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Файл:English in pharmacy. A guide in English for pharmaceutical students. Учебное пособие
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Situation 2: Plasters
Visitor:
What types of plasters do you have? My husband has cut his foot on a sharp
shell on the beach.
Assistant:
We have this standard range of sanitised plasters of varying sizes. How big a
plaster do you need?
Visitor:
It is fairly large cut, so I think we need a large one, please.
Assistant:
Will this size be OK?
Visitor:
Yes, I think that will do just fine.
Assistant:
That will be seven euros in total please.
IX. Discuss with your partner the work of the chemist’s shop.
101
TEXTS FOR WRITTEN TRANSLATION
Read and translate the text with the help of the dictionaries
Text 1. PHARMACEUTICALS
The pharmaceutical industry is fuelled by the never-ending search for new med-
icines. British scientists have an unrivalled history of innovation, and many of the
important discoveries which shaped the history of Western medicine were made in
Britain.
The discovery of vaccines to protect against diseases was a landmark in the de-
velopment of modern medicine. In 1796 Edward Jenner first introduced vaccination
against smallpox in Britain. From that time the use of vaccines grew steadily across
Western Europe. In 1847 chloroform the first modern anaesthetic, was used by James
Simpson. Two years later two researchers at Oxford University-Howard Florey and
Ernst Chain – managed to isolate the active antibacterial substance. This meant large
scale commercial production of penicillin for civil use could begin in 1946 by Glaxo
and other firms.
The discovery of penicillin and the parallel development and production of sul-
phonamides (particularly important in the treatment of pneumonia) amounted to no
less than a revolution in medicine.
In the 1940’s American researchers discovered streptomycin, an antibiotic effec-
tive against tuberculosis, and the first broad-spectrum antibiotic, chloramphenicol.
Britain to pioneer advances in antibiotics and vaccination during 1950’s and 1960’s
and was in the forefront of the major developments of these decades such as treatments for skin diseases, allergies and clinical depression.
These are some of the further landmark discoveries by British scientists in the
last three decades:
- The Beecham group was the first to discover semi-synthetic penicillin.
- Imperial Chemical Industries’ scientists, led by Nobel Prize winner Sir James
Black (1988), discovered beta-blockers, important in the treatment of high blood
pressure and angina.
- The Boots Company developed ibuprofen, used for rheumatoid arthritis.
- The drug cimetidine, for the treatment of peptic ulcers, was discovered by
Smith Kline.
102
- Glaxo’s laboratories went on to discover another anti-ulcer drug, ranitidine;
the world’s biggest selling medicine.
- Drugs which revolutionized the treatment of asthma were discovered by Brit-
ish companies Fisons (sodium cromoglycate) and Glaxo (salbutamol and an inhaled
corticosteroid).
- Interferons, which are produced by the auto-immune system and are used for
a number of diseases, including cancer, were discovered by Alick Isaacs and Jean
Lindemann in Britain in 1957.
- The structure of insulin was unraveled by scientists at Cambridge University
and led to the production of synthetic human insulin instead of insulin from pigs or
cattle for diabetes.
- The first monoclonal antibodies, used as raw materials for other products and
to purify alpha-interferon and blood-typing products, were produced in Britain in
1975.
- The structure of DNA, the chemical basis of genes, was discovered in Britain
by scientists from the Medical research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology.
Text 2. DIGOXIN
Digoxin is the most versatile of the cardiac glycosides and is not significantly
bound to serum proteins. It is the drug of choice in routine practice, and may be administered orally, intramuscularly, or intravenously. It is intermediate in duration of
action between ouabian and digitoxin. The onset of action of digoxin is within 5 to 30
minutes after intravenous administration, so it is effective in most urgent situations.
The duration of action is such that daily maintenance doses are suitable except for severe heart failure, when it should be given at 12-hour intervals. Toxic reaction from
digoxin subsides much more rapidly than it does from digitoxin, which is largely
bound to serum proteins and has a much longer half-life. Digitoxin is more unpredictable in action, since it is extensively recycled through the liver in the enterohepatic cycle. Drugs affecting microsomal enzyme action such as diphenylhydantoin, phenylbutazone, and barbiturates, as well as exchange resins such as cholestyramine resin markedly influence its effectiveness.
Digoxin, a pure glycoside, has many advantages over the vagaries of a crude
drug such as digitalis leaf. However, variation in the potency and absorption of digoxin preparations by different manufacturers warrants prescribing the product of a
manufacturer known to have a good record of quality control.
103
Digoxin is excreted largely by the kidney, and the rate is related directly to cre-
atinine clearance. The dose should be reduced to 50% of the usual dose in moderate
renal impairment and to about 30% of the usual dose in severe renal impairment.
Otherwise, the appropriate dose is largely determined by the level of metabolism and
the body muscle mass.
