Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:English in pharmacy. A guide in English for pharmaceutical students. Учебное пособие
.pdf
III. Make the sentences negative.
plantain
подорожник
rhizome
корневище
spike
острый выступ, шип
blade
лист, былинка
rib
острый край, ребро, жилка листа,
acrid
острый, едкий, раздражающий
refrigerant
жаропонижающее средство
vulnerary
целительный
poultice
припарка
to spring up
возникать, давать ростки, побеги, всходить
pile
пачка, связка, множество
linseed
льняное семя
thrush
молочница
disfigurement
обезображивание, уродство
leek
лук – порей
scab
струп, короста
tetter
лишай, экзема
ringworm
стригущий лишай
shingles
опоясывающий лишай
1. Drugs can be synthesized in the laboratory.
2. A medicine may cause some unwanted effects.
3. The label should indicate the exact amount of poisonous ingredients.
4. Our specialists are able to compound different prescription.
5. Vitamin B can strengthen the nervous system.
6. Lots of drugs have to be ordered at a prescription department.
7. This drug is to be given only by or under the immediate supervision of your
doctor.
IV. Find in the text sentences with Modal verbs. Translate them.
V. Write out from the text above sentences with Complex Subject. Translate
them into Russian.
Free reading
PLANTAIN
Pay attention to the words and word combinations for deeper understanding
of the text.
51
Plantain, Common
Botanical: Plantago major (LINN.)
Family: N.O. Plantaginaceae
Synonyms - Broad-leaved Plantain. Ripple Grass. Waybread. Slan-lus.
Waybroad. Snakeweed. Cuckoo's Bread. Englishman's Foot. White Man's Foot. (Anglo-Saxon) Weybroed.
Parts Used - Root, leaves, flower-spikes.
The Common Broad-leaved Plantain is a very familiar perennial 'weed,' and may
be found anywhere by roadsides and in meadow-land.
Description - It grows from a very short rhizome, which bears below a great
number of long, straight, yellowish roots, and above, a large, radial rosette of leaves
and a few long, slender, densely-flowered spikes. The leaves are ovate, blunt, abruptly contracted at the base into a long, broad, channelled footstalk (petiole). The blade
is 4 to 10 inches long and about two-thirds as broad, usually smooth, thickish, five to
eleven ribbed, the ribs having a strongly fibrous structure, the margin entire, or
coarsely and unevenly toothed. The flower-spikes, erect, on long stalks, are as long as
the leaves, 1/4 to 1/3 inch thick and usually blunt. The flowers are somewhat purplish-green, the calyx four parted, the small corolla bell-shaped and four-lobed, the
stamens four, with purple anthers. The fruit is a two-celled capsule, not enclosed in
the perianth, and containing four to sixteen seeds.
The Plantain belongs to the natural order Plantaginaceae, which contains more
than 200 species, twenty-five or thirty of which have been reported as in domestic
use.
The drug is without odour: the leaves are saline, bitterish and acrid to the taste;
the root is saline and sweetish.
The glucoside Aucubin, first isolated in Aucuba japonica, has been reported as
occurring in many species.
Medicinal Action and Properties - Refrigerant, diuretic, deobstruent and
somewhat astringent. Has been used in inflammation of the skin, malignant ulcers,
intermittent fever, etc., and as a vulnerary, and externally as a stimulant application to
sores. Applied to a bleeding surface, the leaves are of some value in arresting haemorrhage, but they are useless in internal haemorrhage, although they were formerly
used for bleeding of the lungs and stomach, consumption and dysentery. The fresh
leaves are applied whole or bruised in the form of a poultice. Rubbed on parts of the
52
body stung by insects, nettles, etc., or as an application to burns and scalds, the leaves
will afford relief and will stay the bleeding of minor wounds.
Fluid extract: dose, 1/2 to 1 drachm.
