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ȽɅȺȼȺ 12. ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɋȼɈɃɋɌȼȺ ɆȿɌȺɅɅɈȼ
ȼɫɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ,
ɬ. ɟ. ɨɧɢ ɨɬɞɚɸɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. Ⱥɬɨɦɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɬɞɚɸɬ ɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɨɧɵ.
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣ-
ɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ. Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ.
1. ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ:
T
2Mg + O
2Cu + O
2. Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɫ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɚɦɢ (F
2MgO,
2
T
2CuO.
2
, Cl2, Br2, I2) ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɥɟɣ
2
ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ:
2Na + Br
2Fe + 3Cl
= 2NaBr,
2
T
2FeCl
2
.
3
3. ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɫɟɪɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɵ (ɫɨɥɢ ɫɟɪɨ-
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ H
S):
2
Hg + S = HgS,
Zn + S = ZnS.
4. ɋ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɢɞ-
ɪɢɞɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɥɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ:
T
2Na + H
Ca + H
2NaH,
2
T
CaH
2
.
2
ȼ ɝɢɞɪɢɞɚɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ (–1).
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ: ɚɡɨɬɨɦ, ɮɨɫɮɨɪɨɦ, ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɦ, ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɢɬɪɢɞɨɜ, ɮɨɫɮɢɞɨɜ, ɫɢɥɢɰɢɞɨɜ, ɤɚɪɛɢɞɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
T
3Mg + N
3Ca + 2P
2Mg + Si
4Al + 3C
Mg
2
Mg
T
Ca
T
T
Al
3N2
3P2
2
4C3
,
,
Si,
.
5. Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɢɧɬɟɪɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ:
2Mg + Cu = Mg
2Na + Sb = Na
171
2
Sb.
2
Cu,
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ. ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ –
ɷɬɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ:
Me + nH
O = Me(OH)n + n/2 H2.
2
ɋ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ:
2Na + 2H
Ca + 2H
O = 2NaOH + H2,
2
O = Ca(OH)2 + H2.
2
Ɇɚɝɧɢɣ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ:
T
O
Mg + 2H
Mg(OH)
2
+ H2 .
2
ɀɟɥɟɡɨ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ
ɜɨɞɹɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɨɦ:
T
3Fe + 4H
O
2
Fe3O4 + 4H2.
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ ɧɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ. ɗɬɨ 4d-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ (ɤɪɨɦɟ Cd), 5d-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ Cu (3d-
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ).
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ. ɉɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟ-
ɬɚɥɥɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ.
1. Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɵ-ɧɟɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɢ: ɯɥɨɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ (ɫɨɥɹɧɚɹ, HCl), ɛɪɨɦɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ (HBr), ɢɨɞɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ (HI), ɮɬɨɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ (HF), ɭɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ (CH
ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɟɪɧɚɹ (H
2SO4 (ɪɚɡɛ)
2. Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɵ-ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɢ: ɚɡɨɬɧɚɹ (HNO
ɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɟɪɧɚɹ (H
2SO4 (ɤɨɧɰ)
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ-ɧɟɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟ-
ɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ H
), ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɪɬɨɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɚɹ (H3PO4
) ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧ-
3
), ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɟɥɟɧɨɜɚɹ (H2SeO
+
ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ-ɧɟɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɨ-
COOH),
3
).
(ɪɚɡɛ)
).
4(ɤɨɧɰ)
ɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ.
ȼɫɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɸɬ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɢɡ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ-ɧɟɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɨ
ɫɯɟɦɟ:
Ɇɟ + nH
+
= Men+ + n/2 H2 .
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
2Al +6HCl = 2AlCl
Mg + 2CH
COOH = Mg(CH3COO)2 + H2 ,
3
2Ti + 6HCl = 2TiCl
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ (Fe, Cɨ, Ni ɢ ɞɪ.) ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɢɨɧɵ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɧɢɡɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ (Fe
Fe + H
2SO4 (ɪɚɡɛ)
+ 3H2,
3
+ 3H2.
3
2+
, Co2+, Ni2+ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ):
= FeSO4 + H2.
ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ-ɧɟɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ
(HCl, HF, H
2SO4 (ɪɚɡɛ.)
, HCN) ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚ-
172
ɧɹɸɳɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɨɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɜ HCl
ɭ
ɭ
ɭ
ɢ H
2SO4(ɪɚɡɛ)
ɩɚɫɫɢɜɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɦɢ ɫɨɥɹɦɢ PbCl2 ɢ PbSO4 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-
(ɪɚɡɛ)
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ. ɋɟɪɧɚɹ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɦ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɫɟɪɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɦ. Ɉɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɥɶ-
2
ɮɚɬ-ɚɧɢɨɧɨɦ SO
ɢɨɧɚ H
+
. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ H2SO4 ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɨɧɨɜ H+,
, ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ
4
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɨɧɚ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ H
2SO4 (ɤɨɧɰ.)
