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Файл:English in pharmacy. A guide in English for pharmaceutical students. Учебное пособие
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little – less – the least
native – родной
to break actively – активно врываться (вторгаться)
achievement – достижение
exchange – обмен
to promote – способствовать
development – развитие
introduction – введение, внедрение
updating – модернизация
know-how – ноу-хау
main obligation – основная
обязанность
educated – образованный
according to – согласно
the WHO (the World Health
Organization) – Всемирная
организация здравоохранения
essential skills – необходимые умения
care – забота, попечение; внимание
dеcision – решение
to acquire – овладеть (навыком),
приобретать
graduate – выпускник
in order to – для того, чтобы
in the original –в оригинале
outlook – кругозор
to escape – избегать
ability – способность
particular – особый
field – область
in real time – в реальном времени
etc – и т.д.
access – доступ
competence – способность, умение;
компетентность
within the framework – в рамках
by means of – посредством
to master English – владеть английским языком
to increase – увеличивать(ся), возрастать
capacity (for) – способность
awareness – знание, осведомленность
community – сообщество
many, much – more – the most
5. Read and learn the following words:
6. Read and translate the text.
ENGLISH AND ITS ROLE FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS
Nowadays English is the most important language in the world. The native
speakers of English live in Great Britain, the United States of America, Australia and
New Zealand. English is one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada,
and the South Africa. English is one of the official languages of the United Nations
and other political organizations. So, over 300 million people speak it as a mother
tongue.
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Scientific and medical achievements break actively into life. Exchange of scientific information promotes wide development and introduction of science into practice in different countries. Half of the world’s scientific literature is in English.
Among all professional activities, the medical practice mostly needs a constant
updating of know-how. That’s why a good knowledge of foreign languages by medical students is the main obligation of tomorrow’s medical doctors. To know English
today is absolutely necessary for every educated man, for every good specialist in
medicine.
According to the WHO, doctors of tomorrow must be the “five-star doctors”.
They must have universally essential skills: the care-provider, decision-maker, com-
municator, community leader and manager. The range of skills to prepare a “five-star
doctor” should be acquired by every graduate.
In order to achieve these, medical students should study and work hard. Lifelong learning in medicine is a natural process. Qualified doctors must read a lot of
special books and foreign medical journals in the original. It makes doctor’s outlook
wider and helps him to escape many mistakes, to develop ability to discover how to
find important knowledge and information about a particular field of medicine, to develop ability to work in real time: the Internet, e-mail, etc. Knowledge of English
helps students to find access to competence within the framework of their profession.
And by means of autonomous learning and mastering English, they can increase their
intercultural awareness and capacity for progress in education and play a full and active role in community and in profession.
Tasks:
I. Complete the following sentences.
1. English is the most important….
2. The native speakers of English live in….
3. Over 300 million people….
4. Scientific and medical achievements….
5. According to the WHO, doctors of tomorrow must….
6. Qualified doctors must read a lot of….
7. To know English today is absolutely….
II. Find in the text adjectives in comparative and superlative degrees. Trans-
late them.
III. Write out from the text three sentences in Present Simple, make them interrogative and negative.
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IV. Answer the following questions.
1. What language is the most important one in the world?
2. Where do the native speakers of English live?
3. How many people speak English as their mother tongue?
4. Why is a good knowledge of foreign languages the main obligation of tomor-
row’s doctors?
5. Should medical students study and work hard in order to achieve a good
knowledge of English?
6. Can it increase their professional and intercultural outlook?
7. Do you like to study English?
LESSON 2. MEDICINE: HISTORY
1. Translate the word combinations. Pay attention to the nouns as attributes.
Stone instruments, university school, army doctor, blood circulation, ether gas,
table salt, evil spirits.
2. Fill in each space of these sentences, using an appropriate adjective from
the list:
better, simpliest, the most difficult, shorter, more, most serious,
more difficult, more useful
1. The days are ______ in winter than in summer.
2. The ______ you study, the ______ you know the subject.
3. This is the ___________ way.
4. This experiment is ______ than that one.
5. And this experiment is the ______ one.
6. This new remedy is _______ in the case of flu, than that one.
7. The _____ problem is to find the new way of treatment of this dangerous dis-
ease.
3. Read and translate the sentences. Make them negative.
1. John wrote letters to his friends. 2. My father worked at an office. 3. She
stayed in bed with pneumonia. 4. Nick went to the chemist’s shop two days ago. 5.
We read many English books last year. 6. His sister took the medicine three times a
day. 7. In ancient times physicians used herbs to treat patients.
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4. Read and translate the sentences. Define their tense-forms.
medical advances – достижения в области медицины
the Renaissance – эпоха Возрождения
to dissect – проводить вскрытие
dissection – вскрытие трупа
to improve – улучшать(ся)
technique – методика, метод, техника
surgery – хирургия; операция
to conclude – делать вывод
to pump blood – накачивать кровь
smallpox – оспа
resistance – сопротивляемость
to dull pain – притуплять боль
to administer – назначать, применять
administration – назначение,
применение
to prove – доказывать; оказываться
to reduce – снижать
dramatic progress – значительный
прогресс
to determine – определять
particular – особый
1. Our Academy trains pharmacists.
2. Pharmacists are trained at our Academy.
3. Every week the students attend lectures.
4. Lectures are attended by the students every week.
5. During practical classes our group made many experiments.
6. Many experiments were made during practical classes.
7. We shall study organic chemistry next year.
8. Organic chemistry will be studied next year.
5. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to Passive.