In the Highlands the Plantain is still called 'Slan-lus,' or plant of healing, from a
firm belief in its healing virtues. Pliny goes so far as to state, 'on high authority,' that
if 'it be put into a pot where many pieces of flesh are boiling, it will sodden them together.' He also says that it will cure the madness of dogs. Erasmus, in his Colloquia,
tells a story of a toad, who, being bitten by a spider, was straightway freed from any
poisonous effects he may have dreaded by the prompt eating of a Plantain leaf.
The Broad-leaved Plantain seems to have followed the migrations of our colo-
nists to every part of the world, and in both America and New Zealand it has been
called by the aborigines the 'Englishman's Foot' (or the White Man's Foot), for wherever the English have taken possession of the soil the Plantain springs up. Longfellow
refers to this in 'Hiawatha.'
Saxon ancestors esteemed it highly and in the old Lacnunga the Weybroed is
mentioned as one of nine sacred herbs. In this most ancient source of Anglo-Saxon
medicine, we find this 'salve for flying venom':
'Take a handful of hammer wort and a handful of may the (chamomile) and a
handful of waybroad and roots of water dock, seek those which will float, and one
eggshell full of clean honey, then take clean butter, let him who will help to work up
the salve, melt it thrice: let one sing a mass over the worts, before they are put together and the salve is wrought up.
Some of the recipes for ointments in which Plantain is an ingredient have lin-
gered to the present day. Lady Northcote, in The Book of Herbs (1903), mentions an
ointment made by an old woman in Exeter that up to her death about twenty years
ago was in much request. It was made from Southernwood, Plantain leaves, Black
Currant leaves, Elder buds, Angelica and Parsley, chopped, pounded and simmered
with clarified butter and was considered most useful for burns or raw surfaces. A
most excellent ointment can also be made from Pilewort (Celandine), Elder buds,
Houseleek and the Broad Plantain leaf.
Decoctions of Plantain entered into almost every old remedy, and it was boiled
with Docks, Comfrey and a variety of flowers.
A decoction of Plantain was considered good in disorders of the kidneys, and the
root, powdered, in complaints of the bowels. The expressed juice was recommended
for spitting of blood and piles. Boyle recommends an electuary made of fresh Com-
53
frey roots, juice of Plantain and sugar as very efficacious in spitting of blood. Plantain juice mixed with lemon juice was judged an excellent diuretic. The powdered
dried leaves, taken in drink, were thought to destroy worms.
To prepare a plain infusion, still recommended in herbal medicine for diarrhoea
and piles, pour 1 pint of boiling water on 1 OZ. of the herb, stand in a warm place for
20 minutes, afterwards strain and let cool. Take a wineglassful to half a teacupful
three or four times a day.
The small mucilaginous seeds have been employed as a substitute for linseed.
For 'thrush' they are recommended as most useful, 1 OZ. of seeds to be boiled in 1
1/2 pint of water down to a pint, the liquid then made into a syrup with sugar and
honey and given to the child in tablespoonful doses, three or four times daily.
It is a great disfigurement to lawns, rapidly multiplying if allowed to spread,
each plant quite destroying the grass that originally occupied the spot usurped by its
dense rosette of leaves.
Salmon's Herbal (1710) gives the following manifold uses for Plantage major:
'The liquid juice clarified and drunk for several days helps distillation of rheum upon
the throat, glands, lungs, etc. Doses, 3 to 8 spoonsful. An especial remedy against ulceration of the lungs and a vehement cough arising from same. It is said to be good
against epilepsy, dropsy, jaundice and opens obstructions of the liver, spleen and
reins. It cools inflammations of the eyes and takes away the pin and web (so called)
in them. Dropt into the ears, it eases their pains and restores hearing much decayed.
