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Файл:Химия для инженеров в примерах, тестах, задачах. Учебное пособие
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Ɏ. Ɂ. Ȼɚɞɚɟɜ
ɏɂɆɂə ȾɅə ɂɇɀȿɇȿɊɈȼ
ȼ ɉɊɂɆȿɊȺɏ, ɌȿɋɌȺɏ, ɁȺȾȺɑȺɏ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ
«ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ»
2024
ɍȾɄ 54
ȻȻɄ 24.1
Ȼ15
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ:
ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɑɢɥɢɧɝɚɪɨɜ ɇ. ɋ.
(ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬ ɆȽɍ ɢɦ. Ɇ. ȼ. Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜɚ);
ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ Ȼɚɠɚɧɨɜ ȼ. ɂ.
(Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ)
Ȼɚɞɚɟɜ, Ɏ. Ɂ.
Ȼ15 ɏɢɦɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɯ, ɬɟɫɬɚɯ, ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ : ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ /
Ɏ. Ɂ. Ȼɚɞɚɟɜ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ; ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ : ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ, 2024. – 192 ɫ. : ɢɥ.,
ɬɚɛɥ.
ISBN 978-5-9729-1715-0
ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ,
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɫɬɵ, ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ –
ɧɚɛɨɪ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢ-
ɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɹɦ.
ɍȾɄ 54
ȻȻɄ 24.1
ISBN 978-5-9729-1715-0 Ȼɚɞɚɟɜ Ɏ. Ɂ., 2024
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2024
Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɂɧɮɪɚ-ɂɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ», 2024
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ....................................................................................................................... 4
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɯɢɦɢɢ ............................................................ 5
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 2. ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ......................................................................................... 32
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ....................................................................................... 51
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ................................................... 64
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 5. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ............................................................................. 80
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 6. Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ................................................................. 89
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 7. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ...................................................... 102
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 8. ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ .......................................................... 114
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 9. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ............................................................................ 132
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 10. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɡ .............................................................................................. 146
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 11. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ................................................................ 161
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 12. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ............................................................ 171
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ............................................................................................................... 180
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ............................................................................................................... 181
Ɉɬɜɟɬɵ ɤ ɬɟɫɬɚɦ
....................................................................................................... 182
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ............................................................................................................. 183
3
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ
ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɤɚɥɚɜɪɨɜ ɧɟɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ
(ɎȽɈɋ) ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ
ɤɭɪɫɚ ɯɢɦɢɢ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ: ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɯɢɦɢɢ, ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ
ɚɬɨɦɨɜ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ,
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
ɉɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ.
ɉɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɫɬɵ, ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɸ ɞɚɧɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɯɢɦɢɢ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ
ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ.
4
ȽɅȺȼȺ 1. ɈɋɇɈȼɇɕȿ ɉɈɇəɌɂə ɂ ɁȺɄɈɇɕ ɏɂɆɂɂ
1.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɢɯ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɚɥɥɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 400) ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɟ-
ɳɟɫɬɜ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ.
ɋɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
ɋɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
: ɨɤ-
ɫɢɞɵ, ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ), ɫɨɥɢ (ɪɢɫ. 1.1).
Ɋɢɫ. 1.1. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
Ɉɤɫɢɞɵ. Ɉɤɫɢɞɵ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ,
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ (–2). Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ
ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɗ
. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.2.
xOy
Ɋɢɫ. 1.2. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ
5
ɋɨɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɨɥɢ.
Ɉɤɫɢɞɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ: ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ, ɚɦɮɨɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɟ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɦ (ɢɥɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ). Ʉ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɨɤɫɢɞɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:
– ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ (ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ Li – Fr);
– ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ (Mg – Ra);
– ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɧɢɡɲɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
NiO, CoO, MnO, FeO.
Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɚɧɢɨɧɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɚɦɢ (CO
, SO3, P2O5, Cl2O7 ɢ ɞɪ.). Ɉɤɫɢɞɵ
2
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Mn
, CrO3, V2O5.
2O7
Ⱥɦɮɨɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ (ZnO, Al
, PbO, SnO, BeO).
2O3
ɇɟɫɨɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɢ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ (CO, N
O).
2
ɋɨɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Fe
, Mn3O4. Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɯ ɨɤ-
Pb
3O4
ɫɢɞɨɜ FeO Fe
, 2PbO PbO2, MnO Mn2O3.
2O3
3O4
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɨɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɜ
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦ.
Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɵ. Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɵ – ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ
ɩɪɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɨɜ ɞɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ H
+
ɢ ɚɧɢ-
ɨɧɵ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ.
Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ – ɇ
A, ɝɞɟ A – ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
m
ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 1.3.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ: HNO
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɛɟɫɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ: HCl, HF, H
, H2SO4, H2SO3, HClO4, H3PO4;
3
S, H2Se, HCN.
2
,
Ɋɢɫ. 1.3. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ
ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ
ɉɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ, ɞɜɭɯɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ, ɬɪɟɯɨɫ-
ɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
6
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɳɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ
ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ) – ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɨɝɪɭɩɩɵ OH
ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ NH
4
.
OH (ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɜ ɞɚɸɬ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ OH
Ɇ(Ɉɇ)
.
m
ɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ –
Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ
ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɬɚɥɥɢɹ (I) TlOH ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ NH
OH ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵ
4
ɜ ɜɨɞɟ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵ.
ɉɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɚɦɮɨɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ.
