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Файл:English in pharmacy. A guide in English for pharmaceutical students. Учебное пособие
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UNIT 4. BODY SYSTEMS
Grammar • 1. Construction “There + to be”. 2. Infinitive. 3. Gerund.
4. ing-forms.
Word-building • Prefixes: dis-, im- (ir-, il-, in-), non-, un-, ex-, sub-, en-.
LESSON 6. BODY SYSTEMS
1. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the construction
"There + to be …"
1. There is a great number of different languages in the world.
2. There are two terms in the academic year.
3. There will be difficult exams in the winter term.
4. There is a four year plan for the students of pharmacy in Great Britain.
5. There are many chemist’s shops in our town.
6. There are many drugs in the chemist’s shop.
7. There are many important reasons for learning a foreign language.
2. Define the predicates. Read and translate the sentences.
1. He studied medicine at the State Medical Academy. 2. They must be able to
see the changes in the patient’s condition. 3. Professor N. was delivering a lecture at
2 o’clock yesterday. 4. The doctors might combine the different methods of treat-
ment. 5. The article on surgery was being translated by the students yesterday at the
lesson. 6. The drug has been thoroughly tested on laboratory animals. 7. Aloe was
probably introduced into Western Europe about the 10-th century by the Arabs.
3. Put in the proper form of the given verbs.
1. Some new methods of treatment … (to be discussed, to be discussing) in this
book.
2. The patient …(to be felt, to be feeling) sharp pain in his right extremity.
3. This scientific work … (to be completed, to be completing) two months ago.
4. This substance … (to be obtained, to be obtaining) next week.
5. The students …(to be carried out, to be carrying out) the experiment.
6. The bones …(to be connected, to be connecting) by the joints.
7. We … (to be determined, to be determining) the blood group tomorrow dur-
ing the lesson of surgery.
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4. Read the sentences and define the function of Infinitive. Translate them in-
skeletal – скелетный
muscular – мышечный
circulatory – кровеносный
digestive – пищеварительный
respiratory – дыхательный
urinary – мочевой
endocrine – эндокринный
reproductive –репродуктивный
ligament – связка
cartilage – хрящ
to associate – связывать, соответствовать
to move – двигаться, приводить в движение
brain – мозг
spinal cord – спинной мозг
receptor – окончание чувствительного
нерва
means – средства
to receive – получать
to process – обрабатывать
to communicate – передавать, сообщать
to pump – откачивать, накачивать, нагнетать
nutrient – питательное вещество
substance – вещество
to require – требовать
cell – клетка
to to carry – нести
bloodstream – ток крови
wastes – отходы, продукты распада
to produce – производить, вырабатывать
to carry away – уносить, выводить
alimentary canal – пищеварительный канал
gland – железа
to convey – передавать, сообщать
to enter – поступать
to remove – удалять, выводить
carbon dioxide – углекислый газ
to escape – выделяться, улетучиваться
kidney – почка
nitrogenous – азотный, азотистый
ureter – мочеточник
urinary bladder – мочевой пузырь
to store – вмещать, хранить
to discharge – выделять; выписывать
urethra – мочеиспускательный канал
thereby – таким образом
constituent – составная часть
activity – активность, деятельность
to Russian.
1. To be a good pharmaceutist means to be a highly educated person. 2. The data
to be discussed can be found in this article. 3. This annotation must be carefully read.
4. To use this drug you have to consult a therapeutist. 5. You should shake the bottle
before administering this remedy. 6. The purpose of this book is to inform pharmaceutists about the qualities of this new medicine. 7. It is dangerous to use the medicine without consulting a doctor.
5. Read and learn the following words:
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6. Read and translate the text.
THE BODY SYSTEMS
There are nine main systems of the body: the skeletal, the muscular, the nervous,
the circulatory, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine and the reproductive systems.
The skeletal system consists of the bones of the body and the ligaments and cartilages which join them. The chief function of the skeletal muscles and their associated structures is to move us. The nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord,
nerves and receptors. It is a complex information system with all the necessary means
for receiving, processing and communicating information.
