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Файл:English in pharmacy. A guide in English for pharmaceutical students. Учебное пособие
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UNIT 6. DRUGS AND DRUG CLASSES
Grammar • Tenses. Revision
Word-building • Prefixes: ab-; co-(com-,con-); ex-(extra).
LESSON 10. DRUGS
1. Read, translate and name the suffixes in the following words.
Red – redness – reddish – redden; act – active – action – activity; inhibit – inhi-
bition – inhibitor – inhibitory; use – usage – useful – useless; pharmacy – pharmacist
– pharmaceutical; locate – local – localize – localized.
2. Read and translate the sentences.
1. There are some chemical reagents on the shelf.
2. There are strict legal requirements for the purchase, storage, use, identifica-
tion, dispensing and prescription of drugs.
3. There are labels of different colours for different drugs.
4. There are two major routes of drug administration: enteral and parenteral.
5. These drugs are not absorbed orally.
3. Define the predicates. Translate the sentences.
1. Digoxin helps to maintain a normal heart rhythm.
2. Your doctor will gradually increase the dose until the best results are achieved
with the least amount of side effect.
3. Many things can affect the dose of medication that a person needs, such as
body weight, other medical conditions, and other medications.
4. It is important to take the medication regularly and exactly as prescribed by
the doctor.
5. The following side effects have been reported by at least 1% of people taking
this medication.
4. Put questions to the underlined words.
1. The solubility of plant elements depends on their structure.
2. Antibiotics have been synthesized in the laboratory.
3. We are observing the reaction now.
4. Cardiovascular drugs may be divided into three groups.
5. The book contained a number of new theories.
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5. Read and translate sentences. Pay attention to the prepositions.
colloquial usage – обычное использование
otherwise – иначе; или же, в противном случае
to enhance – усиливать, увеличивать
well-being – благополучие; здоровье
to distinguish – различать; выделять,
отличать
pancreas – поджелудочная железа
to ameliorate – улучшать(ся), облегчать
over-the-counter (OTC) medications –
лекарственные препараты, продаваемые в розницу без ограничений
restriction – ограничение
behind-the-counter (BTC) medications
– лекарственные препараты, продаваемые без рецепта в аптеках
supervision – наблюдение, контроль
benefit – выгода, польза
1. Among numerous organic substances the most important for life are proteins,
fats, carbohydrates.
2. By means of autonomous learning and mastering English, medical students
can increase their capacity for progress in education and play an active role in community and in profession.
3. Thanks to Pasteur’s experiments, prophylactic treatment of diphtheria, tuber-
culosis, yellow fever, cholera and plague has been made possible.
4. This plant is now called Pheasant’s eye, on account of its brilliant little scarlet
and black blossoms.
5. Digestive juices alter the food by means of ferments which they contain.
6. Wormwood is very wholesome and used to be in much request by brewers for
use instead of hops.
7. Although few known cases of complication remain, the majority of antibiotics
do not interfere with contraception, despite widespread misinformation to the contrary.
6. Read and learn the words and word-combinations:
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7. Read and translate the text.
DRUGS
A drug, broadly speaking, is any substance that alters normal bodily function.
There is no single, precise definition, as there are different meanings in medicine,
government regulations, and colloquial usage. Dictionary defines them as a substance
that doctors prescribe to treat a disease or mental problem otherwise enhance physical
or mental well-being. Drugs may be prescribed for a limited duration, or on a regular
basis for chronic disorders.
Drugs are usually distinguished from endogenous biochemicals by being intro-
duced from outside the organism. For example, insulin is a hormone that is synthesized in the body; it is called a hormone when it is synthesized by the pancreas inside
the body, but if it is introduced into the body from outside, it is called a drug.
A medication or a medicine is a drug taken to cure and/or ameliorate any symp-
toms of an illness or medical condition, or may be used as preventive medicine that
has future benefits but does not treat any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms.
