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Файл:English in pharmacy. A guide in English for pharmaceutical students. Учебное пособие
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3. Wormwood Tea will relieve melancholia and help to dispel the yellow hue of
formulation – состав, рецепт
to involve – включать в себя; заключать; подразумевать
stable – стабильный, устойчивый
acceptable – приемлемый
incorporate – соединять, смешивать
to appreciate – понимать значение, ценить
apart from – кроме, помимо
to carry out – проводить, выполнять
to ensure – обеспечивать, гарантировать
compatible – совместимый
bioavailability – биопригодность, биополезность
additive – продукт присоединения
consistent – твердый; стойкий; совместимый
disintegration – распад; разделение на
составные части
trial – испытание
to commence – начинать(ся)
hand-filled – наполненный вручную
proof – доказательство; проба
drug load – лекарственная загрузка
to cause – вызывать, причинять
homogeneity – однородность
to pose – формулировать, предлагать
bulk density – плотность основной
массы
to invalidate – считать неполноценным, делать неспособным
to leach out – выщелачивать
adhesive – клей; липкий, связывающий
jaundice from the skin as well as being a good stomachic.
4. As Yarrow creeps greatly by its roots and multiplies by seeds it becomes a
troublesome weed in gardens.
5. Aloe is used as purgative and a tonic.
5. Read and translate the sentences with modal verbs.
1. Some patients may require higher doses up to 20 mg three or four times daily.
2. Salmeterol has a slow onset of action and should not be used in acute asth-
matic attacks.
3. This prophylactic therapy must be continued for years.
4. However, bactericidal agents may be bacteriostatic against certain microor-
ganisms and vice versa.
5. Dosages must be carefully supervised in infants and the elderly to avoid tox-
icity.
6. Occasionally, flu can be complicated by pneumonia.
7. They have to keep taking the medicine at the prescription dose.
6. Read and learn these words and word combinations.
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7. Read and translate the text.
PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION
Pharmaceutical formulation, in pharmaceutics, is the process in which different
chemical substances are combined to a pure drug substance to produce a final medicinal product.
Formulation studies involve developing a preparation of the drug which is both
stable and acceptable to the patient. For orally taken drugs, this usually involves incorporating the drug into a tablet or a capsule. It is important to appreciate that a tablet contains a variety of other substances apart from the drug itself, and studies have
to be carried out to ensure that the drug is compatible with these other substances.
Preformulation involves the characterization of a drug’s physical, chemical, and
mechanical properties in order to choose what other ingredients should be used in the
preparation.
Formulation studies then consider such factors as particle size, polymorphism,
pH, and solubility, as all of these can influence bioavailability and hence the activity
of drug. The drug must be combined with inactive additives by a method which ensures that the quantity of drug present is consistent in each dosage unit, e.g. each tablet. The dosage should have a uniform appearance, with an acceptable taste, tablet
hardness, or capsule disintegration.
It is unlikely that these studies will be complete by the time clinical trials com-
mence. This means that simple preparations are developed initially for use in phase I
clinical trials. These typically consist of hand-filled capsules containing a small
amount of the drug and diluents. Proof of the long-term stability of these formulations is not required, as they will be used (tested) in a matter of days. Consideration
has to be given to what is called the drug load – the ratio of the active drug to the total contents of the dose. A low drug load may cause homogeneity problems. A high
drug load may pose flow problems or require large capsules if the compound has a
low bulk density.
By the time phase III clinical trials are reached, the formulation of the drug
should have been developed to be close to the preparation that will ultimately be used
in the market. Knowledge of stability is essential by this stage, and conditions must
have been developed to ensure that the drug is stable in the preparation. If the drug
proves unstable, it will invalidate the results from clinical trials since it would be impossible to know what the administered dose actually was. Stability studies are carried out to test whether temperature, humidity, oxidation, or photolysis (ultraviolet
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light or visible light) have any effect, and the preparation is analyzed to see if any
degradation products have been formed.
It is also important to check whether there are any unwanted interactions be-
tween the preparation and the container. If a plastic container is used, tests are carried
out to see whether any of the ingredients become absorbed on to the plastic, and
whether any plasticizers, lubricants, pigments, or stabilizers leach out of the plastic
into the preparation. Even the adhesives for the container label need to be tested, to
ensure they do not leach through the plastic container into the preparation.