Doses, 3 to 6 spoonsful more or less, either alone or with some fit vehicle morning
and night. The powdered root mixed with equal parts of powder of Pellitory of Spain
and put into a hollow tooth is said to ease the pain thereof. Powdered seeds stop vomiting, epilepsy, lethargy, convulsions, dropsy, jaundice, strangury, obstruction of the
liver, etc. The liniment made with the juice and oil of Roses eases headache caused
by heat, and is good for lunatics. It gives great ease (being applied) in all hot gouts,
whether in hands or feet, especially in the beginning, to cool the heat and repress the
humors. The distilled water with a little alum and honey dissolved in it is of good use
for washing, cleansing and healing a sore ulcerated mouth or throat.'
'Salmon also tells us that a good cosmetic is made with essence of Plantain,
house leeks and lemon juice.
From the days of Chaucer onwards we find reference in literature to the healing
powers of Plantain. Gower (1390) says: 'And of Plantaine he hath his herb sovereign,'
and Chaucer mentions it in the Prologue of the Chanounes Yeman. Shakespeare, both
54
in Love's Labour's Lost, and in Romeo and Juliet, speaks of the 'plain Plantain' and
'Plantain leaf' as excellent for a broken shin, and again in Two Noble Kinsmen: 'These
poor slight sores need not a Plantin.' His reference to it in Troilus and Cressida: 'As
true as steel, as Plantage to the moon,' is an allusion that is now no longer clear to us.
Again, Shenstone in the Schoolmistress: 'And plantain rubbed that heals the reaper's
wound.'
Give a general description of medicinal actions and properties of Plantin
- If we consider the major characteristics
- Basically
- I’d like to start with
- There is a lot to be said about
- Summing up
LESSON 9. HERBS
1. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to the word “no”.
1. No counter indications are noted during pregnancy. 2. No side effects from
Bromhexine were reported in lactating in case of assumption of the drug by the
mother. 3. Locacorten has no systemic effects. 4. No vitamin can take the place of
any other vitamin. 5. No one doubts that herbs are full of medicinal chemicals.
2. Read and translate the sentences with Participles.
1. Powdered licorice is used for various pharmaceutical purposes. 2. Syrups are
concentrated aqueous solutions containing effective medicinal substances. 3. The restricted diet or disorders of the gastrointestinal tract lead to vitamin deficiency. 4.
Translating the article she looked up into the dictionary. 5. There are about 300 languages spoken in the world today. 6. Administered in good time, the injections had a
very good effect. 7. Writing a report he looked through many reference books. 8. You
can get the book recommended by our teacher in the library. 9. There was a lot of
snow lying on the ground.
3. Read and translate the sentences.
1. The roots of Althea are used both in scientific and popular medicine. 2. The
leaves are collected from July to September, from both the 1-st and 2-d year plants. 3.
Some flowers have no petals, while others lack both petals and sepals. 4. The flowers
of the small grain lack both petals and sepals. 5. St. John’s Wort is used for reduction
55
and control tumour growths, both malignant and benign. 6. The leaves of Wormwood
5. Read and learn the following words:
a word combinations:
infusion – настой
blend – смесь
decoction – отвар
to simmer – кипеть на медленном огне
tincture – настойка
to immerse – погружать, окунать
to extract – извлекать, получать
to distil from – очищать от
palatable – вкусный, приятный
to dissolve – растворять
essential oils – эфирные масла
expression – отжим
to evaporate – выпаривать
ointment – мазь
petroleum jelly – вазелин
miscible – смешивающийся
give out nearly the whole of their smell and test both to spirit and water. 7. Neither
sepals nor petals are directly involved in seed production.
4. Read and translate the sentences. Pay attention to Complex Object.
1. I believe this observation to be very important. 2. We know many infectious
diseases to be caused by bacteria. 3. The early investigators considered bacteria to be
tiny animals. 4. Scientists consider a balanced diet to be necessary for everybody. 5.
We know hormones to play a very important role in the organism. 6. He made me do
the work.
6. Read and translate the text.
Medicinal plants and herbs contain substances known to modern and ancient
civilizations for their healing properties. Until the development of Chemistry and,
particularly, of the synthesis of organic compounds in the 19th century, medicinal
plants and herbs were the sole source of active principles capable of curing man’s
ailments. They continue to be important to people that do not have access to modern
medicines and, moreover, modern Pharmaceuticals rely heavily on the same active
principles, be they natural or synthetic. The active principles differ from plant to plant
due to their biodiversity, i.e. to the plant’s genetic coding ability to produce them.