Dispensing of medication is often regulated by governments into three catego-
ries – over-the-counter (OTC) medications, which are available in pharmacies and
supermarkets without special restriction, behind-the-counter (BTC), which are dis-
pensed by a pharmacist without needing a doctor’s prescription, and prescription only
medicines (POM), which must be prescribed by a licensed medical professional, usually a physician.
In the UK, BTC medicines are called pharmacy medicines which can only be
sold in registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a pharmacist. However,
the precise distinction between OTC and prescription drugs depends on the legal jurisdiction.
Medications are typically produced by pharmaceutical companies and are often
patented to give the developer exclusive rights to produce them, but they can also be
derived from naturally occurring substance in plants called herbal medicine. Those
that are not patented (or with expired patents) are called generic drugs since they can
be produced by other companies without restrictions or licenses from the patent holder.
Drugs, both medicinal and recreational, can be administered in a number of
ways:
▪ orally, as a liquid or solid, that is absorbed through the stomach;
▪ inhaled, (breathed into the lungs), as a vapor;
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▪ injected as a liquid either intramuscular or intravenous (put under the skin, into
a vein or muscle tissue with the use of a hypodermic needle);
▪ rectally as a suppository, that is absorbed by the colon;
▪ vaginally as a suppository, primarily to treat vaginal infections;
▪ bolus, a substance into the stomach to dissolve slowly.
Many drugs can be administered in a variety of ways.
Tasks:
I. Form adjectives from the given nouns with the suffixes –ful and –less.
Translate them into Russian.
Use, harm, help, pain, care, rest.
II. Give the Russian equivalents of the following:
broadly speaking, precise definition, colloquial usage, physical or mental well-
being, chronic disorder, outside the body, inside the body, ameliorate any symptom,
preventive medicine, over-the-counter (OTC) medications, behind-the-counter (BTC)
medications, prescription only medicines (POM), under the supervision of a pharmacist, to dissolve slowly, in a variety of ways.
III. Scan the text above and find the word combinations with nouns used as
attributes. Translate these word combinations.
IV. Put the necessary prepositions: in, under, between, into, from, on.
1. Medications can also be derived … naturally occurring substance … plants.
2. A drug is a chemical substance used … the treatment, cure, prevention, or di-
agnosis of disease.
3. Dispensing of medication is often regulated by governments … three catego-
ries.
4. However, the precise distinction … OTC and prescription drugs depends …
the legal jurisdiction.
5. Pharmacy medicines can only be sold … registered pharmacies … the super-
vision of a pharmacist.
V. Read and translate the sentences.
1. Vitamin pills only really benefit people who have a vitamin deficiency.
2. Liquid ampicillin that has been left at room temperature is good for 7 days
only.
3. When the winter months come your food becomes rather poor of vitamins.
4. Brompheniramine blocks the chemicals which lead to allergy symptoms.
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5. If you miss a dose of this medication take it as soon as you remember it. If it
is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and carry on with your regular
schedule. Do not double-up on doses.
VI. Find in the text above sentences with modal Verbs, write them out and
translate.
VII. Look through the text and answer the questions.
1. What is drug?
2. Is there a single, precise definition of a drug?
3. What definition does the dictionary give?
4. When may the drugs be prescribed?
5. Drugs are usually distinguished from endogenous biochemicals by being in-
troduced from outside the organism, aren’t they?
6. What are over-the-counter (OTC) medications?
7. What are behind-the-counter (BTC) medications?
8. What are prescription only medicines (POM)?
9. Medications are typically produced by pharmaceutical companies, aren’t
they?
10. What medicines are called herbal ones?
11. What ways of drug administering have you learnt from the text?
VIII. Discuss with your partner the ways of drug administering. Which of
them you have already known, which are new for you?
LESSON 11. ASPIRIN
1. Make nouns or adverbs, using the suffixes -ity, -ion, -ly. Translate the
words into Russian.