1. St. Petersburg was founded in 1703.
2. English is spoken all over the world.
3. I am often seen in the library.
4. He will be given some heart drugs.
5. The children were given food rich in vitamins.
6. This work will be finished tomorrow.
7. We are advised to take this medicine.
6. Read and learn the words:
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7. Read and translate the text.
MEDICINE: HISTORY
The chief medical advances in Europe during the Middle Ages were the founding of many hospitals and the first university medical schools. A new scientific spirit
developed during the Renaissance, the great cultural movement that swept across
Western Europe from about 1300 to the 1600’s. During the late 1400’s and early
1500’s, the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci performed many dissections to learn
more about human anatomy. He recorded his findings in more than 750 drawings.
Andreas Vesalius, a physician and professor of medicine at the University of Padua
in Italy, also performed numerous dissections. He used his findings to write the first
scientific textbook on human anatomy, a work called “On the Structure of the Human
Body” (1543). A French army doctor named Ambroise Pare improved surgical
techniques to such an extent that he is considered the father of modern surgery. The
English physician William Harvey performed many experiments in the early 1600’s
to learn how blood circulates through the body. He performed dissections on both
human beings and animals and made careful studies of the human pulsebeat and
heartbeat. Harvey concluded that the heart pumps blood through the arteries to all
parts of the body and that the blood returns to the heart through the veins. In 1796, an
English physician named Edward Jenner discovered a safe method of making people immune to smallpox. The success of the experiment initiated the science of immunology – the prevention of disease by building up resistance to it. For thousands of
years, physicians tried to dull pain during surgery by administering alcoholic drinks,
opium, and various other drugs, but no drug proved to be really effective in reducing
the pain and shock of operations. Then in the 1840’s, two Americans – Crawford
Long and William T. G. Morton – discovered that ether gas could safely be used to
put patients to sleep during surgery. Long, a physician, and Morton, a dentist, made
the discovery independently. Scientists of the 1800’s made dramatic progress in
learning the causes of infectious diseases. Pasteur, a brilliant French chemist,
proved that microbes are living organisms and those certain kinds of microbes cause
disease. Koch, a German physician, invented a method for determining which bacteria cause particular diseases.
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Tasks:
I. Find in the text above English equivalents to the given words and word
combinations.
В средние века, научный дух, эпоха возрождения, записывать данные (результаты), по имени, в начале 1500 годов, циркулировать по организму, возвращаться к сердцу по венам, положить начало, предупреждение болезни, независимо, потрясающий прогресс, причины инфекционных заболеваний, доказать, вызывать заболевание, в конце 1400 годов.
II. Change from Active into Passive according to the model.
Model: The Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci performed many dissections to learn
more about human anatomy. – Many dissections were performed by the Italian artist
Leonardo da Vinci.
1. He recorded his findings in more than 750 drawings.
2. He speaks English perfectly.
3. A French army doctor Ambroise Pare improved surgical techniques.
4. He’ll answer every question well.
5. An English physician Edward Jenner discovered a safe method of making
people immune to smallpox.
6. Everybody will see the new laboratory.
7. Scientists of the 1800’s made dramatic progress in learning the causes of in-
fectious diseases.
III. Write out from the text five sentences in Past Simple Active and Passive.
Make them interrogative and negative.
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UNIT 2. FAMOUS MEDOCAL MEN
Grammar • 1. Perfect Active and Passive. 2. Sequence of tenses.
3. Modal Verbs. 4. Construction “It is (was) … that (who)”.
Word-building • Suffixes: nouns: -ness, -ure, -age, -th, -ance(-ence);
verbs: -ate, -fy, -ize, -en;
adjectives: -ful, -less, -y, -ant(-ent), -able(-ible), -ary(-ory).
LESSON 3. JOHN DALTON – ENGLISH CHEMIST
1. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the Modal Verbs.
1. You can read English well. 2. Learning English must increase your range of
communication. 3. Latin can help you to improve your understanding of the thousands of English words that have their roots in Latin. 4. English must help you to improve your knowledge of your own language. 5. We can find scientific information in
the Internet. 6. You may have trouble with English, if you don’t study it. 7. I can’t offer any explanations why I am late. 8. The Greeks could diagnose illnesses. 9. She
should be more attentive. 10. We should learn foreign languages nowadays. 11. We
may use this drug two or four times a day.
2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to Perfect Tenses.
1. Silver occurs free in nature. People have known this white metal from earliest
times.
2. Primitive peoples in all ages have had some knowledge of medicinal plants.
3. We have already helped him to finish his work.
4. Smallpox had been common for centuries in China, India and Turkey.
5. Many people had died of smallpox.
6. They had found a new method for extracting pure penicillin.
7. The scientists had made observations since ancient times.
3. Make up the sentences of given words and translate them.
1. exam, passed, Peter, his, has.
