Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:English in pharmacy. A guide in English for pharmaceutical students. Учебное пособие
.pdf
12. What book did he publish in 1808?
13. Why had he resisted a presentation to the King William IV?
14. What was the way out?
V. Ask as many special questions as you can.
Colour blindness is not exactly an advantage to a chemist, who must be able to
see colour changes when he works with chemicals.
LESSON 4. LOUIS PASTEUR
1. Read out the nouns, verbs and adjectives.
Chemist, chemistry, famous, discovery, fermentation, investigation, successfully, contagious, prevention, culture, experimentation, successful, scientific, importance, similar, different, bacteriology, treatment, prophylactic, possible, pasteurization, directly, health, beneficial, begin, repeat, prevent.
2. Choose the sentences with the predicates in Passive Voice. Read them aloud
and translate.
1. Smoking is not allowed here.
2. He was the first to describe the symptoms of that disease.
3. This book was written by our professor.
4. You must consult a doctor as your headache is extremely severe.
5. She was administered β-blockers to loosen her heart attacks.
3. Change the following sentences into Passive. Omit the agent if it is not
needed. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. They record the results of a reaction. 2. Dr. Brown taught the students. 3. He
speaks English fluently. 4. She’ll answer every question well. 5. They understood the
problem. 6. Everybody will see the new lab. 7. He didn’t take the temperature in the
evening.
21
4. Compare the sentences and translate them.
Perfect Active
Perfect Passive
I have just watered the flowers.
The flowers have just been watered.
We have already prepared our lessons.
Our lessons have already been pre-
pared.
He has not learned the words yet.
The words have not been learned yet.
They had carried out the experiment
by the end of the day.
The experiment had been carried out
by the end of the day.
5. Read and translate the sentences. Define the tense-forms.
1. It’s the most interesting book I have ever read. 2. I had finished my work
when he came. 3. The name of Hygeia has been associated with the word “hygiene”
(the science of health and its preservation). 4. We have already obtained solutions
from aloe juice. 5. They have not mixed different juices yet. 6. He has never been to
New York. 7. By 2 o’clock the professor had asked all the students. 8. He recovered
after he had been ill a long time. 9. The methods of treatment had been found by the
beginning of the 20th century.
6. Read and translate the sentences according to the model.
Models:
1) It was ancient Chinese who developed the practice of acupuncture. –
Именно древние китайцы разработали практику иглоукалывания.
2) It was not until 1929 that penicillin was discovered by Fleming. –
(Именно) только в 1929 году пенициллин был открыт Флемингом.
1. It is from plant that aspirin got its name.
2. It was Darwin’s work demonstrated that the evolution of plants and animals
gave no evidence of divine guidance.
3. It is Latin that helps you to understand most of medical terms.
4. It is vitamins that maintain normal metabolic functioning.
5. It was Hippocrates who showed that disease had only natural causes.
6. It was not until 1796 that an English physician Edward Jenner discovered a
safe method of making people immune to smallpox.
7. It is antibiotics that are effectively used to treat serious bacterial infections.
22
7. Words and word combinations to be remembered.
physics and chemistry –физика и химия
to make a discovery – сделать открытие
souring (of wine) – заквашивание (вина)
living microorganisms – живые микроорганизмы
to lead (led, led) to smth – вести к
чему-либо
fermentation – брожение
investigation – исследование
silkworm plague – эпидемическое заболевание шелкопряда
to combat fowl cholera – бороться с
куриной холерой
anthrax – сибирская язва
contagious – заразный
the prevention of disease – предупреждение болезни
series – ряд, серия
pure cultures – чистые (беспримесные)
культуры
germ – микроб
to treat – лечить
hydrophobia (rabies) – водобоязнь
(бешенство)
