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Файл:English in pharmacy. A guide in English for pharmaceutical students. Учебное пособие
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For oral dosage form (tablets):
Treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders:
Adults-10 milligrams (mg) three to four times daily. Some patients may require
higher doses up to 20 mg three or four times daily.
Nausea and vomiting:
Adults-20 milligrams (mg) three to four times daily.
Missed dose. If you miss a dose of Motilium, take it as soon as possible. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your
regular dosing schedule. Do not double doses.
Storage.
Keep out of the reach of children.
Store away from heat and direct light.
Do not store in the bathroom, near the kitchen sink, or in other damp places.
Heat or moisture may cause the medicine to break down.
Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed. Be sure that
any discarded medicine is out of the reach of children.
Precautions While Using Motilium.
It is very important that your doctor check your progress at regular visits. This
will allow your doctor to see if the medicine is working properly and to decide if you
should continue to take it.
If your symptoms do not improve within a few days or if they become worse,
check with your doctor.
Side Effects of Motilium.
Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects.
Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.
Symptoms of overdose.
Get emergency help immediately if any of the following symptoms of overdose
occur: difficulty in speaking; disorientation; dizziness; fainting; irregular heartbeat;
light-headedness; loss of balance or muscle control.
Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur:
Less common: loss of balance or muscle control; swelling of the mouth.
Rare: fast, irregular, pounding or racing heartbeat or pulse; swelling of face,
hands, lower legs or feet.
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Other side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These
side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine.
However, check with your doctor if any of the following side effects continue or
are bothersome.
Less common: breast milk flowing from the nipple; dry mouth; swelling of the
breast in the male; headache; hives; hot flashes; itching of skin; itching, redness, pain,
or swelling of eye; menstrual irregularities; pain in the breast.
Rare: change in need to urinate; change in appetite; constipation; diarrhea; burning, difficult, or painful urination; difficulty in speaking; dizziness; drowsiness;
heartburn; irritability; lack or loss of strength; leg cramps; mental illness; nervousness; palpitations; sluggishness; stomach cramps; thirst; tiredness; weakness.
DRUGS AFFECTING THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Drugs can be delivered to the lungs by inhalation, oral, or parenteral routes. Inhalation is preferred because the drug is delivered directly to the target tissue-the airways and is effective in doses that do not cause significant systemic side effects.
Clinically useful drugs act by various mechanisms, for example, by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle, or modulating the inflammatory response.
Drugs used to treat asthma. Asthma is a chronic disease that affects approximately 10 million of the USA population. The disease is characterized by episodes of
acute bronchoconstriction causing shortness of breath, cough, chest tightness, wheezing and rapid respirations. These acute symptoms may resolve spontaneously or more
often, require therapy such as β2-agonist. A second delayed or late-phase response
may occur 4 to 12 hours later, and may require treatment with steroids. Asthma, unlike chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis or bronchiectasis, is usually not progressive
disease-it does not inevitably lead to crippling chronic obstructive lung disease.
Deaths due to asthma are infrequent, but morbidity results in significant hospitalization. The goal of therapy is to relieve symptoms and to prevent recurrence of asthmatic attacks, if possible.
Adrenergic agonists.
1. Short acting drugs: Most clinically useful β-agonists have a rapid (15 to 30
minutes) onset of action and provide relief for 5 to 6 hours. Toxic side effects, such
as tachycardia, hyperglycemia are minimized when the drugs are delivered by inhalation rather than by systemic routes.
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2. Long acting drugs: salmeterol xonatoate is chemical analog of albuterol, but
differs by having a long lipophilic side chain that increases the affinity of the drug for
the β-adrenoceptor. Salmeterol has a long duration of action, providing bronchodilation for at least 12 hours. Salmeterol has a slow onset of action and should not be
used in acute asthmatic attacks.
Corticosteroids.
Inhaled glucocorticoids are the drugs of the first choice in patients with moderate to severe asthma who require inhalation of β2-adrenergic agonists more than once
daily. Severe asthma may also require systemic glucocorticoids, usually for short
term. Inhaled glucocorticoids often reduce (or eliminate) the need for oral glucocorticoids in patients with severe asthma. To be effective in controlling inflammation,
glucocorticoids must be taken continuously.
BROMHEXINE-RIVO
Composition tablets:
Each 4 mg tablet contains: Bromhexine HCl 4 mg and excipients.
Each 8 mg tablet contains: Bromhexine HCl 8 mg and excipients.
Composition syrup:
4 mg/5 ml syrup:
Each teaspoonful (5 ml) contains: Bromhexine HCl 4 mg and excipients.
10 mg/5 ml syrup:
Each teaspoonful (5 ml) contains: Bromhexine HCl 10 mg and excipients.
