Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Химия для инженеров в примерах, тестах, задачах. Учебное пособие
.pdf
ȼ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɣ ɢɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢɦɟɟɦ:
+
NH
+ ɇ2Ɉ ɏ NH4OH + H+.
4
ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɦɨɠ-
ɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ (ɏz+ í ɤɚɬɢɨɧ ɫɨɥɢ) ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
ɏz+ + ɇ2Ɉ ɏ ɏOH
(z – 1)
+ ɇ+ .
ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɨ-
ɥɟɣ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɢ ɪɇ < 7.
ɋɨɥɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɚɪɹɞɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ (Mg2+, Cu2+,
Mn2+, Fe3+, Ⱥ13+), ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ
ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ A12(SO4)3 ɩɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
Al3+ + ɇ2Ɉ ɏ ȺlOɇ2+ + ɇ+.
ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
2Al3+ + 3SO
2–
+ 2ɇ2Ɉ ɏ 2ȺlOɇ2+ + 2SO
4
2–
+ 2ɇ+ + SO
4
2–
.
4
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ:
Al2(SO4)3 + 2ɇ2Ɉ ɏ 2(A1OH)SO4 + H2SO4.
ɋɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ (ɞɨ
[Al(OH)2]2SO4) ɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ (ɞɨ Ⱥl(Oɇ)3) ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ.
3. ɋɨɥɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ (NH
COONH4, NH4HCO3, Mg(CN)2, A12S
CH
3
).
3
CN,
4
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ, ɫɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ
ɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɚɰɟɬɚɬɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ CH3COONH4, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɵ:
CH3COONH4 = CH3COO– + NH
+
.
4
Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɭ, ɢ ɩɨ ɚɧɢɨɧɭ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
CH3COO– + NH
+
+ ɇ2Ɉ ɏ CH3COOH + NH4Oɇ.
4
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
CH3COONH4 + ɇ2Ɉ ɏ NH4Oɇ + CH3COOH.
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɋɇ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ Ɉɇ
ɢ ɇ+ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɵ, ɩɨ-
ɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɚɰɟɬɚɬɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ.
121
ɋɈɈɇ ɢ NH4OH ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ
3
ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɬɚɤ:
ɏz+ + Y
z–
+ ɇ2Ɉ ɏ ɏOH
(z – 1)+
+ ɇY
(z – 1)–
.
ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɟ ɫɨɥɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ
ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ. ȿɫɥɢ K
ɤɢɫɥ
> K
, ɫɪɟɞɚ ɫɥɚɛɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɚɹ, ȿɫɥɢ K
ɨɫɧ
ɨɫɧ
> K
, ɫɪɟɞɚ ɫɥɚɛɨɨɫ-
ɤɢɫɥ
ɧɨɜɧɚɹ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ
ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
A12S3 + 6ɇ2Ɉ = 2Al(OH)3p + 3ɇ2Sn.
4. ɋɨɥɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ (NaCl,
, NaNO3).
K
2SO4
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɪɇ = 7), ɬ. ɤ. ɧɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ
ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɨɥɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 8.1. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ pH 0,1Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɇCl, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɚɠɭɳɚɹɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ Į = 92 % (0,92) ɩɪɢ T = 18 °C.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɏɥɨɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɇCl ɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
HCl ĺ H
+
+ Cl–.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ Į ɜ ɞɨɥɹɯ ɪɚɜɧɚ 0,92, ɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɇ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
[H ] Į 0,92 0,1 0, 092 9, 2 10 ɦɨɥɶ / ɥ.
C
M
2
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ:
2
pH lg(9, 2 10 ) 1, 04.
|
+
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ pH < 7, ɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɚɹ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 8.2. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ pH ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ NaOH,
ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɚ 0,001 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ (T = 298 K).