Dose Individualized. The dose must be individualized. The usual maintenance
dose for an average adult is between 0.25 and 0.50 mg daily. However, it may vary
from 0.125 mg on alternate days (renal failure) to 0.75 mg daily. Older, smaller individuals require much less than robust, younger individuals. Contrary to former teaching, an initial loading dose with full digitalization to near toxicity is not necessary or
desirable to enhance myocardial contractility. Digitalization is not an all-or-none
state. Improved contractility is dose-related: any dose strengthens myocardial contraction. Many patients do not require full digitalization. Loading doses are indicated
if prompt maximum effect is required and the patient has not been receiving digitalis
previously. However, loading doses should be much smaller than the 2 to 5 mg advocated in the past. Large loading doses are a common cause of digitalis toxicity. The
loading dose of digoxin should be about three times the estimated daily maintenance
dose, and should rarely exceed 1.0 to 1.5 mg.
Text 3. DIURETICS
Diuretics play an important role in the treatment of heart failure by eliminating
excess sodium and water when the compensatory mechanism of fluid retention has
produced deleterious side effects such as pulmonary congestion. Salt intake should be
restricted so additional diuretic will not be required for an excess sodium intake. Such
needless diuresis depletes body stores of potassium, chloride, magnesium, watersoluble vitamins, and many other unknown essential body constituents.
It should be emphasized that diuretic do not enhance myocardial contractility.
Excessive reduction of extracellular fluid may neutralize the body's compensatory efforts to utilize the Starling principle, causing a further decrease in cardiac output,
with decreased tissue perfusion, oliguria, and mental confusion. The tendency of diuretics to lower systemic blood pressure is an added benefit, since pressure work is the
most expensive work the heart performs. A dilated ventricle is at a severe mechanical
disadvantage in performing pressure work.
Lowering blood pressure reduces resistance to systolic emptying of the left ven-
tricle. In the process of diuresis, large amounts of potassium are often lost along with
104
sodium. Low serum potassium level predisposes to ventricular arrhythmias and digitalis toxicity. The alert clinician should anticipate and prevent potassium depletion
with concurrent administration of potassium-sparing agents, such as spironolactone
(Aldactone) or triamterene (Dyrenium). If potassium depletion occurs, it should be
promptly corrected. Potassium-depleted patients are usually chloride depleted, so effective therapy requires replacement with potassium chloride.
Text 4. THE QUINOLONES
The quinolones are a group of antimicrobial agents biochemically related to na-
lidixic acid. A new generation of drugs, the fluoroquinolones possess pharmacologic
and microbiologic properties that make them suitable for the treatment of systemic
infections in addition to urinary tract infections.
The quinolones inhibit bacterial enzyme that seals DNA in the process of tran-
scription and reduces the intracellular size of DNA.
Resistance to quinolones develops at a low frequency by mutations that either
cause reduced affinity of the enzyme for quinolones or decrease bacterial cell permeability to quinolones and other antibiotics by a loss of outer membrane proteines.
Cross-resistance among quinolones can occur. The activity of quinolones has been
found to be reduced by acidic Ph, urine and bivalent ions.
The fluoroquinolones are active against a wide spectrum of aerobic gram-
negative and gram-positive bacteria. They are generally inactive against anaerobic
bacteria such as Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium difficile.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa organisms, including strains resistant to β-lactam
agents and aminoglycosides, are susceptible to the fluoroquinolones at concentrations
readily obtained in urine. For ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, serum levels could also
exceed the minimal inhibitory consentrations for P. aeruginosa.
105
TEXTS FOR DISCUSSION
Read and translate the texts. Be ready to discuss them with the teacher and
colleagues.
Text 1. At the Chemist’s
When a person is ill he or she should consult a doctor. The doctor examines the
patient, makes the diagnosis and administers the treatment. He also writes out some
prescriptions for drugs. You can buy all necessary medical items at the chemist’s
shop.
There are two departments at the chemist’s shop: one of which is the prescrip-
tion department, where drugs are ordered; and the other one is the chemist’s department, where one can buy drugs and different medical items right away.
At the chemist’s shop you can find a lot of drugs: pills, powders, tablets, mix-
tures, ointments, gargles and injections, mustard plasters and hot water bottles, and so
on. All medicines are kept in drug cabinets, on the open shelves or in refrigerator.
Every small bottle or box has a lable with the name of the medicine. There are lables
of four colours: green lable indicates medicines for internal use; blue – for drugs,
used for injections; yellow – for drugs for internal application and pink lable indicates
drugs used for treatment of eye diseases. The directions for administration of the drug
are also very important for the patients.
At the chemist’s department medicines are distributed according to their thera-
peutic effect: drugs for headache, cardiac medicines, nasal drops and so on. Herbs
and things for medical care (such as hot water bottles, droppers, cups, thermometers)
are packed separately.
In the prescription department you can find ampoules for intramuscular and in-
travenous injections, different drugs for internal administration and eexternal use.
The number of chemist’s shop with modern equipment is growing from year to
year.
106
Text 2. Drugs and drug classes
Drugs are chemical substances used in medicine in the treatment of different
diseases. These chemical substances can come from many different sources: from
plants or various parts of them (digitalis, for example), from animals (for example,
hormones) or drugs can be synthesized in the laboratory (for example, anticancer
drugs). Some drugs are contained in food substances, these drugs are called vitamins.
All drugs are called into five classes:
- Neuropharmacological drugs;
- Antihistamines;
- Cardiovascular drugs;
- Gastrointestinal drugs and
- Vitamins.