Ɋɟɚɝɢɪɭɹ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ, H
ɨɤɫɢɞ ɫɟɪɵ (IV) (SO
ɜ S ɢɥɢ H
S:
2
), ɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ í
2
Me + H
o Me2(SO4)n + H2O + SO2 (S, H2S).
2SO4
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ.
2SO4 (ɤɨɧɰ)
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɹɞ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɬɚɤ:
Li, Rb, K, Cs, Ba, Sr, Ca, Na, Mg, Be, Al, Mn, Zn,
Cr, Fe, Cd, Co, Ni, Sn, Pb, (H), Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au.
ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 12.1 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ:
Cu + 2H
Zn + 2H
3Zn + 4H
4Zn + 5H
4Mg + 5H
2SO4 (ɤɨɧɰ)
2SO4 (ɤɨɧɰ)
2SO4 (ɤɨɧɰ)
2SO4 (ɤɨɧɰ)
2SO4 (ɤɨɧɰ)
= CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O,
= ZnSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O,
= 3ZnSO4 + S + 4H2O,
= 4ZnSO4 + H2S + 4H2O,
= 4MgSO4 + H2S + 4H2O.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 12.1
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ
Ɍɢɩ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɉɪɨɞ
Ɇɚɥɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɚɜɟɟ Fe)
(ɜ ɪɹɞ
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɪɹɞɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
Al ɢ Cd
ɦɟɠɞ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ (ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɪɹɞɚ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ Al ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ)
ɤɬɵ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ H2SO4
SO
2
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɺɯ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ: SO2, S, H2S
S
H
2
Ⱦɥɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (Mn, Cr, Zn, Fe) ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.
Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ: ɱɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ H
, ɬɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ
2SO4
ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ.
ɏɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ H
2SO4(ɤɨɧɰ)
ɩɚɫɫɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɠɟɥɟɡɨ,
ɯɪɨɦ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ), ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɢɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɜ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɚɪɟ. ɉɪɢ ɫɢɥɶ-
173
ɧɨɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɟɪɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ:
T
Fe
2Fe + 6H
2SO4 (ɤɨɧɰ)
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ.
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɢɨɧɨɦ NO
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɢɨɧɨɜ H
ɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ HNO
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ. ɇɢɬɪɚɬ-ɢɨɧ NO
3
(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O.
2
Ɉɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ-
, ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ
+
3
. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɟ-
, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɺɦ ɫɨ-
3
ɫɬɚɜɟ ɚɡɨɬ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ (+5), ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ (ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɞɨ ɜɨɫɶɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ. ȼɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɢɨɧɚ NO
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɬɶ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ-
3
ɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɯɟɦɚɦ:
NO
+ 2H+ + e = NO2 + H2O,
3
NO
+ 4H+ + 3e = NO + 2H2O,
3
2NO
+ 10H+ + 8e = N2O + 5H2O,
3
2NO
+ 12H+ + 10e = N2 + 6H2O,
3
NO
+ 10H+ + 8e = NH
3
+
+ 3H2O.
4
Ⱥɡɨɬɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɤɨɧ-
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ: ɱɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ HNO
Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɦɟɫɢ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɟɺ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ (NO
, ɬɟɦ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ, ɨɧɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
3
, NO, N2O, N2, NH
2
+
), ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
4
ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ NO
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ HNO
ɱɚɳɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ NO2, ɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ – NO. ɍɪɚɜ-
3
ɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ HNO
ɢ NO. ɉɪɢɱɺɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
2
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ-
3
ɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɫ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ:
Me + HNO
o Me (NO3)n + H2O + NO2 (NO, N2O, N2, NH
3
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ HNO
0
(
= –0,762 B), ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
E
2
Zn Zn
ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ ɰɢɧɤɨɦ
3
+
).
4
ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ:
4Zn + 10HNO
4Zn + 10HNO
3 (ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɛ)
ɋ ɦɚɥɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ ɦɟɞɶɸ (
= 4Zn (NO3)2 + N2O + 5H2O,
3 (ɪɚɡɛ)
= 4Zn(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O.
0
E
= +0,34B) ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɞɭɬ ɩɨ ɫɥɟ-
2
Cu Cu
ɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦ:
Cu + 4HNO
3Cu + 8HNO
ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ HNO
= Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O,
3 (ɤɨɧɰ)
= 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O.