Tasks:
I. Read, translate and explain the meaning of the prefixes.
Unwanted, interactions, preformulation, polymorphism, inactive, disintegration,
unlikely, unstable, impossible, ensure, unlikely,
Dosage, compatible, appearance, stability, formulation, factor, typically, active,
essential, container, temperature, humidity.
II. Find in the text antonyms to the following words.
Initial product, mixed substance, unstable drug, active additives, similar appear-
ance, tablet softness, short-term stability, high bulk density, possible, wanted interactions.
III. Read, translate and define the function of the verb “to have”.
1. A high drug load may pose flow problems or require large capsules if the un-
likely compound has a low bulk density.
2. Consideration has to be given to what is called the drug load – the ratio of the
active drug to the total contents of the dose.
3. The formulation of the drug should have been developed to be close to the
preparation that will ultimately be used in the market.
4. Stability studies are carried out to test whether temperature, humidity, oxida-
tion, or photolysis have any effect, and the preparation is analyzed to see if any degradation products have been formed.
5. Studies have to be carried out to ensure that the drug is compatible with these
other substances.
IV. Define the function of Infinitive.
1. A low drug load may cause homogeneity problems.
2. It is also important to check whether there are any unwanted interactions be-
tween the preparation and the container.
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3. Studies have to be carried out to ensure that the drug is compatible with these
other substances.
4. Even the adhesives for the container label need to be tested, to ensure they do
not leach through the plastic container into the preparation.
5. The drug must be combined with inactive additives.
V. Find in the text five sentences with Modal Verbs, translate them and make
them interrogative.
VI. Answer the questions to the text.
1. What is pharmaceutical formulation?
2. What do formulation studies involve?
3. What does preformulation involve?
4. What factors do formulation studies then consider?
5. What can influence bioavailability and hence the activity of drug?
6. The dosage should have a uniform appearance, with an acceptable taste, tablet
hardness, or capsule disintegration, shouldn’t it?
7. What is called the drug load?
8. What problems may cause a low drug load?
9. May a high drug load pose flow problems or require large capsules if the
compound has a low bulk density?
10. Why are stability studies carried out?
11. Is it also important to check whether there are any unwanted interactions
between the preparation and the container? Why?
VII. Make a plan of your own. Give a shot summery of the text.
LESSON 14. TABLET AND CAPSULE FORMS
1. Translate the sentences paying attention to the words in bold type.
1. Many years ago most of the diseases are considered incurable.
2. Nowadays some cancers are curable.
3. All the patients with cardiac insufficiency need the treatment with digitalis
preparations.
4. You should attend polyclinic for all your medical needs.
5. The patient does not require any preparation to be treated with Adonis
preparation.
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2. Translate the sentences.
1. The book I have already read is very interesting.
2. The method we present here has been developed in our laboratory.
3. The way a drug is formulated can avoid some of the problems associated with
oral administration.
4. The doctor considered, it was quinsy or diphtheria.
5. Studies in vivo we discuss here concern the properties of a new preparation.
6. Our health depends on many things: the food we eat, our good and bad habits,
our physical activity.
7. All the substances we know are composed of combinations of atoms.
8. The number of tablets you take depends on the strength of the medicine.
9. The piece of paper you get from the doctor to take to the chemist’s to obtain
medicine, pills, etc. is called a prescription.
3. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the prepositions.
1. Drugs, both medicinal and recreational can be injected as a liquid either in-
tramuscular or intravenous.
2. Locacorten is suitable for use in both adults and children.
3. Drug may be absorbed from the GI tract by either passive diffusion or active
transport.
4. Tegretol exerts both an anticonvulsant and a psychotropic effect.
5. Antibacterial, antirickettsial, and antifungal agents are derived either from
bacteria or moulds (the antibiotics) or from total chemical synthesis.
6. This cream is also recommended for patients whose skin is either seborrhoeic
or hypersensitive to fats.
7. Pantothenic acid plays a part in both the formation and the regeneration of the
skin.
4. Read and translate the sentences with Infinitive. Define the function of In-
finitive.