2. ever, been, St. Petersburg, have, to, you?
3. the, not, they, done, translation, have, yet.
4. have, books, by, ever, any, Oscar Wilde, you, read?
5. recently, visited, my, I, doctor, have.
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4. Words and word combinations to be remembered.
Quaker – квакер
to grow interested – заинтересоваться
to study with instruments – изучать при
помощи инструментов
to pass on – переходить (к другому
вопросу или предмету)
to abandon (+ direct object) – отказываться от чего-либо
blind – слепой
colour blindness – цветовая слепота
advantage – преимущество
to be able – быть способным, мочь
clumsy – неловкий
slipshod – небрежный
to consist of – состоять из
compound – смесь, состав, соединение
to enunciate – формулировать
indivisible – неделимый
indestructible – неразрушимый
to turn into – превращаться
to be different from – отличаться от
to spell out – расшифровывать, разобрать
to receive a degree – получить степень
to seize the opportunity – воспользоваться возможностью
to be sufficient – быть достаточным
to come to one’s rescue – помогать,
приходить на помощь
5. Read and translate the text.
JOHN DALTON – ENGLISH CHEMIST
(September 6, 1766 – July 27, 1844)
Dalton came of a Quaker family and was himself a practicing Quaker all his life.
In 1778 he began teaching at a Quaker school and grew interested in science.
His first love was meteorology, and he studied the weather with instruments he
built himself. In 1793 he wrote a book on the subject, Meteorological Observations
and Essays, which qualifies him as one of the pioneers in meteorology. Though he
passed on to chemistry, he never abandoned meteorology, keeping careful daily records of the weather for forty-six years altogether, to the day he died.
He was the first to describe colour blindness, in a publication in 1794. He was
colour-blind himself and the condition is sometimes called daltonism. Colour blindness is not exactly an advantage to a chemist, who must be able to see colour changes
when he works with chemicals. Perhaps that was one reason why Dalton was a rather
clumsy and slipshod experimenter.
In considering the well-known properties of gases, beginning with the experiments of Boyle, Dalton could not help supposing that gases were made up of tiny par-
After Isaac ASIMOV
18
ticles, as other scientists, including Boyle himself and Newton, had believed. But
a) teaching
c) investigating
b) studying
d) performing operations
a) articles
c) robots
b) observations
d) instruments
Dalton went on to consider that all matter and not gases alone must consist of these
small particles.
Sometimes elements might combine in different proportions to produce different
compounds, but then each compound obeys the law of definite proportions, and the
two compounds are closely related in this respect. The law of multiple proportions
was clearly enunciated by Dalton in 1803.
Dalton held that all elements were composed of extremely tiny, indivisible, and
indestructible atoms and that all the substances we know are composed of combinations of these atoms. One substance could be turned into another by breaking up a
particular combination and forming a new one. All the atoms of one element, Dalton
held, were exactly alike, but the atoms of each element were different from the atoms
of every other.
Dalton first advanced his atomic notions in 1803, and in 1808 he published a
book, New System of Chemical Philosophy, in which he spelled out his theories in
detail.
In 1831 Dalton helped to found the British Association for the Advancement of
Science. In 1832, when he received a doctor’s degree from Oxford, the opportunity
was seized to present him to the King William IV. He had resisted such a presentation because he would not wear court dress, but Oxford robes were sufficient. The
only trouble was that the Oxford robes were scarlet and a Quaker could not wear
scarlet. Fortunately, Dalton’s colour blindness came to his rescue. He calmly announced that he could see no scarlet. He received his degree and was presented to the
king in scarlet robes, which he saw as grey.
Tasks:
I. Choose the right item to make the sentences complete. Be ready to translate
them.
1. In 1778 he began … at a Quaker school.
2. He studied the weather with …
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3. Gases were made … of tiny particles.
a) out
c) up
b) for
d) off
a) to study
c) to assume
b) to consider
d) to report
a) gravitation
c) multiple proportions
b) diminishing return
d) average
a) making up
c) turning up
b) going up
d) breaking up
a) scarlet
c) dark brown
b) white
d) black
4. Dalton went on … that all matter and not gases alone must consist of these
small particles.
5. The law of … was clearly enunciated by Dalton in 1803.
6. One substance could be turned into another by … a particular combination
and forming a new one.
7. A Quaker could not wear ….
II. Find in the text above the sentences with Modal verbs. Translate them in-
to Russian.
III. Look through the text to find the sentences in Perfect. Translate them into Russian.
IV. Answer the following questions.
1. Where did Dalton come of?
2. When did he begin teaching at a Quaker school?
3. What was his first love?
4. What did he write and when (on the subject of Meteorology)?
5. What subject did he pass on later?
6. What did he do in his publication in 1794?
7. What kind of experimenter was he?
8. Did Dalton go on to consider that all matter and not gases alone must consist
of these small particles?
9. What law was clearly enunciated by Dalton in 1803?
10. What did Dalton hold?
11. How could one substance be turned into another?
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