Therapeutical indication. Bromhexine-Rivo is indicated in the treatment of the
secretion disorders in the acute and chronic respiratory affections.
Counter-indications. Not indicated in subjects with individual ascertained hypersensitivity to the product.
Adverse effects. None noted.
Precautions of use. None.
Use during pregnancy and lactation. No counter indications are noted during
pregnancy. Nevertheless, consult a physician before starting therapy.
No side effects from Bromhexine were reported in lactating in case of assumption of the drug by the mother; consult a physician.
Dosage and way of administration.
4 mg Tablets: 1 to 2 tablets three times a day.
4 mg Tablets: 2 tablets three times a day.
4 mg/5 ml syrup: Adults: 1 to 2 teaspoonful three times a day;
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Children: ½ to 1 teaspoonful three times a day.
10 mg/5 ml syrup: Adults: ½ to 1 teaspoonful three times a day;
Children: 1 to 1 ½ teaspoonful every 24 hours.
Lactating: ½ to 1 teaspoonful every 24 hours.
Overdosage. No toxic effects due to overdose are noted since the molecule is
well tolerated even at high doses.
Special care. Administer with precaution to patients with gastro-duodenal ulcer.
Effects on driving and machine use. Bromhexine hydrochloride does not influ-
ence driving capacity and vigilance using machines.
Storage. Keep in a cool and dry place, protected from light. Keep out of the
reach of children. Do not exceed the expiry date printed on the package.
Packaging. Packs containing 20 and 50 tablets.
Bottles containing 60 ml syrup.
LOCACORTEN
Topical corticoid for use in skin diseases.
Composition. Cream and ointment: 0.02% 6α, 9α-difluoro-11β, 17α-dihydroxy-
16α-methyl-21-trimethylacetoxy-1.4-pregnadiene-3.20-dione (=flumethasone
pivalate) with or without neomycin sulfate (0.5%); lotion: 0.02% flumethasone
pivalate.
Properties. In inflammatory skin diseases, including especially eczema,
Locacorten exerts a prompt anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, anti-exudative, and antipruritic action; it has no systemic effects. The various forms of application in which
Locacorten is available each have a specially formulated base which is not only excellently tolerated by the skin but also supplements the therapeutic effect of the corticoid. Locacorten is suitable for use in both adults and children.
Lotion.
The base of the lotion is a fluid oil-in-water emulsion (Ph 6.6) which spreads
evenly over the skin. The lotion, which is non-greasy and non-adhesive, forms on the
skin an invisible layer through which secretions can escape. It can easily be washed
off with water. It is particularly suitable for use on exposed or hairy sites (e.g. scalp),
in the auditory meatus, etc. The lotion is primarily indicated for the treatment of hyperacute, copiously weeping, and inflammatory conditions. Once the hyperacute or
weeping stage has subsided, it is advisable to use the cream instead.
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Cream.
The base of the cream is a hydrophilic oil-in-water emulsion (Ph 5.5). It permits
secretions and heat to escape and, like the lotion, it exerts a cooling effect. It is particularly suitable for use in acute conditions associated with little or no weeping as
well as in subacute stages. It is also recommended for patients whose skin is either
seborrhoeic or hypersensitive to fats.
Ointment.
The base of the ointment is a smooth water-in-oil emulsion with a 70% fat content. The ointment, which reduces loss of water from the skin, has an emollient effect
on the epidermis, as well as an ability to exert its action at considerable depth. It does
not clog the pores. It is chiefly indicated in subchronic or chronic conditions and in
dry inflammatory processes.
Indications.
Eczema of varying type and localization, including infantile eczema and milk-
crust.
Various forms of dermatitis, including radiodermatitis, sunburn, otitis externa,
intertrigo, and napkin rash.
Various forms of neurodermatitis.
Skin diseases which tend to prove resistant to other corticoids, including es-
pecially psoriasis, lichen planus, and chronic discoid lupus erythematosus.
Contraindications. Tuberculosis of the skin, syphilitic skin affections, fresh virus infections of the skin, and, in the case of the dosage forms without neomycin, pyoderma.
Application and dosage. As a rule, Locacorten should be evenly applied to the
skin in a thin film several times daily. In some cases, however, one application a day
will prove sufficient. The site may, if necessary, be covered by a protective dressing.
After the skin has healed, Locacorten should be applied at least once daily for a further 1-2 weeks in order to prevent any recurrence of the disease.
To obtain optimum results, it is important to select the form of application most
appropriate to the stage of the disease and the texture of the patient's skin.
Note. In types of skin disorder which often prove resistant to corticoids, e.g.
psoriasis, use of occlusive dressings is recommended.