1. To learn English is necessary in modern life.
2. He asked us to help.
3. To make the choice between these two medicines was quite difficult.
4. It is important to take Digoxin exactly as prescribed.
5. Codein may be habit forming.
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5. Read and learn words and word-combinations:
to avoid – избегать
filler – наполнитель
disintegrant – вещество-расщепитель
lubricant – смазывающее вещество,
смазка
glidant – глидант (вещество, способ-
ствующее более легкому прохождению лекарственного средства)
binder – связывающее вещество
sustained release – длительное выделение
to disguise the taste – изменять вкус
osmotically active core – осмотически
активное ядро
impermeable – непроницаемый, плотный
to percolate out – просачиваться, проникать
6. Read and translate the text.
TABLET and CAPSULE FORMS
The way a drug is formulated can avoid some of the problems associated with
oral administration.
Drugs are normally taken orally as tablets or capsules.
The drug (active substance) itself needs to be soluble in aqueous solution at a
controlled rate. Such factors as particle size and crystal form can significantly affect
dissolution. Fast dissolution is not always ideal. For example, slow dissolution rates
can prolong the duration of action or avoid initial high plasma levels.
TABLET FORM
A tablet is usually a compressed preparation that contains:
5–10% of the drugs (active substance);
80% of fillers, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, and binders;
10% of compounds which ensure easy disintegration, disaggregation, and dis-
solution of the tablet in the stomach or the intestine.
The disintegration time can be modified for a rapid effect or for sustained re-
lease.
Special coatings can make the tablet resistant to the stomach acids such that it
only disintegrates in the duodenum as a result of enzyme action or alkaline pH.
Pills can be coated with sugar, varnish, or wax to disguise the taste.
Some tablets are designed with an osmotically active core, surrounded by an
impermeable membrane with a pore in it. This allows the drug to percolate out from
the tablet at a constant rate as the tablet moves through the digestive tract.
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CAPSULE FORM
A capsule is a gelatinous envelope enclosing the active substance. Capsules can
be designed to remain intact for some hours after ingestion in order to delay absorption. They may also contain a mixture of slow and fast-release particles to produce
rapid and sustained absorption in the same dose.
Tasks:
I. Read and translate the following antonyms.
Fast, rapid – slow, high – low, initial – final, solution – dissolution, easy – diffi-
cult, sustained release – fast release.
II. Find in the text English equivalents.
Водный раствор; значительно; длительное выделение; связывающее веще-
ство; расщепляющее вещество; наполнитель; непроницаемая (плотная) мембрана; смазка; для того чтобы; в той же самой дозе; изменять вкус; желудочные
кислоты; желудочно-кишечный тракт.
III. Translate the following word-combinations.
Taken drugs, controlled rate, compressed preparation, sustained release, coated
pills, sustained absorption, administered dose, powdered ingredients.
IV. Ask as many questions as you can.
1. A capsule is a gelatinous envelope enclosing the active substance.
2. The active substance itself needs to be soluble in aqueous solution at a con-
trolled rate.
V. Write out from the text the sentences with Infinitives. Define their func-
tions. Translate them into Russian.
VI. Ask questions on the text. Work in pairs.
VII. Make the plan of your own. Give a short summary of the text.
LESSON 15.OINTMENT AND SUPPOSITORY
1. Give the four forms of the given verbs.
Dissolve, know, have, make, use, be, tolerate.
2. Fill in: can, could, must, may. Explain your choice. Translate the sentences
into Russian.
1. It’s hard to believe that anything as tasty as honey ___ be good for you.
2. Honey ____ contain about the same amount of antioxidants as spinach, apples
and strawberries.
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3. By far the commonest therapeutic use ____ be for skin problems and wounds.
viscous semisolid preparation – вязкий
полутвердый препарат
topically – местно
vehicle – (зд.) связующее вещество
to be evenly distributed – быть равномерно распределенным
gradually increasing amounts – постепенно повышающиеся количества
drug delivery system – система доставки лекарственного средства
systemically-acting medication – лекар-
ственное средство, оказывающее воздействие на всю систему
locally-acting medication – лекарственное средство, действующее
местно
laxative – слабительное
ailment – недомогание, заболевание to
to expel – удалять, выделять(ся),
устранять
finger cot can – напальчник
excipient – наполнитель
water soluble base – водорастворимая
основа
vomiting tendency – склонность к рвоте
4. In some studies, patients whose wounds and skin ulcers ____ not respond to
surgery and antibiotics recovered very quickly after a daily application of honey.
5. Scientists say that sterilized honey ____ be four times more powerful than
standard antiseptics.