3 (ɪɚɡɛ)
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɤɪɨ-
3
ɦɟ Au, Ir, Pt, Rh, Ta, W, Zr. Ⱥ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɤɚɤ Al, Be, Bi, Co, Cr, Fe, Nb, Ni,
174
Pb, Th, U, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɥɺɧɨɤ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢ
ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ Al ɢ Fe ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ, ɚ Cr ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜ ɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɞɚɠɟ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ HNO
Fe + 6HNO
= Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O.
3
:
3
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ (+6, +7, +8),
ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ HNO
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ NO, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
HNO
3
3Re + 7HNO
ȼ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ HNO
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɨɧɵ H
+
ɢ NO
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
3
= 3HReO4 + 7NO + 2H2O.
3
ɭɠɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ HNO3, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ
. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ (~ 3–5 %) ɜɡɚɢɦɨ-
3
3
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ Al ɢ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ Cu ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ:
8Al + 30HNO
3 (ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɛ)
= 8Al(NO3)3 + 3NH4NO3 + 9H2O.
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫɨ ɳɟɥɨɱɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ȼɡɚ-
ɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨ ɳɟɥɨɱɚɦɢ
. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ (Be, Al, Zn, Sn, Pb), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɚɦɮɨɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɨɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ:
Be + 2NaOH + 2H
2Al + 2NaOH + 6H
O = Na2[Be(OH)4] + H2,
2
O = 2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2.
2
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɚɤ-
ɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
+ 2Al = Al2O3 + 2Fe,
Fe
2O3
TiCl4 + 2Mg = Ti + 2MgCl2.
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɫɨɥɹɦɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɜ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɹɞɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɥɟɜɟɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚ ɜ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɨɥɢ, ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɸɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɢɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
Cu + Hg(NO
Fe + CuSO
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ
= Hg + Cu(NO3)2 ,
3)2
= Cu + FeSO4.
4
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 12.1. Ɂɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɟɞɭ-
ɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ: ɚ) ɠɟɥɟɡɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ; ɛ) ɦɚɝɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ; ɜ) ɠɟɥɟɡɨɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɚ) ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɫ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɨɛɪɚ-
ɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ:
Fe + 2HCl = FeCl
+ H2Ĺ.
2
175
ɛ) ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ, ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ – ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ:
4Mg + 5H
2SO4 (ɤɨɧɰ)
= 4MgSO4 + H2S + 4H2O.
ɜ) ɀɟɥɟɡɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɧɢɬɪɚɬ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (III) ɢ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
Fe + 4HNO
= Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O.
3
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 12.2. Ɂɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
CuSO
o Cu o Cu(NO3)2 o Cu(OH)2 o CuOo CuSO4 .
4
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. 1. Ɇɟɞɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɦɟɞɢ (II) ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɰɢɧɤɨɦ:
+ Zn = ZnSO4 + Cu.
CuSO
4
2. ɉɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɦɟɞɶ ɩɪɟ-
ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɬɪɚɬ ɦɟɞɢ (II):
ɋu + 4HNO3
= Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2Ĺ + 2ɇ2Ɉ.
(ɤɨɧɰ.)
3. ɉɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɬɪɚɬ ɦɟɞɢ (II) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NaOH ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ
ɦɟɞɢ (II):
Cu(NO3)2 + 2NaOH = Cu(OH)2Ļ+ 2NaNO3.
4. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɦɟɞɢ (II) ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ:
Cu(OH)2 = CuO + ɇ2Ɉ.
5. ɉɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɤɫɢɞ ɦɟɞɢ (II) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4 ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɦɟ-
ɞɢ (II):
CuO + H
= CuSO4 + H2O.
2SO4
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɬɟɫɬ 15 (ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ)
1. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Cu.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Al.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Ni.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Zn.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. Sn.
2. ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ …
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Na
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. NaOH ɢ H
O ɢ H2.
2
.
2
176
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. NaH ɢ H
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Na
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. Na
.
2
ɢ H2.
2O2
O ɢ NaH.
2
3. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ …
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Al
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Na[Al(OH)
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Al(OH)
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Al(OH)
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. NaAlO
2O3
ɢ Na2O.
] ɢ H2.
4
ɢ Na2O.
3
ɢ H2O.
3
ɢ H2O.
2
4. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɞɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨ-
ɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ …
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. CuSO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. CuSO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. CuSO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. CuSO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. CuSO
+ SO2 + H2O.
4
+ S + H2O.
4
+ H2S + H2O.
4
+ H2.
4
+ H2 + H2O.
4
5. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɥɨɪɨɜɨ-
ɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Mg.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Cu.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Ni.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Zn.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. Fe.
6. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨ-
ɜɢɹɯ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Sn.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Cu.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Ca.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Ni.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. Ag.
7. ɉɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ, ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (Ɇɟ) ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ: Me + NiSO
o MeSO4 + Ni.