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɢɫɫɨ-
ɰɢɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
NaOH o Na
+
+ OH–.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ-ɢɨɧɨɜ ɪɚɜɧɚ 0,001 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ. ȼɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨ-
pH –lg[H ].
ɞɨɪɨɞɚ:
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɢɨɧɨɜ H
+
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ:
122
14
ɦɨɥɶ2/ɥ2,
= [H+][Ɉɇ] = 10
K
w
14
K
[H ] 10 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ.
w
[OH ] 10
10
–3
11
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɪɚɜɟɧ:
pH = –lg [H
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 8.3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ Į, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨ-
ɞɨɪɨɞɚ H
+
ɢ pH 0,1 Ɇ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɰɢɚɧɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ HCN, ɤɨɧ-
ɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɚ K
+
] = –lg (10
(HCN) = 4,9 10
a
11
) = 11.
–10
.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɐɢɚɧɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɦ ɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
HCN ' H
+
+CN–.
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɉɫɬɜɚɥɶɞɚ:
2
Į ;
KC|
a
HCN
K
a
|
Į ;
ɋ
HCN
Į 710 .
|
;
4,9 10
10
1
5
10
Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
ªº
HKɋa ɋ
¬
¼
HCN a
4,9 710 ɦɨɥɶ / ɥ10 0,1 .
H
CN
610
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɪɚɜɟɧ:
pH = –lg [H
+
] = –lg(7Â10-6) = 5,15.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 8.4. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɛɚɪɢɹ Ba(OH)
ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɇ = 12, ɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ Į = 1.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɛɚɪɢɹ:
Ba(OH)
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɡ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ Ba(OH)
ĺ Ba2+ + 2OH– .
2
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ 2 ɢɨɧɚ OH–, ɬɨ ɤɨɧ-
2
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɛɚɪɢɹ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ-ɢɨɧɨɜ:
5,02CC .
Ba(OH)
OH
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ:
pH + pOH = 14,
pOH = 14 – pH = 14 – 12 = 2.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ pOH = –lg
C , ɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɝɢɞ-
OH
ɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
2pOH
ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ1010
C .
OH
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɛɚɪɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
23
0,5 10 5 10 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ.C
Ba(OH)
2
2
123
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 8.5. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɯɥɨɪɧɨɜɚɬɢɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ HClO ɪɚɜɧɚ
= 3,0 10–8. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɩɪɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɟɺ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ
K
a
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɬ 5 %.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɏɥɨɪɧɨɜɚɬɢɫɬɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɦ ɢ ɞɢɫɫɨ-
ɰɢɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
+
ɏ H
HClO
+ ClO.
ȼɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɺɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɉɫɬɜɚɥɶɞɚ:
2
Į .
KC|
a
HClO
ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ:
C
K
|
HClO
Į (0,05)
a
22
1, 2 1 0 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ.
5
8
3, 0 10
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 8.6. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɤɚɠɭɳɭɸɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ 4%-ɝɨ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ CaCl
, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɤɢɩɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ T
2
= 100,5 °ɋ.
ɤɢɩ Ɋ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɚɠɭɳɚɹɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
1
i
Į ,
Q
1
ɝɞɟ i í ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ (ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ)
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ:
= Kɗ ɋm i.
'T
ɤɢɩ Ɋ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɢɨɧɨɜ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɞɧɚ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɪɚɜɧɨ Q = 3 (CaCl
= Ca2++ 2Cl).
2
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɸ ɪɚɜɧɨ:
= T
'T
ɤɢɩ Ɋ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɦɨɥɹɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɋ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ 4 ɝ CaCl
Ɇɨɥɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ CaCl
m
CaCl
ɋ
m
Mm
– T
ɤɢɩ Ɋ
ɢ 96 ɝ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ
2
ɪɚɜɧɚ:
2
1000
2
CaCl ȼ
2
= 100,5 – 100 = 0,5q.