Locacorten must not be applied to the conjunctiva.
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Packages. 15 and 10x15 ml. lotion; 15 and 10x15 g. cream (with neomycin); 15
and 10x15g. ointment (with neomycin); 30 and 10x30g. cream (without neomycin);
30 and 10x30 g. ointment (without neomycin).
In some countries, one or other of these packages may not be available.
PANADOL EXTRA SOLUBLE
PANADOL EXTRA SOLUBLE contains an additional ingredient to provide extra relief from pain and is based on paracetamol which is gentle on the stomach. It is
absorbed into blood stream faster than conventional tablets to provide fast and effective pain relief.
Panadol Extra Soluble is suitable for headaches, migraine, backaches, rheumatic
and muscular pains, neuralgia, toothache. It also relieves discomfort in colds, influenza, sore throats and helps to reduce temperature.
Panadol Extra Soluble contains no Aspirin. Each tablet contains Paracetamol
500 mg. and Caffeine 65 mg.
Cautionary notes: Do not exceed the stated dosage. Do not take more than 8 tablets in 24 hours. If symptoms persist consult your doctor. Avoid drinking too much
tea or coffee whilst taking this product. For professional advice on medicines consult
your pharmacist. Keep out of the reach of children. Store below 30 0 C.
EFFERVESCENT ANTACID PAIN RELIEF
Fast relief with buffered aspirin for minor aches and pains.
Directions: Dissolve in water before taking.
Active ingredients: Each tablet contains: Aspirin 325 mg.; heat treated sodium
bicarbonate 1916 mg.; citric acid 1000 mg. This product in water contains principally
the antacid sodium and the analgesic sodium acetylsalicylate.
Indications: For fast and effective relief of acid indigestion or heartburn with
headache. Effective as pain reliever for headaches or body aches and pains.
Warnings: Children and teenagers should not take this medicine for chicken
pox or flu symptoms before a doctor is consulted about Reye syndrome, a rare but serious illness reported to be associated with aspirin.
Adults – 2 tablets every 4 hours; do not take more than 8 tablets in 24 hours or
use the maximum dosage for more than 10 days except under the advice and supervision of a physician;
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Persons over 60 years or older – nor more than 4 tablets in 24 hours. If symptoms persist or recur frequently or if you are under treatment for ulcers, consult your
physician.
Do not use this product except under the advice and supervision of a physician if
you are on sodium restricted diet. Each tablet contains 567 mg. of sodium. Do not
take this product if you are allergic to aspirin or have asthma or bleeding problems or
are taking a prescription drug for thinning of the blood, diabetes, gout or arthritis except under the advice of a physician. As with ay drug, if you are pregnant or nursing a
baby, seek the advice of a health professional before using this product. Keep this and
all drugs out of reach of children. In case of accidental overdose, seek professional
assistance or contact a poison control center immediately.
It is especially important not to use aspirin during the last 3 months of pregnancy unless specifically directed to do so by a doctor because it may cause problems in
the unborn child or complications during delivery.
ANAFRANIL
Presentation – Clomipramine: coated tablets of 10 mg. and 25 mg.; sustained-
release tablets of 75 mg.; ampoules of 25 mg/ml.
Indications – Depression of varying aetiology and symptomatology, obsessivecompulsive and phobias. Cataplexy accompanying narcolepsy, panic attacks, chronic
painful conditions, and nocturnal enuresis.
Dosage – Dosage and mode of administration should be determined individual-
ly, but is usually 75/150 mg. pro die. Initiate treatment with low doses in elderly patients and children (usually 10 mg. t.i.d.). See full prescribing information.
Contraindications – Concomitant use of MAO inhibitors. Known hypersensitivity to tricyclic antidepressants of the dibenzazepine group.
Precautions – Pregnancy, lactation, heart failure and circulatory debility, acute
stage of myocardial infarction, disturbances of cardiac conduction, postural hypotension, lowered convulsion threshold, glaucoma, road-users, alcohol.
Side effects – Anticholinenergic reactions as with most other tricyclics. Rarely:
cardiovascular effects, insomnia, transient confusional states, increased anxiety, skin
rashes. Very rarely: convulsions, disorders of hepatic function.
Note – Do not use after the expiry date stated on the package. Do not store
above + 250 C (770 F).
Medicine should be stored with care! Keep away from children.
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UNIT 5. MEDICINAL PLANTS AND HERBS
Grammar • 1. Complex Subject. 2. Complex Object.
3. Absolute Participle Construction.
Word-building • Prefixes: mal-, mis-, infra-, super-(supra-), post-, pre-.