4
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Sn.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Pb.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Cu.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Fe.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. Ag.
177
8. ɉɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ, ɭɤɚ-
r
r
g
d
ɡɚɬɶ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (Ɇɟ) ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ: Me + FeSO
o MeSO4 + Fe.
4
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Sn.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Pb.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Cu.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Ni.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. Zn.
9. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ …
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. MgSO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. MgSO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. MgSO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. MgSO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. MgSO
+ SO2 + H2O.
4
+ S + H2O.
4
+ H2S + H2O.
4
+ H2.
4
+ SO3 + H2O.
4
10. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ …
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Zn (NO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Zn(NO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Zn (NO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Zn (NO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. Zn (NO
+ NO + H2O.
3)2
+ NH4NO3 + H2O.
3)2
+ N2O + H2O.
3)2
+ NO2 + H2O.
3)2
+ N2 + H2O.
3)2
Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ
12.1–12.14. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɚɬɨɦɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ
ɢɨɧɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɧɟɫɩɚɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɭ ɚɬɨɦɚ ɢ
ɢɨɧɚ.
ʋ Ɇɟɬɚɥɥ
ɂɨɧ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ
ʋ Ɇɟɬɚɥɥ
12.1 Sc Sc3+ 12.8 Ti
12.2 Cr C
3+
12.9 Ni Ni
12.3 Mn Mn3+ 12.10 Y Y
12.4 Sr S
12.5 Ga Ga
12.6 Fe Fe
12.7 Mo Mo
2+
12.11 Cu Cu
3+
12.12 Mo Mo
3+
12.13 Hg H
3+
12.14 Cd C
ɂɨɧ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ
3+
Ti
2+
+3
2+
2+
2+
2+
178
12.15–12.28. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟ-
K
ɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ.
ʋ Ɇɟɬɚɥɥ Ɋɟɚɝɟɧɬ ʋ Ɇɟɬɚɥɥ Ɋɟɚɝɟɧɬ
12.15 Ca H2O 12.22 Cs H2O
12.16 Al NaOH 12.23 Mg H2O
12.17
12.18 Ba H2O 12.25 Sr H
H
O 12.24 Sn NaOH
2
O
2
12.19 Zn NaOH 12.26 Be KOH
12.20 Sn KOH 12.27 Rb H2O
12.21 Be NaOH 12.28 Li H2O
12.29–12.42. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɤɢɫ-
ɥɨɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ (T). Ɋɚɫɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ.
ʋ Ɇɟɬɚɥɥ Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɚ ʋ Ɇɟɬɚɥɥ Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɚ
12.29 Fe HNO
12.30 Cr H
2SO4 (ɪɚɡɛ)
12.31 Mn H2SO
12.32 Co HNO
12.33 Fe HNO
12.34 Ni H2SO
12.35 Co H2SO
12.36 Mg H2SO
3 (ɪɚɡɛ)
12.37 Mn H2SO
12.38 Fe H2SO
4 (ɪɚɡɛ)
12.39 Ni HNO
3 (ɪɚɡɛ)
(T) 12.40 Al HNO
3 (ɤɨɧɰ)
(T) 12.41 Mn HNO
4 (ɤɨɧɰ)
12.42 Fe H2SO
4 (ɪɚɡɛ)
4 (ɤɨɧɰ)
4 (ɤɨɧɰ)
4 (ɤɨɧɰ)
3 (ɪɚɡɛ)
3 (ɨɱ. ɪɚɡɛ)
3 (ɪɚɡɛ)
4 (ɪɚɡɛ)
(T)
12.43–12.56. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟ-
ɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɥɢ. Ɋɚɫɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ.
ʋ Ɇɟɬɚɥɥ Ɋɟɚɝɟɧɬ ʋ Ɇɟɬɚɥɥ Ɋɟɚɝɟɧɬ
12.43 Sn AgNO3 12.50 Fe Pb(NO3)2
12.44 Ni CuSO4 12.51 Cd SnSO4
12.45 Zn FeSO4 12.52 Co AgNO3
12.46 Ag AuCl3 12.53 Sn Cu(NO3)2
12.47 Ti CdCl2 12.54 Cu HgCl2
12.48 Cu AgNO3 12.55 Ag PdCl2
12.49 Zn AuCl3 12.56 Mn CdSO4
179
ɁȺɄɅɘɑȿɇɂȿ
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ. Ʌɸɞɢ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ. Ȼɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɯɢɦɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ: ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ. ȼɚɠɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɯɢɦɢɢ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚɫ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ.
Ɋɚɡɛɨɪ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ, ɬɟɫɬɨɜ, ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɨ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɦ
ɯɢɦɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ ɭ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
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ɉɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ
ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚɦ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɯ ɪɟɲɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ.
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