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Файл:English in pharmacy. A guide in English for pharmaceutical students. Учебное пособие
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UNIT 7. VITAMINS
Grammar • Modal Verbs and their equivalents. Revision.
LESSON 12. VITAMINS
1. Give the four forms of the following verbs and translate them.
Prevent, break, take, improve, eat, find.
2. Fill in “with” or “by”.
1. Good health is maintained... vitamins.
2. Vitamin K is produced in the intestines... certain bacteria.
3. The content of the bottle is dissolved... the sterile water.
4. Vitamin B5 is synthesized... bacterial flora in intestines.
5. This drug is administered... milk.
6. Vitamin K production is improved... including yoghurt, which is rich in bifida
organisms.
3. Read and translate the following sentences. Pay attention to Modal verbs.
1. Many herbal remedies can provide essential vitamins and minerals.
2. To extract the fat-soluble nutrients of a plant we have to prepare them in dif-
ferent way.
3. If you take high level of vitamin C, you should also increase your calcium in-
take.
4. Nutrients may appear in low doses in many of our medicinal herbs.
5. Vitamin D insufficiency may lead to various health problems.
6. Some studies suggest that exposing to the sun the back of the hands, face and
arms for 5 to 15 minutes a day three times weekly, may be sufficient to ensure adequate levels of vitamin D.
7. No vitamin can take place of any other vitamin.
8. Vitamin B12 may act as an important growth factor in some undernourished
children.
4. Translate the sentences.
1. It is very difficult to study at the Medical Academy.
2. It is important to know what nutrients are provided in the food we eat.
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3. It is impossible to accurately assess how much of the nutrients provided from
water-soluble nutrient – питательное
вещество, растворимое в воде
to produce – вырабатывать
to be essential for – быть существенным для чего-то
to fight infection – бороться с инфекцией
poor digestion – плохое пищеварение
shortness of breath – одышка
to increase – увеличить(ся)
to occur – встречаться, происходить
to be harmful – быть вредным
to maintain – поддерживать
to prevent hemorrhage – предупреждать кровотечение
swollen or painful joints – припухшие
или болезненные суставы
fragility – хрупкость, ломкость
susceptibility to infection – восприимчивость к инфекции
to cause headaches – вызывать головные боли
to expose to light – подвергаться воздействию света
a food source will be assimilated.
4. It is useful to know that high doses of vitamin C can cause headaches.
5. To reduce the increase of rickets and dental caries, it is necessary to provide
sufficient amounts of vitamin D.
6. It was difficult to get used to eating English food.
5. Read and learn the following words and words combinations:
6. Read and translate the text.
Vitamins are organic dietary substances necessary for the maintenance of nor-
mal metabolic function. Only small amounts of the vitamins are required for normal
health. The lack of them may produce deficiency diseases. In the body they act as
components of the important enzyme systems which catalyze the reactions by which
protein, fat and carbohydrate are metabolized. The most important vitamins are: A, B,
C, D, E, K and others.
During the early years of their investigation, vitamins were divided into fat-
soluble and water-soluble constituents. The fat-soluble group includes vitamins A,
D, E and K, while the water-soluble group contains the heterogenous vitamin B group
and vitamin C. The fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body and hence a deficiency
of these results only after relatively long deprivation from an adequate supply or
when factors in the gastrointestinal tract (absence of bile, steatorrhea etc.) prevent
their absorption. The water-soluble vitamins, on the other hand, cannot be stored in
VITAMINS
72
the body in large amounts and hence relatively short periods of deprivation lead to a
deficiency.
Vitamin A –We find it in many vegetables such as carrots, tomatoes, pumpkins,
in egg yolk, butter and fish-liver oil.
Vitamin A promotes growth and ensures efficient regeneration of visual purple,
is essential for the maintenance of normal structure and function of epidermis and
mucous membranes. In the absence of vitamin A, the mucous membranes lose some
of their resistance to the entry of infective microorganisms. We sometimes call vitamin A “the anti-infective” vitamin. Without a vitamin of this kind, children are likely
to be underdeveloped, dull, and sickly and to have eye diseases.
Vitamin B Complex. This term refers to several vitamins different or split off
from the original vitamin B, and identified chemically or by their biological effect.
Vitamin B1 (areurin, thiamine) is an antineuritic and antiberiberi vitamin (beri-
beri – a disease involving a general paralysis of the system). It effects growth and appetite, reduces sugar content in diabetes, stimulates biliary action, and is necessary
for carbohydrate metabolism. Milk, eggs, whole grain cereals, yeast, fruits and vegetables are all sources of vitamin B1.