The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels and the blood
which is pumped through the blood vessels by the heart. Its function is chiefly that of
a transportation system: the nutrients, oxygen and special substances which are required by cells are carried by the bloodstream; and the cellular wastes and sometimes
other materials produced by the cells are carried away by the bloodstream.
The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and a number of associated glands.
The respiratory system consists of the lungs, the air passages leading to them,
and associated structures. Its main function is to convey oxygen to the depths of the
lungs where it can enter the bloodstream and to remove carbon dioxide which escapes
from the blood into the lung spaces.
The urinary system consists of two kidneys, which produce urine by removing
nitrogenous and other wastes from the blood; the two ureters, which convey the urine
away from the kidneys; the urinary bladder, where the urine is stored until it is discharged; and the urethra, through which the urine is discharged. The chief function of
the urinary system is to remove nitrogenous and other wastes and thereby to regulate
the concentration of many blood constituents.
The endocrine system consists of a number of glands throughout the body which
produce regulatory substances called hormones. The endocrine system serves to regulate a large number of activities.
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Tasks:
I. Find in the text the equivalents of the following word combinations:
спинной мозг, воздухоносные пути, органы размножения, питательные
вещества, отработанные продукты азотистого обмена, соответствующие структуры, вырабатывать мочу, продукты клеточного распада, полости в легких, во
всем организме.
II. Make up the forms of Past Participle and Present Participle. Translate
these forms.
Pump, associate, move, receive, communicate, process, produce, call, carry, enter, remove, store, discharge, consist.
III. Read and say if it is true or false.
1. There are five main systems of the body.
2. The skeletal system consists of the bones, the ligaments and cartilages.
3. The main function of the circulatory system is transportation.
4. The nervous system consists of the brain, the spinal cord and the blood ves-
sels.
5. The nutrients are carried by the bloodstream.
6. The waste products are discharged by the muscular system.
7. The endocrine system produces regulatory substances called hormones.
IV. Define the functions of the verb “to be”.
1. The abdomen is the largest cavity in the body. 2. The chief function of the
skeletal muscles and their associated structures is to move us. 3. The liver, the kidneys, the stomach, the bowels and the bladder are inside the abdomen. 4. The chief
function of the urinary system is to remove nitrogenous and other wastes and thereby
to regulate the concentration of many blood constituents. 5. We are to finish our experiment in two weeks. 6. The main function of the respiratory system is to convey
oxygen to the depths of the lungs. 7. Muscles are assisting in the body movement.
V. Read and translate the sentences. Define the functions of Past Participle.
1. Received portion of the blood is pumped through the blood vessels. 2. The
chief function of the skeletal muscles and their associated structures is to move the
man. 3. Special substances are required by cells. 4. Cellular wastes are carried away
by the bloodstream. 5. The urine is discharged through the urethra. 6. Regulatory substances produced by the glands are called hormones. 7. Oxygen entered the bloodstream can remove carbon dioxide.
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LESSON 7. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. Choose adjectives in comparative and superlative degrees. Translate them.
Large, smallest, interesting, worse, long, best, more important, widest, narrow,
simple, less, stronger, most beautiful.
2. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the degrees of compari-
son of adjectives.
1. The brain is the most complicated mechanism. 2. After treatment his condition did not become worse. 3. This operation makes him weaker. 4. The liver was affected most of all. 5. Now he has more opportunities to work with this scientific problem. 6. The more experiments the better results. 7. These articles are referred to in a
lesser degree.
3. Put the necessary form of the verbs.
1. The digestive system (consists, is consisted) of the lips, teeth, tongue, salivery
glands, etc.
2. The alimentary canal (lines, is lined) with mucous membrane.
3. The food (mixes, is mixed) with digestive juice.
4. The juices (alter, are altered) the food by means of ferments.
5. Substances (carry, are carried) to all parts of the body.
6. The liver (classifies, is classified) as a part of the digestive system.
7. The liver (stores, is stored) vitamin D.
4. Define the functions of Infinitive. Translate the sentences.
1. The students also learn to carry out qualitative analyses in the chemical labor-
atories.
2. Galen was the first to describe completely and accurately the structure of the
body.