With thousands of active principles yet to be discovered or fully evaluated, it is
no wonder that biodiversity is a fundamental topic on any nature preservation agenda.
The genetic material of old and new herbs and plants are coveted for their potential in
discovering, combining, manipulating and synthesizing new medicine. Thus, even if
people are not aware of the pharmaceutical industry does not stress the point, medici-
HERBS
56
nal plants and herbs continue to be the source of proven medicaments and of new and
revolutionary drugs. If the active principles of synthetic drugs are so important and
can be found in many plants and herbs, cheaply and easily bought at your home market or Herbalist, why not use them? If taken in the appropriate dose and form, they
can be as effective as pharmaceutical drugs.
The chemistry of herbs is subtle and complex, all herbs being very powerful
chemical factories. The main active constituents fall into eight main groups: acids;
carbohydrates; phenols; volatile (essential) oils; saponins; glycosides; bitters and alkaloids.
ACIDS: Present in all plants, e.g. cichroic acid in Echinacea; citric and ascorbic
acid in oranges.
CARBOHYDRATES: Constructed from sugar (saccharides). Recent studies in-
vestigating polysaccharides have shown that some compounds have significant immune system stimulating effects, most notably Echinacea augustiflora, Calendula of-
ficinalis and Matricaria recutita. Aloe vera is also very high in useful polysaccharides.
PHENOLS: They provide a base for several important active constituents. They
are antibacterial and antiseptic, e.g., oil of Thyme contains phenols and can be used
as an antiseptic. Another example is salicin, the precursor of salicylic acid, from
white willow bark, the basis for the aspirin group. Two of the useful phenol subgroups are flavonoids and tannins. Flavonoids have several significant properties including antispasmodic, antiinflammatory, antiseptic and diuretic actions. They are the
most widely found phenols in the plant kingdom. Commonly known plants such as
ginkgo, crataegus and milk thistle, all contain flavonoids. Tannins are also widely
distributed. Their astringent properties are particularly useful for treating wounds and
burns. Another group known as anthraquinones possesses valuable laxative actions,
and is present in plants such as rhubarb, buckthorn and cascara.
VOLATILE OILS: often referred to as “essential oils”, volatile refers to their
evaporative properties. They often have a pleasing fragrance, and many have antiseptic and warming properties, e.g., menthol, camphor, lavender oils.
BITTERS: Stimulate the autonomic nervous system. An example of their use
with centaury is in improving digestive function. They activate the bitter sensory area
of the tongue, causing a reflex secretion of hormones into the blood, increasing the
production of gastric and pancreatic juices and bile.
57
ALKALOIDS: Commonly found in many plant tissues, they are colourless and
odourless. They behave in an alkaline fashion, and can combine with acids to form
salts. They all have a bitter taste, and most are soluble in alcohol, but not water. Caffeine is an alkaloid. They are the most potent of all plant constituents and many,
though by no means all can be toxic, and require careful use. A plant generally contains a number of related alkaloids, for example the opium poppy contains morphine,
codeine and papaverine.
VITAMINS AND MINERALS: Fruit and vegetable, indeed, plants in general,
are a rich source of them. Trace elements and minerals are present in most plants.
MUCILAGES: Extremely common in plants, they are facilitatory to the effec-
tive action of many herbal prescriptions. They are composed of polysaccharides, partly soluble in water, and swell up to form a mucilaginous gel. All mucilages soothe
internal mucosa, especially upper respiratory tract and digestive mucosa. They can
help to promote regular, rhythmic bowel activity, aiding against constipation and
problems arising from sluggish bowel.