diphtheria – дифтерия, дифтерит
tuberculosis – туберкулез
yellow fever – желтая лихорадка
cholera – холера
plague – чума
to be beneficial to human health – быть
полезным для здоровья человека
8. Read and translate the text.
Louis Pasteur, a French chemist, taught physics and chemistry at Dijon and
Lille. It was at Lille where he made his famous discovery that souring of wine was
caused by living microorganisms. This led him to study the whole subject of fermentation. This was followed by his investigation of the silkworm plague. He successfully combated fowl cholera, anthrax and the contagious silkworm disease. He then began the study of the prevention of disease by making a repeated series of pure cultures which rendered the germs less poisonous. He began treating many diseases by
the use of vaccines. After many years of experimentation he was successful in preventing hydrophobia or rabies in man.
The Pasteur Institute was established in 1886; it was an event of great scientific
importance. Many similar institutes have since been established in different parts of
the world.
LOUIS PASTEUR
(1822 – 1895)
23
Pasteur is the parent of the whole modern science of bacteriology. Thanks to his
1. a) germs
2. a) cholera
3. a) anthrax
4. a) contagious
5. a) plague
6. a) to cause
b) microorganisms
b) chemistry
b) investigation
b) infectious
b) physics
b) to lead
c) silkworm
c) hydrophobia
c) research
c) discovery
c) rabies
c) to treat
experiments, prophylactic treatment of diphtheria, tuberculosis, yellow fever, cholera
and plague has been made possible. The principle of pasteurization, named for him, is
based upon his discoveries.
It was Pasteur who probably made more important discoveries which were directly beneficial to human welfare and health than any other man.
Tasks:
I. Form new words with the help of the suffixes –ful and –less. Translate
them.
-ful: use, help, pain, harm, care, beauty, skill, doubt, rest;
-less: use, help, pain, harm, colour, odour, life, shape.
II. Compose the sentences from the given words:
1. taught, Louis Pasteur, and, chemistry, physics, a, chemist, French.
2. treating, began, Louis Pasteur, diseases, many, of, the, vaccines, use, by.
3. or, in, hydrophobia, after, man, many, experimentation, of, years, Louis Pas-
teur, successful, was, rabies, preventing, in.
III. Find which word does not suit here:
IV. Read the sentences and define which of them are wrong.
1. Louis Pasteur, an English chemist, taught physics and chemistry in London.
2. Louis Pasteur made his famous discovery that souring of wine was caused by
living silkworms.
3. Louis Pasteur successfully combated fowl cholera, anthrax and the contagious
silkworm disease.
4. The great chemist began treating many diseases by the use of vaccines.
5. After many years of experimentation he was successful in preventing hydro-
phobia or rabies in dogs.
6. The Pasteur Institute was established in 1886.
7. Pasteur is the parent of the whole modern science of bacteriology.
24
V. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple Active or Passive.
1. When I … (to be) a child I never … (to like) sports very much.
2. Our town … (to found) in 1743.
3. There … (to be) many very good reasons to learn foreign languages.
4. She … (to live) in a village which … (to be) on the edge of the suburbs of the
city.
5. When I … (to leave) home for the first time, I … (to live) in a very big city.
6. Children … (to give) vitamins.
7. He … (to work) with computers and … (to spend) most of his time in his lab.
8. Wonderful discoveries … (make) by our scientists.
9. I … (to go) to school at the age of five.
10. My mum … (to teach) me how to read and write at home.
VI. Write out from the text sentences in Perfect. Translate them. Make them
interrogative and negative.
VII. Find in the text sentences with construction “It is … that (who)”. Translate these sentences.
VIII. Answer the questions.
1. What discovery did Pasteur make at Lille?
2. What diseases did Pasteur investigate?
3. What diseases was Pasteur successful in preventing in man?
4. What treatment has been made possible thanks to Pasteur’s experiments?
5. What principle is based upon his discoveries?
6. Pasteur probably made more important discoveries than any other man, didn’t
he?