3. To improve training of future specialists in pharmacy every institute should
also have its own chemist’s shop.
4. Germs are so small that we cannot see them with the naked eye.
5. The bile of the liver helps to convert fat.
5. Define the function of the verb “to do” in the sentence. Read and translate
the sentences.
1. We must not fear drugs but learn to understand what they can do and cannot
do.
2. Do not exceed the expiry date printed on the package.
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3. It is difficult to find a bright flowered plant which blooms as early as does the
salivary glands – слюнные железы
oesophagus – пищевод
pancreas – поджелудочная железа
to extend – простираться, протягиваться
to line with mucous membrane – выстилаться слизистой оболочкой
to chew – пережевывать
to keep chewing – обеспечивать пережевывание
to force onward – проталкивать вперед
to facilitate – помогать, способствовать
to alter – изменять, переделывать
to suck – всасывать
residue – остаток
to absorb – всасывать, поглощать
indigestible – трудно перевариваемый
to coil – свертывать кольцами
to empty – опустошать, выгружать
to pour – лить, выделять
to occur – происходить, иметь место
duodenum – двенадцатиперстная
кишка
to store – накапливать
storage – хранение
conversion – превращение, переработка
vermiform appendix – червеобразный
отросток
ileocecal valve – илеоцекальный клапан
to convert fat – превращать (перерабатывать жир)
Adonis.
4. Not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medi-
cal attention.
5. It may not be known whether many medicines work exactly the same way
they do in younger adults or if they cause different side effects in elder people.
6. In deciding to use a medicine, the risk of taking the medicine must be
weighed against the good it will do.
7. There is some evidence that molecules do exist in solution of certain typical
salts at high ion concentration.
6. Read and learn the following words:
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7. Read and translate the text.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system consists of the lips, teeth, tongue, the salivary glands,
esophagus, stomach, the liver and the pancreas, small and large intestines. The system is a food canal that extends from the mouth to the anus and is about 30 feet long.
It is called the alimentary canal. It is lined with mucous membrane and formed of
strong muscle fibres which keep chewing the food and forcing it onward, facilitating
digestion and absorption at different points in the digestive canal. While in the canal,
the food is mixed with digestive juices secreted by the stomach, pancreas, liver and
the intestinal glands. These juices alter the food by means of ferments which they
contain. Ferments have the power to convert the food into substances which can be
easily absorbed, i.e. sucked, by the walls of the stomach and intestines into the blood
stream, by which they are carried to all parts of the body.
There is some indigestible residue left after digestion, and this, together with
water, salts and bacteria (which are always present in the intestines), leaves the body
when the bowels are opened. In the stomach, the pepsin of the gastric juice and hydrochloric acid convert protein, the meaty or albuminous part of food, into simpler
compounds.
The bile of the liver helps to convert fat.
The movements of the stomach and the intestines are rhythmical waves or contractions that pass them regularly and constantly. The process is called peristalsis and
the waves – peristaltic waves.
The small intestine is a coiled tube about 20 feet long, narrower in diameter than
the stomach, and narrower and longer than the large intestine into which it empties at
the ileocecal valve. The vermiform appendix is near the ileocecal valve.
Little absorption occurs in the large intestine, and here food residue is passed on
until it reaches the rectum, where it is evacuated daily in the form of the stool.
The liver is the largest organ in the body, and since it pours bile into the duodenum, it is usually classified as a part of the digestive system. It stores glucose, the energizer of the body. It stores vitamin D and many substances necessary to body functions. It also plays its role in the storage of fat and in the conversion of uric acid.
37
Tasks:
I. Study the text and give the English equivalents to the following words:
система пищеварения; желудок; печень; стенки желудка; тонкий кишечник; толстый кишечник; иметь способность; вода, соли и бактерии; желудочный сок; перистальтика желудка; сокращения; ежедневно; самый большой орган; функции организма; необходимые вещества; мочевая кислота; регулярно и
постоянно.
II. Find in the text above adjectives in comparative and superlative degree
and translate them.
III. Study the text and translate into Russian the following sentences. Make
these sentences interrogative.