6. Honey has other medicinal uses. You ____ mix it with lemon and hot water to
soothe sore throats and coughs.
7. If you want to rehydrate dry skin you _______ mix it with hot milk.
3. Read and translate the sentences, analyse them.
1. Without a vitamin A, children are likely to be underdeveloped dull, sickly and
to have eye disease.
2. Young children lacking vitamin D are likely to have bow-legs, small sunken
chest, beaded ribs (ребра в виде рахитических четок) and soft teeth that quickly decay.
3. Vitamin B2 is widely distributed in plants, in vegetables, and in milk, at least
90 per cent appears to be in free form.
4. Cod liver oil is known to be an effective remedy in the treatment of rickets.
5. The initial diagnosis appears to be confirmed by blood analysis.
6. Aspirin or paracetamol is known to relieve pain and lower temperature.
7. These problems are less likely to occur if blood pressure is controlled.
4. Read and learn the following words and word combinations:
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5. Read and translate the text.
OINTMENT AND SUPPOSITORY
An ointment is a viscous semisolid preparation used topically on a variety of
body surfaces. These include the skin and the mucus membranes of the eye (an eye
ointment), vagina, anus, glands and nose. An ointment may or may not be medicated.
The vehicle of an ointment is known as ointment base. The choice of a base de-
pends upon the clinical indication for the ointment, and the different types of ointment bases are:
Hydrocarbon bases, e.g. hard paraffin, soft paraffin;
Absorption bases, e.g. wool fat, beeswax;
Water soluble bases, e.g. macrogols 200, 300, 400.
Properties which affect choice of an ointment base are:
Stability
Penetrability
Solvent property
Irritant effects
Ease of application and removal.
Methods of preparation of ointments.
Trituration: In this finely subdivided insoluble medicaments are evenly distrib-
uted by grinding with a small amount of the base followed by dilution with gradually
increasing amounts of the base.
Fusion: In this method the ingredients are melted together in descending order of
their melting points and stirred to ensure homogenity.
Related topical preparations include creams, lotions, liniments and gels.
A suppository is a drug delivery system that is inserted either into the rectum
(rectal suppository), vagina (vaginal suppository) or urethra (urethral suppository)
where it dissolves. They are used to deliver both systemically-acting and locallyacting medications. The alternative term for delivery of medicine via such routes is
known as a pharmaceutical pessary.
The general principle is that the suppository is inserted as a solid, and will dis-
solve inside the body to deliver the medicine.(the phrase liquid suppository is also
sometimes applied to small syringes injecting a liquid, typically a laxative, into the
rectum).
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Vaginal suppositories are commonly used to treat gynaecological ailments, in-
cluding vaginal infections such as candidiasis.
Rectal suppositories are commonly used:
for laxative purposes, with chemicals such as glycerin or bisacodyl;
to treat a hemorrhoid by delivering a moisturizer or vasoconstrictor;
for delivery of many other systemically-acting medications, such as prometh-
azine or aspirin;
for general medical administration purposes: the substance crosses the rectal
mucosa into bloodstream; examples include paracetamol (acetaminophen), diclofenac, opiates, and eucalyptol suppositories.
Non-laxative rectal suppositories are to be used after defecation, so as not to be
expelled before they are fully dissolved and the substance is absorbed. The use of an
examination glove or a finger cot can ease insertion by protecting the rectal wall and
the fingernail(s) from each other.
Alprostadil pellets are urethral suppositories used for the treatment of severe
erectile dysfunction. They are marketed under the name Muse in the United States. Its
use has diminished since the development of oral impotence medications, but is still
on the market.
Some suppositories are made from a greasy base, such as cacao butter, in which
the active ingredient and other excipients are dissolved; this grease will melt at body
temperature (this may be a source of discomfort for the patient, as the melted grease
may pass the anus during flatulences). Other suppositories are made from a water
soluble base, such as polyethylene glycol. Suppositories made from polyethylene
glycol are commonly used as vaginal and urethral suppositories. Glycerin suppositories are made of glycerol and gelatin.
Suppositories may be used for patients in the event it may be easier to adminis-
ter than tablets or syrups. Suppositories may also be used when a patient has a vomiting tendency, as oral medication can be vomited out. Drugs which often cause stomach upset, for example diclofenac sodium (Voltaren), is better tolerated in suppository form.
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