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin, formerly called lactoflavin) is widely distributed in
plants – in vegetables (the leafy portion contains the most riboflavin) and in milk.
Vitamin B6 is needed for the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach and
the formation of over 60 enzymes and maintains the correct balance of sodium and
potassium in our body.
Vitamin B12 stimulates erythrocyte maturation.
Vitamin C – is ascorbic acid. Vitamin C deficiency disorders are scurvy, ten-
dency to hemorrhages, diminished resistance to infection, anemia. Vitamin C foods
are: raw cabbage, young carrots, lettuce, celery, onions, tomatoes, potatoes, orange
juice, and strawberries. Citric fruits are especially rich in this vitamin. Vitamin C increases resistance to infection, helps to recover after illness.
Vitamin D – the antirachitic vitamin. It is synthetized by exposure of the skin to
sunlight. It enables the bones and teeth to make use of the calcium and phosphorus in
foods. Young children lacking vitamin D are likely to have bow-legs, small sunken
chests, beaded ribs and soft teeth that quickly decay. Milk, cod-liver oil, salmon and
cod livers, egg yolk, butterare the sources of vitamin D.
Vitamin K – may be formed by bacteria in the gut. Vitamin K prevents haemor-
rhage.
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No vitamin can take the place of any other vitamin. Vitamins must be ingested
in the food and restricted diets or disorders of gastrointestinal tract, interfering with
absorption, lead to vitamin deficiency. Such deficiencies give rise to easily recognizable clinical syndromes (beriberi, pellagra, rickets, scurvy) which have been long
recognized. Milder forms of avitominosis are much more common and also give rise
to disability and ill-health. Vitamin deficiencies in the young result in retardation of
growth and development. The chief indications for the use of vitamin preparations are
as prophylactics when an inadequate intake may be anticipated or when definite avitominosis exists.
Tasks:
I. Read and translate the following sentences.
1. Vitamins are classified as fat-soluble (A, D, E and K) or water-soluble (B
group and C).
2. Vitamin A (Retinol) is easily obtained from animal products, such as liver.
3. Betacarotine (provitamin A) is produced in plants.
4. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) is found in every cell in the body.
5. Vitamin B5 is synthesized by bacterial flora in intestines.
6. Vitamin D is synthesized by exposure of the skin to sunlight.
7. Bioflavanoids are closely associated with vitamin C.
II. Answer the questions, using the words in brackets.
1. What is vitamin B3 required for? (proper function of the liver)
2. What is vitamin A involved in? (tooth development, bone growth)
3. What is vitamin B6 needed for? (the production of hydrochloric acid in the
stomach and the formation of over 60 enzymes)
4. What is Biotin involved in? (production of energy in our body)
5. What are B complex nutrients recommended for? (the treatment of nervous
system)
6. Why are higher doses of nutritional supplements needed? (to correct nutri-
tional deficiencies or to assist a healing process)
III. Rewrite the following sentences in Passive Voice.
1. Vitamin B3 (Niacin) nourishes our nerves, skin, brain and hair.
2. Vitamin B6 maintains the correct balance of sodium and potassium in our
body.
3. Vitamin C provides haemorrhage.
4. We obtain vitamin D from food and also from the sun.
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5. Vitamin B6 deficiency causes convulsions in infants.
IV. Read some information about vitamins and insert the name of the suita-
ble vitamin in the following sentences:
Vitamin A protects eyesight.
Vitamin B strengthens the nervous system.
Vitamin C increases resistance to infection, helps to recover after illness.
Vitamin D aids the body in the formation of bones and teeth.
Vitamin E protects against cancer, heart disease, ageing, diabetes and arthritis.
Vitamin K prevents haemorrhage.
When there is vitamin … deficiency, it may cause insomnia, anxiety, depres-
sion, fatigue, restlessness, nervousness, memory loss, confusion.
When there is vitamin … deficiency, the symptoms are nosebleeds, bruising,
slow wound healing, and prolonged blood clotting time.
When there is vitamin … deficiency, the vascular and immune system may be
weaker, so can be worsening of varicose veins.
When there is vitamin … deficiency, eyes often become dry, red and sore and
you may have difficulty with your vision.
When there is vitamin … deficiency, it may result in rickets (softening of
bones); bone malformation; enlarged joints; tooth decay, gum disease.
When there is vitamin … deficiency, there may be susceptibility to infection;
shortness of breath; easy bruising.