Ʉ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ, ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ
ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨ ɳɟɥɨɱɚɦɢ, ɤ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɚɦɮɨɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ – ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ, ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ,
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɨ ɳɟɥɨɱɚɦɢ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (LiOH, KOH, NaOH, RbOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ Mg(OH)
ɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɧɢɡɲɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ (Cr(OH)
ɢ ɬɚɥɥɢɹ (I) TlOH ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ-
2
2
Ⱥɦɮɨɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ: Be(OH)
Sn(OH)
ɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Cr(OH)
, Pb(OH)2, Al(OH)3, ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱ-
2
, Fe(OH)3 ɢ ɞɪ.).
3
Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ OH
, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2),
2
, Fe(OH)2, Ni(OH)2).
, Zn(OH)2,
2
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, KOH ɨɞɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ, Mg(OH)
ɞɜɭɯɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ, Al(OH)3 ɬɪɟɯɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɟ ɨɫ-
2
ɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
ɋɨɥɢ. ɋɨɥɢ – ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ.
ɋɨɥɢ – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ, ɩɪɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ.
Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɫɨɥɟɣ – M
, ɝɞɟ Mɭ+ – ɤɚɬɢɨɧ, Aɯí – ɚɧɢɨɧ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ
xAy
ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ.
ɋɨɥɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ, ɤɢɫɥɵɟ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɨɥɶ – ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ (ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɫɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɡɚɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ).
Ʉɢɫɥɚɹ ɫɨɥɶ – ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ (ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɡɚɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɫɨɥɶ – ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ
(ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɣ
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ).
,
7
1.2. Ɉɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ȼɫɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɞɜɭɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ
ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɷɬɨ – ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ
ɤ ɞɪɭ-
ɝɢɦ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ (ɈȼɊ).
Ⱥɬɨɦɵ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɢɥɢ ɢɨɧɵ, ɨɬɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨ-
ɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ.
Ⱥɬɨɦɵ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɢɥɢ ɢɨɧɵ, ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɈȼɊ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢ-
ɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ.
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɪɹɞɭ
ɚɬɨɦɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ
ɢɨɧɨɜ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɈȼɊ.
Ɉɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ – ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɚɪɚɛɫɤɨɣ ɰɢɮɪɨɣ,
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɞ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɜɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɡɧɚɤ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟ-
+1 +7 –2
ɧɢɹ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
KMnO .
4
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ.
00
1. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɭɥɸ (
Mn, O
).
2
2. Ɏɬɨɪ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ (–1).
3. ȼɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ (+1), ɤɪɨɦɟ ɝɢɞɪɢ-
ɞɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ (–1) (NaH, CaH
2
).
4. Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ 1-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ (IA) (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ (+1).
5. Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ 2-ɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ (IIA) (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɰɢɧɤ ɢ ɤɚɞɦɢɣ
ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ (+2).
6. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ (+3).
8
7. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɚ (–2), ɡɚ ɢɫ-
ɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɧɚɞɩɟɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɨɡɨɧɢɞɨɜ, ɮɬɨɪɢɞɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ.
+2 –1
+1 –1
OF.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
HO
,
2
8. Ⱥɥɝɟɛɪɚɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɟ
ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɭɥɸ.
9. Ⱥɥɝɟɛɪɚɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɢɨɧɟ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɚɬɨɦɧɨɦ ɢɨɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɡɚɪɹɞɭ
ɢɨɧɚ.
10. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɚɬɨɦɵ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɈȼɊ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɈȼɊ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ, ɨɬɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ,
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɦ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɥɭɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ – ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ (ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ)
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ
ɦɟɬɨɞ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɬɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ.
1. Ɂɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ.
2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ, ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɟɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɤ-
ɰɢɢ.
3. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɹ.
4. ɍɦɧɨɠɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɢ-
ɬɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ.
5. Ɇɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ,
ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
6. ɉɨɞɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢ-
ɤɨɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɫɨɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ.
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ.
1. ȿɫɥɢ ɚɬɨɦɵ-ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɚɬɨɦɵ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɈȼɊ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ ɦɟɠɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
9
2. ȿɫɥɢ ɚɬɨɦɵ-ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɚɬɨɦɵ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɨɥɟ-
–
ɤɭɥ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɈȼɊ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
-3 6 0 3
(;NH ) Cr O N Cr 4H OO
42 7 3 2
72 6 4 0
2K Mn O K Mn O Mn O O ;
T
n
222
T
n
44 2
–3 5 1
N.2HN ONO O H
T
43 2
2
2
3. ȿɫɥɢ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ-ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɚɬɨɦɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɢ ɷɬɢ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɨ
ɬɚɤɢɟ ɈȼɊ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɞɢɫɦɭɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ,
ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɫɚɦɨɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ-ɫɚɦɨɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ).
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ). Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ:
0–1
2KOH H O;Cl KCl KClO +
46–2
4K S O 3K S O K S;
T
23 24 2
10 –2
2H O O 2H O.
T
n
22 2
1
22
2
4. ȿɫɥɢ ɚɬɨɦɵ-ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɚɬɨɦɵ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɪɚɡ-
ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɈȼɊ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɦɢ
ɤɨɧɬɪɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ (ɤɨɧɦɭɬɚɰɢɢ).
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɹɜɥɹ-
ɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ:
4–2 0
N;aSO 2NaS 6H S 6NaCCl+l=3 3H O
23 2 2
5–10
ɤɨɧɰ
32
ɤɨɧɰ
3H O.HBrO H Br Br
2
ɗɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢ-
ɹɦ ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɜɫɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡ-
ɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ.
1. ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ȼ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɯ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ
10
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