Indicate, general, toxic, complete, near, implicate, severe.
2. Read, translate and give the four forms of these words.
To be, to indicate, to have, to regard, to get, to make, to catch.
3. Read and translate the sentences. Analyse the tense-forms.
1. Tetracyclines are deposited in growing bones and teeth.
2. One approach has isolated the gene for isopenicillin.
3. Reginal anesthesia offers a wide range of choices.
4. He was taking no more than the recommended dose.
5. All these findings have been confirmed in the lab.
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6. Placebos seem to be the most reliably effective in this case.
to regard – рассматривать
the safety of a drug – безопасность лекарства
relative – относительный
to completely avoid the side effect –
полностью избегать побочных действий
to consume daily – принимать ежедневно
blood sera – сыворотки крови
rheumatoid arthritis – ревматоидный
артрит
the marked ability – выраженная способность
to establish the implication of aspirin in
smth – установить роль аспирина в
чем-либо
renal malfunction – нарушение функции почек
7. The British Pharmaceutical Society recommended to take a daily dose of 75-
300 mg.of this drug.
4. Change Active Voice in the following sentences into Passive. Translate the
sentences into Russian.
1. We regard this remedy as completely harmless.
2. People avoid the side effect by using it with milk.
3. We can’t determine the significance of all these changes.
4. The studies demonstrated the importance of these findings.
5. The scientists compared the sera from treated patients and normal controls.
6. The students ask many questions at every lecture.
7. The research workers try to find a valuable remedy against the bird’s flu.
5. Read and translate. Ask questions to the text.
It is interesting to know
Many medications can cause side effects. A side effect is an unwanted response
to a medication when it is taken in normal doses. Side effects can be mild or severe,
temporary or permanent. Many side effects can be managed, and some may go away
on their own over time. If some symptoms are experienced after taking any type of
medications, stop taking it and seek medical attention immediately. Since caffeine,
decongestants, alcohol, the nicotine from cigarettes, or street drugs can affect the action of medication; you should let your prescriber know if you use them. If you are
concerned about side effects, discuss the risk and benefit of the medication with your
doctor.
6. Read and learn the words and word combinations:
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7. Read and translate the text.
ASPIRIN
Aspirin is generally regarded as almost completely innocuous. Unfortunately,
the “safety” of a drug is relative: the problem of aspirin toxicity is compounded by its
frequent use (and overuse). The only way to completely avoid the side effects of any
drug is by avoiding the drug – a method unfortunately too infrequently advocated.
This is the pill-swallowing age: nearly 50 tons of aspirin are consumed daily in the
United States.
Aspirin is truly the 20th century wonder drug. But it is also the leading cause of
poisoning among children. It has side effects that although relatively mild, are largely
unrecognized among users.
Recent California studies indicate aspirin effects demonstrable changes in serum
albumin; the significance of the changes has not been determined. Blood sera from
treated rheumatoid arthritis patients were compared with sera from normal controls.
In vitro studies demonstrated the marked ability of the acetyl radical to combine with
blood antibodies and body enzymes as well as DNA and RNA.
Previous studies have established the infrequent but certain implication of aspi-
rin in the following: severe asthma, acute nasal inflammation and nasal polyps, renal
malfunction and kidney damage, acute and chronic gastric hemorrhage, and blood
disorders.
In short, aspirin is a drug capable of specific and significant pharmacologic ef-
fects; as such, it must not be too lightly regarded by the patient or the professional.
Tasks:
I. Look through the list of words and group them into four categories: the
nouns, verbs, then adjectives and adverbs.
Generally, innocuous, completely, safety, relative, completely, toxicity, to avoid,
indicate, demonstrable, significance, were, ability, radical, previous, infrequent, implication, nasal, inflammation, gastric, disorder, pharmacologic.
II. Say, if it is true or false.
1. Aspirin is generally regarded as almost completely innocuous.
2. The problem of aspirin toxicity is compounded by its infrequent use.
3. The only way to completely avoid the side effects of any drug is by using this
drug.
