- •Indicator:
- •Method
- •Reaction involved
- •Calculation
- •Experiment 6
- •Primary standard
- •Indicator:
- •Method
- •End point:
- •Reaction involved
- •Calculation
- •Experiment 7
- •Principle:
- •Molecular formula
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Experiment 8
- •Principle:
- •Molecular weight
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Category:
- •Experiment 9
- •Principle:
- •Molecular weight:
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Category:
- •Experiment 10
- •IP followed:
- •Principle:
- •Molecular formula
- •Molecular weight:
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Category:
- •Experiment 11
- •IP followed:
- •Principle:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Experiment 12
- •IP followed:
- •Principle:
- •Molecular formula
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Category:
- •Experiment 13
- •IP followed:
- •Molecular formula:
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Experiment 14
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Category:
- •Experiment 15
- •Mohr’s method (1856)
- •Volhard’s Method (1874)
- •Fajan’s Method (1924)
- •Gaylussac’s Method
- •Example:
- •Ferric Ammonium Sulphate
- •Potassium Chromate
- •Adsorption Indicator
- •Molecular weight
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Experiment 1
- •Primary standard
- •Indicator:
- •Method
- •Reaction involved
- •Calculation
- •Experiment 2
- •Primary standard
- •Indicator:
- •Method
- •End point:
- •Reaction involved
- •Calculation
- •Experiment 3
- •Principle:
- •Molecular formula:
- •Molecular weight:
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Category:
- •Experiment 4
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Category:
- •Experiment 5
- •IP followed:
- •Principle:
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Uses of nitrobenzene
- •Uses of nitric acid
- •Reactions involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Category:
- •Experiment 6
- •Principle:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reactions involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Category:
- •Experiment 7
- •IP followed:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Category:
- •Experiment 1
- •Indicator:
- •Method
- •End point:
- •Reaction involved
- •Calculation
- •Experiment 2
- •Principle:
- •Molecular formula:
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reactions involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Category:
- •Experiment 3
- •IP followed: 1996
- •Principle:
- •Molecular formula:
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Category:
- •Experiment 4
- •IP followed:
- •Principle:
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Category:
- •Experiment 5
- •IP followed:
- •Principle:
- •Indicator:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Primary standard
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Example:
- •Chelate Compound or Chelate
- •Reagent EDTA
- •Indicators
- •Mechanism of action of indicator
- •Example:
- •Instrumental Methods of End Point Detection
- •Direct Titration
- •Back Titration
- •Example:
- •Replacement titration
- •Indirect Titration
- •Example:
- •Experiment 1
- •Primary standard
- •Method
- •End point:
- •Reactions involved
- •Calculation
- •Experiment 2
- •IP followed:
- •Principle:
- •Molecular formula:
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reactions involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Category:
- •Experiment 3
- •IP followed:
- •Principle:
- •Molecular formula:
- •Reactions involved:
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Category:
- •Experiment 4
- •IP followed:
- •Principle:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Category:
- •Experiment 5
- •Molecular formula:
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Category:
- •Experiment 5
- •IP followed:
- •Principle:
- •Indicator:
- •IP limit:
- •Procedure
- •Reaction involved
- •Equivalent factor
- •Calculation
- •Pharmaceutical use
- •Category:
- •Experiment 1
- •IP followed:
- •Synonym:
- •Reaction involved
- •Gravimetric factor
- •Calculation
- •Category:
- •Experiment 2
- •IP followed:
- •Principle:
- •Reaction involved
- •Gravimetric factor
- •Calculation
- •Judge yourself
- •Judge Yourself
- •Judge yourself
- •Surface Energy
- •Surface Tension and Temperature
- •Parachor
- •Drop Weight Method
- •Drop Number Method
- •Viscosity
- •Units and dimensions of viscosity:
- •Molecular viscosity:
- •Poisuilles equation
- •Determination of Viscosity
- •Capillary viscometer:
- •Precautions
- •Rheochor
- •Judge yourself
- •Judge yourself
- •Solubility
- •Expression of Solubility
- •Solubility Rules
- •Judge yourself
- •Rate of Reaction
- •Units of basic rate constant
- •Order of Reaction
- •Zero-Order Reaction
- •First-Order Reaction
- •Second-order Reaction
- •Concentration
- •Pressure
- •Surface Area
- •Nature of Reactants
- •Temperature
- •Judge yourself
- •Principle:
- •Experimental Procedure
- •Mobile phase:
- •Principle:
- •Experimental procedure
- •Stationary phase:
- •Development:
- •Visualization:
- •Calculation:
- •Experiment 1
- •Requirement
- •Procedure
- •Calculation
Practical
Pharmaceutical
Analytical Chemistry
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Practical
Pharmaceutical
Analytical Chemistry
Mohd. Mumtaz Alam
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty
of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi
Asif Hussain
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty
of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi
Mymoona Akhtar
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty
of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi
Mohd. Shaquiquzzaman
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty
of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi
ELSEVIER
ELSEVIER
A division of Reed Elsevier India Private Ltd.
Practical Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry
Alam, Akhtar, Hussain, and Shaquiquzzaman
ELSEVIER
A division of Reed Elsevier India Private Limited
Mosby, Saunders, Churchill Livingstone, Butterworth-Heinemann and
Hanley & Belfus are the Health Science imprints of Elsevier
© 2011 Elsevier.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic
or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system – without permission in
writing from the publisher.
ISBN: 978-81-312-2536-3
Notice
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knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised
to check the most current information provided (1) on procedures featured or (2) by the manufacturer of each product
to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and the duration of administration, and
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the patient, and to take diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take
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liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out or related to any use of the material contained
in this book.
The Publisher
5HJLVWHUHG2I¿FH 622, Indraprakash Building, 21 Barakhamba Road, New Delhi-110 001.
&RUSRUDWH2I¿FH 14th Floor, Building No. 10B, DLF Cyber City, Phase II, Gurgaon-122002, Haryana, India.
Commissioning Editor: Nilabh Ranjan
Development Editor: Subodh K. Chauhan
Copy Editor: Anu Vig
Manager Publishing Operations: Sunil Kumar
Manager Production: N.C. Pant
Laser typeset by AcePro India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Printed and bound at Rajkamal Electric Press, Kundli, Haryana (India)
Dedication
. . . to the heart that rocked my cradle and hands
that made me stand . . .
my loving parents
who encouraged me to proceed along a path
‘where tireless striving stretches its arm towards perfection’
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It gives me the heartiest pleasure to pen down a few words about this concise book on Pharmaceutical
Analytical Chemistry. This book is an honest attempt to provide clear concepts to the B. Pharm.
students working in the laboratory.
The authors have tried their best to keep the language simple, which even a lay reader can understand.
The procedures and the observations are given in the form of tables, which can be easily memorized
for viva voce. This book will help students prepare well for their exams and strengthen their
foundations while preparing them for analytical work in R&D laboratories.
I wish all the success to the students using this book and would like to congratulate the authors and
Elsevier to bring out this small book, which is enormously useful.
Prof. M.S.Y. Khan
Professor Emeritus
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard
New Delhi
FOREWORD
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