ɤɢɩ ȼ
4%-ɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɥɢ. ȼ 100 ɝ
m
41000
111 9
0,38 ɦɨɥɶ / ɤ6ɝ.
M = 111 ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ.
CaCl
2
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ i, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɷɛɭɥɥɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɵ K
= 0,51 KÂɤɝ/ɦɨɥɶ:
ɗ
Ɍ
'
ɤɢɩ Ɋ
i
K ɋ
ɬ
ɗ
0,5
0,51 0,
2,5838.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɚɠɭɳɚɹɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
2,58–1
Į
3–1
0,79.
124
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɬɟɫɬ 11 (Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ)
1. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɥɚɛɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. HCl.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. HI.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. HCN.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. HClO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. HNO
.
4
.
3
2. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɥɚɛɨɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Ba(OH)
.
2
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. NaOH.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. KOH.
–4
ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ?
.
2
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Mg(OH)
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. LiOH.
3. ɑɟɦɭ ɪɚɜɟɧ pH ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɫ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ 10
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 3.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 10.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 4.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 11.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 7.
4. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ H+ (ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ), ɟɫɥɢ pH ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɪɚɜɟɧ 11.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 10
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 10
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 10
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 10
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 3.
–8
–3
–4
–11
.
.
.
.
5. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ (ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ) ɢɨɧɨɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ OHí, ɟɫɥɢ pH ɜɨɞ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɪɚɜɟɧ 12.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 10
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 10
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 10
–14
–2
–12
.
.
.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 2.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 12.
125
6. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ HBr ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 10
–3
ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ
ɜɟɪɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. pH = 7.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. [Ɉɇ
] = 10
ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ.
–11
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. pH = 0.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. [Ɉɇ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. pH = 11.
] = 10
– 3
ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ.
7. ɑɟɦɭ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ Į ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ
ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɨɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɜɟɧ i = 1,8?
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 0,2.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 20.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 80.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 0,8.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 1,8.
8. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
2+
Ni
+ 2OH– = Ni(OH)2
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ …
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Ni ɢ NaOH.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. NiCl
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. NiSO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. NiO ɢ H
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. Ni ɢ NH
ɢ H2O.
2
ɢ NaOH.
4
O.
2
OH.
4
9. ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɦ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɨɦ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɫɨɨɬ-
ɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ …
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Na
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. CO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Na
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. CO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 2Na
+ Ca2+ = CaCO3 + 2Na+.
2CO3
2–
+ CaCl2 = CaCO3 + 2Cl–.
3
+ CaCl2 = CaCO3 + 2Na+ + 2Cl–.
2CO3
2–
+ Ca2+ = CaCO3.
3
+
+ CO
2–
+ CaCl2 = CaCO3 + 2Na+ + 2Cl–.
3
10. ɍɤɚɠɢɬɟ ɫɨɥɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. NaCl.
2SO3
2SO4
.
3
.
3)2
.
.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. KNO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Ca(NO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Na
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. K
126
11. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɨɥɶ, ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. CuCl
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. K
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. NaNO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. K
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. Na
S.
2
2SO4
2CO3
.
2
.
2
.
.
12. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɨɥɶ, ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ pH ! 7.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. NaNO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. NH
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Na
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. KClO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. KCl.
4NO3
2CO3
4
.
3
.
.
.
13. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɶ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (III) ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ …
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɯɥɨɪɢɞ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Ɉɯɥɚɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. ɇɚɝɪɟɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ.
14. Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ Na2CO3 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ
ɢɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ …
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Na
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. CO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Na
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Na
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 2Na
+ ɇ2Ɉ = NaHCO3 + 2NaOH.
2CO3
2
+ ɇ2Ɉ = HCO
3
= 2Na+ + CO
2CO3
+
+ ɇ2Ɉ = NaOH + H+.
+
+ CO
2
+ ɇ2Ɉ = NaHCO3 + 2NaOH.
3
+ OH.
3
2
.