IX. Give a summary of the text using the given words:
French chemist, famous discovery, souring of wine, to be caused by living microorganisms, to lead to the study of fermentation, investigation of silkworm plague,
to combat successfully, the prevention of disease, by the use of vaccines, hydrophobia (rabies), the Pasteur Institute was established, modern science of bacteriology,
to be beneficial to human health.
25
UNIT 3. PHARMACY AS A SCIENCE
Grammar • 1. Present Participle. 2. Continuous Active and Passive.
3. Modal verbs and their equivalents. 4. Impersonal sentences.
Word-building • Prefixes: re-, counter-, contra-. Suffixes: (adj): -ian, -en.
pharmacy – фармация; аптека; аптечное дело
branch of science – отрасль науки
remedy – лекарственное средство
pharmacognosy – фармакогнозия
chemical composition – химический
состав
physical properties – физические свойства
exposure to air – воздействие воздуха
LESSON 5. PHARMACY AS A SCIENCE
1. Read and translate sentences with Participle I. Define the functions of these
participles.
1. The man living next door is the professor of our Academy. 2. Living in the
hostel we always help each other with our homework. 3. He is reading a book now. 4.
Reading much every day he learns a lot of new words. 5. People travelling much
know many interesting stories. 6. Travelling all over the world, the scientist visited
many interesting places and collected important material. 7. She was writing a report
the whole day yesterday.
2. Read and translate the sentences. Make them interrogative.
1. English is becoming a universal language on our planet. 2. We were writing
our test paper from ten till half past eleven yesterday. 3. He is still taking his digitalis.
4. These two substances are interacting with each other quickly. 5. These students
will be obtaining pure hydrogen. 6. Students are describing the properties of bacteria
now. 7. Tomorrow at 9 o’clock we shall be taking our exam in organic chemistry.
3. Read and translate the sentences. Analyse tense-forms.
1. Medicinal plants possess very valuable constituents. 2. Chemistry and physics
are closely interrelated. 3. Hemoglobin carries oxygen to the muscles and organs. 4.
We obtained pure oxygen and studied its properties. 5. Comparatively few of the elements occur in a free state in nature. 6. Interferon was discovered in 1956. 7. Many
modern drugs do not work.
4. Read and learn the following words and word combinations:
26
administration – применение, назначение
forensic chemistry – токсикологическая химия
to compound – смешивать, соединять
to dispense – приготовлять и распределять (лекарства)
to define – определять
pharmacopoeia – фармакопея
to contain – содержать
a list of substances – список веществ
description – описание
formula – рецепт
stable – стойкий, устойчивый
to attract moisture – притягивать влагу
proper – соответствующий
to pack – упаковывать
to store – хранить
to retard deterioration – замедлять
ухудшение
source – источник
distribution – распределение
identification – опознание, выяснение
purity – чистота
to demand special knowledge – требовать специальных знаний
5. Read and translate the text.
PHARMACY AS A SCIENCE
Pharmacy as a science is generalization of related branches of science studying
different fields of knowledge about medical remedies.
It includes six branches of science:
– pharmaceutical chemistry;
– pharmacology;
– pharmacognosy;
– pharmacy administration;
– pharmacy technology;
– forensic chemistry.
The word “pharmacy” is also used to designate the place where medicines are
compounded, dispensed and sold.
Pharmacology is broadly defined as the science of drugs. A pharmacopoeia is a
book containing a list of medicinal substances with description, tests and formulas for
preparing the same. The pharmacopoeial names of chemical substances do not always
represent their chemical composition.
The official description usually includes its physical properties such as colour,
crystalline and other forms, odour, taste and the result of exposure to air. It is important for the pharmacist to know whether chemicals are stable or whether they lose
27
to attract moisture. The Pharmacopoeia describes also the proper method of packaging and storing the drug to prevent or retard deterioration.
Pharmacognosy is the science which embraces the history, source, cultivation,
collection, preparation, distribution, identification, composition, purity and preservation of drugs of vegetable and animal origin.