1. Alimentary canal extends from the mouth to the anus.
2. Ferments convert the food into substances.
3. The liver pours bile into the duodenum.
4. Digestive juice is secreted by the stomach.
5. Converted food into substances is carried to all parts of the body.
6. Pepsin facilitates digestion and absorption.
7. The movements of the stomach and the intestines are called peristaltic waves.
IV. Fill in the missing prepositions: of, by, with, to, in, after, from … to.
1. The digestive system consists … lips, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, etc.
2. Substances are absorbed … the walls … stomach.
3. Alimentary canal is lined … mucous membrane.
4. Substances are carried … the parts of the body.
5. Little absorption occurs … the large intestine.
6. There is some indigestible residue left … digestion.
7. A food canal extends … the mouth … the anus.
V. Complete the following sentences.
1. The digestive system consists of ….
2. The food canal extends from ….
3. The food is mixed with digestive juices secreted by ….
4. The juices alter all food by means of ….
5. The pepsin of gastric juice converts protein into ….
6. The process of stomach movements is called ….
7. The small intestine is narrower and longer than ….
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VI. Make up as many questions as you can.
1. The juices alter the food by means of ferments.
2. The liver is the largest organ in the body.
3. The food is mixed with digestive juices.
VII. Read and translate the sentences. Define the function of Infinitive.
1. They must finish the work today. 2. To treat this disease is very difficult. 3.
She wanted to be prescribed this remedy. 4. Motilium is to be given only by or under
the immediate supervision of your doctor. 5. This man has to take this medicine immediately. 6. Pirogov was the first to use ether anaesthesia. 7. We go to the chemist’s
shop to buy necessary remedies.
VIII. Write out from the text sentences with Infinitive. Define its function.
IX. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Печень и поджелудочная железа-части пищеварительной системы.
2. Слизистая оболочка выстилает пищеварительный канал.
3. Желудочный сок содержит ферменты.
4. Ток крови несет вещества ко всем частям тела (организма).
5. Тонкий кишечник меньше в диаметре, чем желудок.
6. Печень-это самый большой орган в организме.
7. Витамин D и вещества, необходимые для функций организма, накапли-
ваются желчью.
Free reading
Translate the texts with the help of the dictionary.
ANNOTATIONS
MOTILIUM (DOMPERIDONE)
Generic Name: domperidone
Brand name: Motilium
Why is Motilium prescribed?
Motilium (dom-PER-i-done) is a medicine that increases the movements or contractions of the stomach and bowel. Motilium is also used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by other drugs used to treat Parkinson's disease.
Motilium is to be given only by or under the immediate supervision of your doctor. It is available in the following dosage forms: Oral Tablets.
How should Motilium be used?
In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed
against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will make.
39
For Motilium the following should be considered:
Allergies. Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction
to domperidone.
Pregnancy. Domperidone has not been studied in pregnant women. However,
domperidone has not been shown to cause birth defects or other problems in animal
studies.
Breast-feeding. Domperidone passes into the breast milk, but it is not known if
domperidone will cause unwanted effects in the newborn. It may be necessary for
you to take another medicine or to stop breast-feeding during treatment. Be sure you
have discussed the risks and benefits of the medicine with your doctor.
Children. Studies on Motilium have been done only in adult patients, and there
is no specific information comparing use of domperidone in children with use in other age groups.
Older adults. Many medicines have not been studied specifically in older people. Therefore, it may not be known whether they work exactly the same way they do
in younger adults or if they cause different side effects or problems in older people.
There is no specific information comparing the use of domperidone in the elderly
with use in other age groups.
Other medicines. Although certain medicines should not be used together at all,
in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction
might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking any other
prescription or nonprescription (over-the-counter [OTC]) medicine, especially:
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (furazolidone [e.g., Furoxone], phenelzine [e.g., Nardil], procarbazine [e.g., Matulane], selegilene [e.g., Eldepryl], tranylcypromine [e.g., Parnate]).
Proper Use of Motilium
Dosing. The dose of Motilium will be different for different patients. Follow
your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes
only the average doses of Motilium. If your dose is different, do not change it unless
your doctor tells you to do so.
The number of tablets that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the
length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you
are taking domperidone.
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