3
15. Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ Na3PO4 ɩɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭ-
ɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ …
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. H
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. PO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Na
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. HPO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. Na
+ ɇ2Ɉ = H3PO4 + OH.
2PO4
3
+ ɇ2Ɉ = HPO
4
= 2Na+ + NaPO
3PO4
2
+ ɇ2Ɉ = H2PO
4
+
+ ɇ2Ɉ = NaOH + H+.
2
+ OH.
4
2
4
4
.
+ OH.
127
Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ
8.1–8.14. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ Į ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ (ɩɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ) ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ C ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ
ɢɨɧɨɜ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ Kd ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 298 K.
ɋɥɚɛɵɣ
ʋ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ
8.1 HCN 0,01 5,0Â10
C,
ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ
Kd ɂɨɧɵ
–10
H+
8.2 HClO 0,01 2,82Â10–8 H+
8.3 CH3COOH 0,1 1,74Â10–5 H+
8.4 HF 0,1 6,67Â10–4 H+
8.5 H2S 0,01 (I) 1,05Â10–7 HS–
8.6 H2CO3 0,001 (I) 4,3Â10–7 HCO
–
3
8.7 NH4OH 0,1 1,8Â10–5 OH–
8.8 HNO2 0,2 5,13Â10–4 H+
8.9 HCOOH 0,2 1,78Â10–4 H+
8.10 HBrO 0,03 2,06Â10–9 H+
8.11 HCN 0,005 5,0Â10
–10
CN–
8.12 NH4OH 0,05 1,8Â10–5 OH–
8.13 H2CO3 0,01 (I) 4,3Â10–7 HCO
–
3
8.14 H2S 0,005 (I) 1,05Â10–7 HS–
8.15–8.28. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ pH ɢ pOH ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɩɪɢ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɫɱɢɬɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ D = 1.
8.15 HCl 0,01 8.22 HClO4 0,002
8.16 HBr 0,001 8.23 H2SO4 0,0001
8.17 HNO3 0,0001 8.24 Ca(OH)2 0,0001
8.18 NaOH 0,01 8.25 Ba(OH)2 0,0005
8.19 KOH 0,001 8.26 Sr(OH)2 0,0002
8.20 LiOH 0,0001 8.27 LiOH 0,001
ʋ
ɋɢɥɶɧɵɣ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ
C,
ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ
ʋ
ɋɢɥɶɧɵɣ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ
C,
ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ
8.21 HI 0,005 8.28 HIO3 0,003
128
8.29–8.42. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ
ɢɥɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ pH ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ D = 1.
ʋ
ɋɢɥɶɧɵɣ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ
pH ʋ
ɋɢɥɶɧɵɣ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ
pH
8.29 HBr 1,8 8.36 Ca(OH)2 10,3
8.30 HI 0,8 8.37 Ba(OH)2 11,0
8.31 HCl 2,5 8.38 HNO3 3,5
8.32 NaOH 10,5 8.39 HClO4 2,8
8.33 KOH 11,8 8.40 NaOH 11,7
8.34 LiOH 12,2 8.41 KOH 12,5
8.35 H2SO4 2,7 8.42 LiOH 10,2
8.43í8.56. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɢɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ,
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ (ɬɚɛɥ. 6 ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ).
ʋ Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ʋ Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ
8.43 BaCl2 + K2CrO4 ĺ 8.50 CaCO3 + H2SO4 ĺ
8.44 FeCl3 + NaOH ĺ 8.51 BaCl2 + K2SO4 ĺ
8.45 AgNO3 + Na2S ĺ 8.52 NiCl2 + KOH ĺ
8.46 CuCl2 + NaOH ĺ 8.53 Mg(OH)2 + HBr ĺ
8.47 MgCl2 + K2CO3 ĺ 8.54 Cu(NO3)2 + Na2S ĺ
8.48 MgCl2 + NaF ĺ 8.55 FeCl3 + Na3PO4 ĺ
8.49 Cr2(SO4)3 + NaOH ĺ 8.56 Fe(OH)2 + H2SO4 ĺ
8.57–8.70. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɵɦ
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɵɦ ɢɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦ.