All these subjects define the pharmacist’s field of work.
The title “pharmacist” is conferred upon a person who demonstrates that he is
scientifically and personally capable of engaging in the practice of pharmacy. To become a pharmacist one should achieve knowledge of different subjects, such as physics, chemistry, botany, etc. This profession demands special knowledge, experience
and high professional standards.
Tasks:
I. Find in the text and read out English equivalents.
Список лекарственных веществ; физические свойства; выращивание; химический состав; чтобы стать фармацевтом; растительного и животного происхождения; правильный (соответствующий) метод упаковки и хранения;
фармакопейное (официальное) описание; они теряют свойства, притягивая влагу; способный заниматься фармацевтической практикой.
II. Choose the proper form of Participle.
1. Drugs (containing, contained) Valerian are used as sedatives.
2. There are 180 species (growing, grown) in dry parts of Africa.
3. The grape sugar (glucose) (forming, formed) in photosynthesis is transported
to every cell of the plant.
4. Aloe is genus of plants (belonging, belonged) to the family Liliaceae.
5. Drugs (using, used) for the treatment of eye diseases have a pink colour.
6. When (heating, heated) in the air, carbon slowly burns to carbon dioxide.
7. The prescription (writing, written) out by the doctor was for a cough mixture.
III. Read and translate these sentences. Analyse tense-forms. Use them in Past
Tense.
1. Modern chemistry is connected with other sciences.
2. The name of the greatest Russian scientist D.I. Mendeleyev is known all over
the world.
3. The academic year is divided into two terms.
4. Many drugs, mixtures, tinctures, decoctions, pills and others are prepared at
the pharmacy.
28
5. Much attention is paid to the problem of training specialists in pharmacy.
Continuous Active
Continuous Passive
He is taking this medicine the whole
month.
This medicine is being taken the whole
month.
These students are obtaining pure
hydrogen.
Pure hydrogen is being obtained by
these students.
6. Our chemical laboratory is equipped rather well: microscopes, burners, ther-
mometers.
7. The vitamins are widely distributed in nature.
IV. Find in the text above the sentences in Passive. Translate them.
Compare the sentences in the left and the right columns.
V. Read the sentences and translate them. Change them according to the model above.
1. A pharmacist is mixing substances in the test-tube. 2. A chemist is observing
a reaction now. 3. The students are taking examination in chemistry at that time. 4.
We are studying the properties of carbon now. 5. The lab assistant is doing the laboratory work at that time. 6. I am studying English now. 7. They are looking for this
word in the dictionary.
Free reading
Read and translate the text without a dictionary.
PHARMACIST
The pharmacist seems to be an important member of the extended primary
health care team. They usually sell remedies directly to the patients without prescriptions for the treatment of common complaints as well as dispensing all prescriptions.
The most dangerous and powerful medicines are well known to be only supplied with
doctor’s prescriptions (antibiotics, drugs for heart disease, any treatment that can be
toxic, etc.) but a wide range of symptomatic treatments which are safely used for
conditions which patients can diagnose themselves (cough and cold remedies, mild
pain killers, and some specific treatments such as a weak acyclovir cream for sore
colds, 1% hydrocortisone for mild skin irritations) are available without prescriptions.
Pharmacists will often give advice on the use of such medications, although of course
they are not trained to make diagnosis and will not attempt to do so, nor do they have
facilities for examining patients. Often when a patient comes to buy some sympto-
29
matic treatment the pharmacist will ask a few questions and if it does not appear to be
safe to give treatment without medical advice will advise the patient to consult his
GP.
The pharmacist is responsible for ensuring that the patient has correct medication and understands how to make it, its possible side effects and any special precautions (not to drink alcohol with metronidazole).
It is increasingly common for patients to register with pharmacy. The pharmacist
then has complete records, often not only of prescribed medication but also of things
that the patient has bought without a prescription.
30
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]