Neuropharmacological drugs affect the nervous system. Antihistamines relieve
the allergic symptoms and prevent anaphylactic shock.
Cardiovascular drugs may be divided into three groups:
- Drugs that affect the heart;
- Drugs that affect blood pressure;
- Drugs that prevent blood clotting.
Gastrointestinal drugs relieve dangerous symptoms in the gastrointestinal tract.
The most popular antibiotics are: erythromycin, streptomycin and penicillin. As for
vitamins, they are necessary for normal body functioning. They play important role in
the metabolic processes of the body. The field of medicine which studies drugs, their
nature, origin, and their effect is called pharmacology.
Text 3. Vitamins
Vitamins are organic substances necessary for normal body functioning, alt-
hough none can be made by the body itself. They are contained in food substances.
Only small quantities of the vitamins are required for good health. Vitamins play important roles in the metabolic processes of the body and the act as components of the
enzyme systems which catalize the reactions by which proteins, fats and carbohydrates are metabolized.
Nowadays they can be synthesized in the chemical laboratory. According to
their properties, vitamins are divided into fat-soluble and water-soluble. The components of the fat-soluble group include vitamins A, D, E and K, while the watersoluble group contains vitamin B group and vitamin C.
107
The fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body. The water-soluble vitamins, on
the other hand, cannot be stored in the body in large amounts.
The restricted diet or disorders of the gastrointestinal tract lead to vitamin defi-
ciency. Such deficiencies give rise to many clinical syndromes and diseases (for example, pellagra, rickets, scurvy). Milder forms of avitaminosis result in disability and
ill-health and even in the retardation of growth and development in the young. The
chief indications for the use of vitamin preparations are prophylaxis and the maintenance of normal metabolic functioning.
Text 4. Antibiotics
Modern medicine makes extensive use of various antibiotics which are powerful
agents in combating infections.
An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism (bacterium
or simple plant called a mold). The antibiotic can be bacteriocidal (able to kill microorganismssuch as bacteria) or bacteriostatic (able to inhibit the growth of other microorganisms). Antibiotics have been synthesized in the laboratory and are used to
treat serious bacterial infections. As a rule, antibiotics are more effective in their action against gram-positive bacteria than other organisms.
The era of antibiotics started with penicillin discovered by Fleming in 1928. It is
effective against many infections. Usually penicillin is used orally, intramuscularly,
and topically.
Albumycin, another antibiotic has found wide application in the treatment of
pneumonia in newborn and small children. It is also successfully used in obstetric and
gynecological practice, and surgery.
Among the most popular antibiotics there are: tetracycline, colomycin, erythro-
mycin and others. The research for new antibiotics is a complex scientific problem.
And this problem can be most successfully solved at special research institutes.
Text 5. Pharmaceutical service in Great Britain
Pharmaceutical service consists of the provision of medicines and necessary ap-
pliances to all persons undergoing medical or dental treatment. The Ministry of
Health publishes annually a list of drugs and appliances, and reagents which may be
supplied to a patient by a chemist – contractor under the National Health Service.
This list is known as the Drug Tariff. The Drug Tariff is no way limits the freedom of
a medical practitioner in his prescribing drugs or preparations for a patient. He may
108
prescribe whatever drugs or preparations he feels are necessary for the well-being of
a patient.
Each hospital is supplied with the hospital pharmaceutical service. The hospital
pharmacy is headed by the chief pharmacist. Thee chief pharmacist is responsible for
obtaining all the drugs and usually the dressings used in the hospital.
Medical substance may either be dispensed on the prescription of a practitioner
or be sold without prescription. Retail pharmacies supply drugs which are not prescribed by a doctor or a dentist.
109
СПИСОК НЕПРАВИЛЬНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ
Неопределенная
форма глагола
Infinitive
II форма
глагола
Past Simple
III форма
глагола
Past
Participle
Перевод
аrise
arose
arisen
возникать, подниматься, вставать, происходить
awake
awoke
(awaked)
awoke
(awaked)
будить, просыпаться
be
was, were
been
быть
bear
bore
Borne, born
носить, рождать, производить
beat
beat
beaten
(beat)
бить, разбивать
become
became
become
делаться, становиться
begin
began
begun
начинать
bend
bent
bent
гнуть
bind
bound
bound
связывать, переплетать
bite
bit
bitten
кусать
break
broke
broken
ломать, нарушать
bring
brought
brought
приносить, доставлять
build
built
built
строить
burn
burnt
burnt
сжигать, гореть
buy
bought
bought
покупать
catch
caught
caught
ловить, хватать, заставать
choose
chose
chosen
выбирать
come
came
come
приходить, прибывать
cost
cost
cost
стоить, обходиться
cut
cut
cut
резать, разрубать, стричь
deal
dealt
dealt
иметь дело
do
did
done
делать, исполнять
draw
drew
drawn
тащить, везти, рисовать
dream
dreamt
(dreamed)
dreamt
(dreamed)
видеть во сне, мечтать
drink
drank
drunk
пить
eat
ate
eaten
есть, кушать
fall
fell
fallen
падать
110
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