Tasks:
I. Put questions to the words in bold types.
1. Most root systems have many branches.
2. The flat, green part of a leaf is called the blade.
3. The fruits contain essential oil.
4. Roots and rhizomes were widely used by the ancient physicians.
5. The underground part consists of rhizome.
II. Read and translate the sentences with Complex Subject.
1. Grippe is known to be a highly communicable disease. 2. Adonis vernalis is
said not to be cumulative. 3. Our professor is likely to come soon. 4. Atoms are
known to be tiny and invisible compounds. 5. Water pollution is considered to be
perhaps an ever greater hazard to health than air pollution.
III. Read and translate the sentences with Complex Object.
1. I know him to have passed the exam very well. 2. The fact made him think. 3.
The doctor told the patient to take the drug three times a day. 4. I want my friend to
assist me during my work. 5. Doctors found interferon to be effective against flu. 6.
We know this professor to teach pharmacology very well. 7. The students want the
teacher to explain the following phenomena.
58
IV. Read attentively and entitle the text. Ask 10 questions to the text.
Goldenseal, ginseng, echinacea, gingo – visit your local drug store or supermar-
ket and you’ll find large quantities of these products on the shelves, intermingled
with old favourites like aspirin. Medicinal plants are used commercially, thanks to
contributions of traditional cultures.
Without plants most medicines you take would not exist. Over 40% of medi-
cines now prescribed in the U.S. contain chemicals derived from plants. Historically,
plant medicines were discovered by trial and error. Our ancestors noticed that aches
and pains went away when they drank tea made from the bark of a willow tree. Later,
scientists found that willow bark contains salicylic acid, the active ingredient in aspirin.
This process continues today. Throughout the world, including the wild places
in the U.S., botanists and chemists search the Plant Kingdom for new medicines.
They sometimes find treasures in other people’s trash. For years, the native Pacific
yew was burned as trash generated by logging operations in the Pacific Northwest. In
1975, a substance in its bark, taxol, was found to reduce the production of cancerous
tumours.
A comprehensive search of known plants for medicinal chemicals is an enor-
mous task. Of the estimated 250,000 plant species on earth, only 2% have been thoroughly screened for chemicals with potential medicinal use. Because native plant
habitats are destroyed almost daily, many medicinally valuable plants will be gone
before scientists can even investigate.
Free reading
CALENDULA OFFICINALIS
Обратите внимание на новые слова и выражения для лучшего понимания
текста:
temperate climate – умеренный климат
spicy flavor – пряный вкус
hardy – морозоустойчивый
to heal wounds – заживлять раны
to improve blood flow – улучшать кровоток
affected area – пораженная область
cold sore – простой герпес
nourishing cream – питательный крем
59
These bright yellow and orange flowers are a familiar sight in cottage and coun-
try gardens. The plant is a native of southern Europe but flourishes in cool, temperate
climates. The petals have a pungent, spicy flavor and the leaves have aftertaste. It is
used more for medical than culinary purposes. This hardy annual grows to a height of
about 9-20 inches and has a long flowering period.
Medicinal use
Calendula heals wounds as well as internal and external ulcers. It is an antisep-
tic, and improves blood flow to the affected area. As an antifungal agent, it can be
used to treat athlete’s foot, ringworm, and candida. The tincture applied neat to cold
sores encourages healing. Calendula cream is good for acne and diaper rash. An infusion is good for digestion and relieves colitis and symptoms of menopause.
Other uses
An infusion of the petals can be used as a rinse to lighten and brighten hair. The
petals also make a nourishing cream for the skin. Pot marigold makes an attractive
cut flower and can be grown in the vegetable garden to help with insect control.
Задание 1. Переведите следующие термины, образованные от латинских:
ulcer, acne, colitis, digestion, symptoms of menopause.
Задание 2. Объясните значение приставок в следующих словах и переве-
дите их: internal, external, antiseptic, antifungal.
Задание 3. Скажите, какие лекарственные формы рекомендуется изготав-
ливать из календулы? Дайте их английский и латинский варианты
60
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]