4. Nearly 70 tons of aspirin are consumed daily in the United States.
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5. Recent studies indicate aspirin effects demonstrable changes in a serum albu-
min.
6. In vitro studies demonstrated the marked ability of the acetyl radical to com-
bine with blood antibodies and body enzymes as well as DNA and RNA.
7. Aspirin is a drug incapable of specific and significant pharmacologic effects.
III. Put the words in the right order to make the sentences.
1. relative, a, of, is, the, drug, safety.
2. studies, effects, recent, albumin, in, indicate, serum, aspirin, changes, effects.
3. has not, the significance, determined, of, the changes.
4. effects, capable, aspirin, a drug, is, pharmacologic, specific, of, and, signifi-
cant.
5. studies, the, ability, the marked, demonstrated, of, radical, the acetyl.
6. the, compounded, problem, use, of, frequent, aspirin, its, toxicity, is, by.
7. is, the, age, this, pill-swallowing.
IV. Choose the right version.
1. Aspirin is ….. regarded as almost completely innocuous.
a) rarely c) daily
b) generally d) completely
2. The problem of aspirin toxicity ….. by its frequent use.
a) is compounded c) is investigated
b) is solved d) is fed
3. The only way to completely avoid …. of any drug is to avoid its usage.
a) direct influence c) side effects
b) indirect use d) several inflammation
4. …. of the changes has not been determined.
a) appearance c) assistance
b) the administration d) the significance
5. Nearly 50 tons of aspirin … daily in the United States.
a) are presented c) are studied
b) are consumed d) are produced
6. Recent California studies indicate aspirin effects … changes in serum albu-
min.
a) demonstratable c) demonstrating
b) demonstrated d) demonstration
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7. Previous studies have established the … but certain implication of aspirin.
a) interesting c) infrequent
b) insufficient d) infrequently
V. Read and translate.
Do you know that …
Hippocrates understood the medical value of the leaves and tree bark which
today are known to contain salicylates, the chemical in aspirin.
During the 19th century, there was a lot of experimentation in Europe with this
chemical and it led to the development of aspirin.
Aspirin was first sold by a German company in 1899.
By 1915, aspirin tablets were available in the USA.
Aspirin is very irritating to the stomach.
VI. Now you have learnt some more facts about aspirin. Could you answer
the questions?
1. How is aspirin generally regarded?
2. What is the problem of aspirin toxicity compounded by?
3. What is the only way to avoid the side effects of any drug?
4. How many tons of aspirin are consumed daily in the USA?
5. What has not been determined yet?
6. What have previous studies established the infrequent but certain implication
of aspirin in?
7. What kind of effects is aspirin capable of?
VII. Retell the text, paying attention to the negative and positive features of
aspirin. Be ready to answer the question:
Is aspirin a valuable remedy or a harmful one?
VIII. Discuss with your partner and give your arguments on the problem:
Aspirin is considered to be one of the most popular all-purpose medicines.
IX. Render in English.
Чем запивать лекарства?
Если нет специальных указаний, то лучше всего – холодной кипяченой во-
дой, говорят специалисты. Вода – это хороший растворитель, кроме того, она
не оказывает влияния на действующее вещество. Молоко для этой цели не годится, так как оно снижает эффективность некоторых лекарств, например сердечных гликозидов, кофеина, противоязвенных препаратов. Иногда в аннота-
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ции к лекарству можно даже встретить прямое упоминание о недопустимости
употребления молока. Не следует также запивать лекарства чаем и кислыми
фруктовыми и овощными соками – такое «соседство» способно нанести вред
твоему организму, поскольку лекарство может вступить в химическую реакцию
с веществами, содержащимися в этих напитках. И, конечно же, совершенно недопустимо сочетать лекарства с приемом алкоголя. Иначе возможны серьезные
осложнения.
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