ʋ ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ʋ ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
8.57 SO
8.57 Pb2+ + CrO
2–
+ 2H+ ĺ SO2Ĺ + H2O 8.64 Pb2+ + 2I– ĺ PbI2Ļ
3
2–
ĺ PbCrO4Ļ 8.65 Ca2+ + HPO
4
2–
ĺ CaHPO4Ļ
4
8.59 ZnOH+ + H+ ĺ Zn2+ + H2O 8.66 H+ + OH– ĺ H2O
8.60 HCO
8.61 Pb2+ + SO
–
+ OH–ĺCO
3
4
8.62 Ca2+ + 2F– ĺ CaF2 Ļ 8.69 Ni(OH)2 + 2H+ ĺ Ni
2–
+ H2O 8.67 CO
3
2–
ĺ PbSO4Ļ 8.68 Co2++Cl–+ OH– ĺ Co(OH)ClĻ
2–
+ 2H+ ĺ CO2Ĺ + H2O
3
2+
+ 2H2O
8.63 Fe2+ + 2OH– ĺ Fe(OH)2 Ļ 8.70 Cd2+ + 2OH– ĺ Cd(OH)2Ļ
129
8.71–8.84. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢ-
ɡɚ ɫɨɥɢ ɩɨ 1-ɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
ʋ ɋɨɥɶ ʋ ɋɨɥɶ
8.71 AlCl3 8.78 K2CO3
8.72 Na2S 8.79 (NH4)2SO4
8.73 K3PO4 8.80 CuSO4
8.74 ZnCl2 8.81 K2SiO3
8.75 NaCN 8.82 Cr(NO3)3
8.76 FeCl3 8.83 CH3COONa
8.77 BaS 8.84 Ca(CN)2
8.85–8.98. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɥɢ ɩɨ 1-ɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɜ ɢɨɧɧɨ-
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɹɟɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ.
ʋ ɋɨɥɶ ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ʋ ɋɨɥɢ ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
8.85 Li2CO3 KOH, NH4Cl 8.92 Na2SO3 HNO3, ZnCl2
8.86 SnCl2 K2CO3, HCl 8.93 Cd(NO3)2 HNO3, Na2S
8.87 CrCl3 HCl, KCN 8.94 Li2S CuSO4, LiOH
8.88 CaS FeCl2, Ca(OH)2 8.95 Ca(ClO)2 FeCl2, Ca(OH)2
8.89 Ba(CN)2 HCl, Ba(OH)2 8.96 Co(NO3)2 HNO3, NaOH
8.90 K2SiO3 Na2CO3, H2SO4 8.97 NH4NO3 Na2S, HNO3
8.91 NiSO4 K2CO3, H2SO4 8.98 CuBr2 AlCl3, HBr
8.99–8.112. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ.
ʋ ɋɨɥɢ ʋ ɋɨɥɢ
8.99 AlCl3 + Na2S ĺ 8.106 Be(NO3)
+ K2S ĺ
2
8.100 Cr(NO3)3 + K2CO3 ĺ 8.107 FeCl3 + Na2CO3 ĺ
8.101 BeCl2 + Na2CO3 ĺ 8.108 NH4NO3 + Na2CO3 ĺ
8.102 (NH4)2SO4 + NaCN ĺ 8.109 SnCl2 + Na2CO3 ĺ
8.103 Cr(NO3)3 + Na2S ĺ 8.110 AlCl3 + CH3COONa ĺ
8.104 FeCl3 + K2S ĺ 8.111 Cr(NO3)3 + Na2SO3 ĺ
8.105 Al2(SO4)3 + K2CO3 ĺ 8.112 BeCl2 + CH3COOK ĺ
130
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]