V. Make up sentences and translate them.
You can find:
- vitamin A in dried apricots, peaches, red peppers, sunflower seeds, chicken
liver, fish liver oils, pork liver, eggs, carrots;
- vitamin B in liver, eggs, wheat germ;
- vitamin C in citrus fruits, kiwi fruits, melons, strawberries, tomatoes, raw cab-
bage;
- vitamin D in fish oils, milk, sunflower seeds, wheat germ;
- vitamin E in nuts, brown rice, sunflower seeds, wheat germ;
- vitamin K in liver, cabbage, pork, Soya beans, sunflower seeds, yoghurt.
VI. Find in the text sentences with Modal verbs. Write them out. Translate in-
to Russian.
VII. Ask as many questions on the text as you can.
VIII. Discuss with your partner the role of vitamins in our life.
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IX. Give short summary of the text.
X. Render it in English.
ЭТО ИНТЕРЕСНО!
Помидоры лишают нас… застенчивости
Помидоры содержат в достаточно большом количестве 5 - гидрокситрип-
тамин, чье действие напоминает действие серотонина. Происходит расслабление. Так что перед экзаменом, например, ешьте помидоры – и вам не грозит
волнение.
Лук – аспирин с грядки
Эфирное масло аликин обладает тем же действием (болеутоляющим, жа-
ропонижающим), что и аспирин. Старое средство от головной боли и ломоты в
теле – горячий луковый сок.
Масло укрепляет нервы
Если вы когда-нибудь соблюдали диету, ваше настроение наверняка было
не самым лучшим. И это происходило потому, что вы не употребляли в пищу
масло, ведь масло – бальзам для нервов.
Сыр веселит
Настроение повышают содержащиеся в сыре аминокислоты тирамин,
тринтамин и фенилэтиламин.
Бананы – маленькое чудо, убивающее депрессию
Эти желтые фрукты содержат в себе алкалоид харман, основу которого со-
ставляет «наркотик счастья» мескалин. Поев бананов, человек начинает чувствовать себя гораздо лучше, а если он до того находился в состоянии депрессии, ее просто как рукой снимает.
Free Reading
VITAMIN C: Ascorbinic acid
Vitamin C is an antioxidant vitamin that is a water-soluble essential nutrient. An
antioxidant prevents substances in our body from breaking down and combining with
other substances that may be harmful. Vitamin C produces and maintains collagen
which is essential for the formation and repair of connective tissue, muscles, bones,
teeth and skin. It also helps to form red blood cells and prevent haemorrhage. It helps
to fight infections and is a natural anti-inflammatory. It protects the vitamins B1, B2,
folic acid, pantothenic acid A and E from oxidation.
Deficiency. Extremities: swollen or painful joints.
Gastrointestinal: poor digestion. Gums: bleeding. Mood: depression.
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Nose: bleeding.
Skin: capillary fragility; easy bruising; poor wound healing; rough skin.
General: shortness of breath; poor lactation; susceptibility to infection; weak-
ened tooth enamel.
If you are taking a supplement, it may be useful to know that very little vitamin
C is absorbed in high doses; absorption is improved if it is administered in smaller
amounts more often. For instance, it is better to take 250 mg four times a day than to
take 1000 mg once a day. If you take high levels of vitamin C, you should also increase your calcium intake.
Note: High doses of vitamin C can cause headaches. This does not occur when it
is administered by intravenous methods.
Herbal sources. Burdock, calendula, marsh-mallow, paprika, parsley, raspberry
leaf, rosehips, stinging nettles.
Food sources. Black currant, broccoli, cabbage, citrus fruits, kiwi fruits, mel-
ons, strawberries, tomato.
Note: Vitamin C loses its potency when it is exposed to light, heat and air. For
this reason foods containing this nutrients should be eaten fresh and preferably raw.
Cooking these foods at boiling point can destroy this nutrient.
KATABIOS (Multivitamin complex)
Katabios is a multivitamin complex produced by Farmitalia, in which the single
components are present in biological quantities. Katabios contains vitamins which, in
the organism, catalyze basic biological processes for maintaining a healthy condition.
Generally a varied alimentation should give the organism an adequate vitamin
supply so as to meet its physiological requirements; anyway a proper diet is not always possible. Nutrition deficiencies have been correlated to persistent conditions of
reduced intestinal absorption of the intestinal bacterial flora producing the vitamins.
Finally, although a real vitamin deficiency has not often been observed in child-
hood, in old age, during pregnancy, during breast-feeding, in infectious diseases and
in convalescence, it is well-known that these conditions require a greater vitamin
supply.