LESSON 8. PHYTOTHERAPY AS NATURAL MEDICATION
1. Define the function of the verb “to have”.
1. Roots with different forms have special names. 2. We have already read this
book. 3. Aloe has a very short woody stem. 4. You have to take a teaspoonful of this
infusion 3 or 4 times a day. 5. My brother has helped me to collect aloe leaves. 6. She
has to translate this text. 7. Drugs are classified into groups which have a specific action.
2. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to Modal Verbs.
1. Bacteria can only be seen with microscope. 2. Digitalis may be readily grown
from seeds. 3. If you dry plants carelessly the drug may be spoiled. 4. Our specialists
are able to compound different prescriptions. 5. Nick had to take a tablespoonful of
mixture three times a day. 6. We must take vitamin B daily. 6. The patient was allowed to take this analgetic. 7. To become a good specialist you should achieve
knowledge of different subjects. 8. May I use your dictionary?
3. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to Complex Subject.
1. Aspirin and paracetamol are known to relieve pain and lower temperature. 2.
The infection is said to spread very quickly. 3. The vaccine is reported to have been
tested successfully. 4. Foxglove leaves appear to have been used externally by Welsh
physicians. 5. The new substance turned out to be a compound of oxygen. 6. The
drug appears to be non-toxic for all practical purposes. 7. She seems to have forgotten
everything. 8. This man is likely to have appendicitis. 9. HIV is certain to spread
through contaminated blood.
4. Words and word combinations to be remembered.
mankind – человечество
artichoke – артишок
to heal with herbs – излечивать
hawthorn – боярышник
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при помощи трав celery – сельдерей
unpolluted area – незагрязненный
horseradish – хрен
район garlic – чеснок
camomile – ромашка аптекарская
bean – боб, фасоль
mint – мята fennel – укроп, фенхель
dandelion – одуванчик
plantain – подорожник
echinacea – эхинацея
wormwood – полынь горькая
stinging nettle - крапива жгучая
oat – овёс
yarrow – тысячелистник
rosemary – розмарин обыкновенный
to be available – иметь в
to take in diluted form – принимать распоряжении, быть в наличии в разбав-
ленном виде
coltsfoot – мать-и-мачеха
5. Read and translate the text.
PHYTOTHERAPY AS NATURAL MEDICATION
Since the early days of mankind much in survival depended on the use of plants
and their elements.
The ancient Greeks called the method of medication with the help of plants and
herbs – phytotherapy, i.e. the art of healing with herbs. The main principle of phytotherapy is to collect plants from the unpolluted areas, and to process the entire plant
or the parts of it.
Such plants as camomile, mint, dandelion, valerian, echinacea, stinging nettle or
yarrow are very strong and their juice should be taken in diluted form sixteen minutes
before eating.
From the very beginning of the development of human civilization plants have
been considered to be obvious and natural cure for any ailment. They may be in dried
forms or they may be used as nutritious bottled juice.
Medical research workers today are rediscovering the value of plants and herbs
that our ancestors already knew.
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Asthma sufferers can benefit from coltsfoot which is well known to loosen mucus in the upper respiratory tract. For anemia artichoke juice is recommended to decrease cholesterol level, and hawthorn to strengthen the heart. Because of the diuretic
properties celery and horseradish are recommended for arthritis sufferers. Garlic
helps to decrease blood pressure; yarrow and bean juices are very useful for circulation, fennel and plantain are used for bronchial cough, and a natural aid to weight loss
is achieved by combination of potato, artichoke, stinging nettle, tomato juices.
Wormwood and oat assist digestive disorders; mint and rosemary fortify the overtired.
Echinacea juice disinfects and promotes wound healing, while stinging nettle,
plantain and celery juice can be used to “spring clean” the whole organism. Echinacea is a well-known immunostimulator. Nowadays medical plant preparations are
available in all pharmacies and even in special health food stores.
Tasks:
I. Complete the sentences.
6. Phytotherapy is the art of ….
7. Asthma sufferers can benefit from ….
8. For anemia … is recommended to decrease cholesterol level.
2. … is recommended to strengthen the heart.
3. For arthritis sufferers … are recommended because of the diuretic properties.
4. … helps to decrease blood pressure.
5. … and … are very useful for circulation.
6. … and … assist digestive disorders.
7. … and … fortify the overtired.
11. … is a well-known immunostimulator.
II. Make the sentences interrogative.
1. We can work as managers of a drug-store.
2. Substances may exist in any of three states such as solids, liquids or gases.
3. We must take vitamin B daily.
4. Carbon may be crystallized as the diamond.
5. The pharmacist should control laboratory reagents.
6. Drug plants which have glycosides must be dried at a low temperature.
7. Water can be decomposed by the electric current.
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