Indications – Prophylaxis and therapy of various states of hypovitaminosis. Re-
duced alimentary vitamin or impaired intestinal absorption. Conditions of greater organic need of vitamins.
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Contraindications – Hypersensitivity to some components.
Dosage and administration – Adults: By oral route, daily dose to be fractioned
at principal meals: with a prophylactic purpose; 1-2 coated tablets, or 15-30 drops, or
1-2 coffee spoonfuls of syrup. With a therapeutic purpose: 2-4 coated tablets, or 3060 drops, or 2-4 coffee spoonfuls of syrup. By parenteral route: 1-2 ampoules daily
by intramuscular injections, according to the medical prescription.
KATABIOS drops: sucklings: 4-8 drops, once a day;
children: 8-12 drops, once a day.
KATABIOS syrup: children: 1/2-1 coffee spoonful of syrup daily.
The recommended dosage should not be exceeded and the period of treatment
should be limited to that prescribed by the physician. For the presentation in drops:
after having removed the cap turn the bottle upside down vertically (initially if necessary - gently tap bottle with finger).
Side effects – With the dosage and administration suggested, no unwanted side
effects have been observed. However, in predisposed subjects, the administration of
vitamin B12 by parenteral route may give rise to sensitization phenomena with exanthemas, diarrhea and exceptionally with anaphylactic manifestations. Furthermore,
always be parenteral route, the preparations containing vitamin B1 or its derivatives
may cause disturbances in the individuals who previously experienced hypersensitization phenomena or allergic morbid manifestations.
Warnings – The use of Katabios may produce a yellow – reddish coloration of
urine. This fact should not be regarded as an anomaly because it is due to the normal
catabolism of some product components. It should be born in mind that pyridixine
(vitamin B6), contained in Katabios, if administered in parkinsonians, concurrently
with levodopa, can hinder its effect.
KEEP AWAY FROM THE REACH OF CHILDREN.
Presentations – Coated tablets: bottle of 20 coated tablets. Drops: bottle of 15
ml (1ml = 20 drops). Syrup: bottle of 100 ml, 120 and 150 ml. Ampoules: box of 5
ampoules of 2 ml.
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VITAMIN E: Tocopherol
Read and translate the text, use a dictionary if it is necessary.
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that is part of the antioxidant group. As an an-
tioxidant it protects against cancer, heart disease, ageing, eye problems, diabetes and
arthritis.
Many studies have shown the benefits of vitamin E in the prevention of heart
disease and clot formation. It has a beneficial action on all the tissues in our body by
maintaining tissue elasticity, assisting healing processes and reducing scar formation.
Deficiency. One of the first signs of vitamin E deficiency can be ruptured blood
vessels due to fragile capillaries.
The vascular and immune systems may be weaker so there can be a worsening
of varicose veins and varicose ulcers. The skin can become dry and inelastic with an
increased risk of infection.
Vitamin E is involved with oxygen transport in the body and deficiencies can
cause a myriad of serious health problems.
RDA. 12-18 mg
Herbal sources. Alfalfa, dandelion leaves, kelp, raspberry leaf, rosehips.
Food sources. Almonds, brown rice, linseeds, nuts, sunflower seeds, sesame
seeds, wheat germ.
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UNIT 8. PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION
Grammar • Infinitive and its constructions. Revision.
LESSON 13. PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION
1. Define the parts of speech. Translate each word.
Practical – practically – practitioner – practice –to practice; progress – progres-
sive – progressively; care – careful – carefully – careless – to care; pure – purely –
purify – purified – purifier – purity; normal – normally – abnormal – normalize –
normalized.
2. Write out nouns and translate them.
Go, dependence, high, daily, important, confusion, become, dizziness, intravas-
cular, bleed, cardiac, treatment, rash, dosage, solution, intravenous, purulent, pharmacist.
3. Define the predicates. Translate the sentences.
1. Studies on this medicine have been done only in adult patients.
2. Research is ongoing at the moment.
3. The problem of antibiotic resistance is worsened when antibiotics are used to
treat disorders in which they have no efficacy.
4. Some governments define the term “drug” by law.
5. The drying of this plant must not be done in full sunlight, or the aromatic
properties will be partly lost.
6. Antibiotic resistance has become a serious problem.
7. While research into bacteriophages is only in its infancy the results are prom-
ising and have already led to major advances.
4. Read and translate the sentences with the word “as”. Memorize its mean-
ings.
1. Very early in the history of the human race some kind of plants were selected
and cultivated as food for man.
2. If taken in the appropriate dose and form, herbs can be as effective as phar-
maceutical drugs.
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