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Файл:Химия для инженеров в примерах, тестах, задачах. Учебное пособие
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ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ (ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
6
4+
OPb
HSO
,
2
24
,
F.
0
2
+5
HNO
KCrO
,
3
27
6
2
KMnO
,
+7
4
Ⱥɬɨɦɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢ-
ɧɹɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ.
2. ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ
ɧɢɡɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
0
Al , 0Mg .
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ȼ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɯ
-3
NH
3
,
-2
HS
2
,
HCl
-1
,
HBr, 1HI
-1
-1
,
Na H
,
Ca H
-1
2
Ⱥɬɨɦɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɧɢɡɲɢɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɬɶ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ.
3. ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ
ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ (ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ).
Ɇɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɢɫ-
ɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ⱥɬɨɦɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɦɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢ ɨɬɞɚ-
ɜɚɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ (ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ) ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ
(ɩɨɧɢɠɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
4-20
23 2 2
40 6
2. 2H S O O 2H S O .
23 2 4
2
ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɟɪɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ H
HO,1. H S O 2H S 3S 3
ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
2SO3
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
1.3. Ɂɚɤɨɧɵ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɯɢɦɢɢ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ (ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ, ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ)
ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɟɣ.
1.3.1. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɵ. ɗɬɨɬ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ
ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɭɱɟɧɵɦ Ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɨɦɨɧɨɫɨɜɵɦ (1756 ɝ.), ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɦ ɭɱɟɧɵɦ Ⱥ. Ʌɚɜɭɚɡɶɟ (1789 ɝ.). Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ:
ɦɚɫɫɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɞɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɤɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨɬ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɭɱɟɧɵɣ
Ⱦɠ. Ⱦɚɥɶɬɨɧ (1803 ɝ.). ȿɫɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɢ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɦɚɫɫɭ
ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɰɟɥɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ.
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ.
ɗɬɨɬ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɀ. ɉɪɭɫɬ ɜ 1797 ɝ.
Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ
11
,
,
ɢɡ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɦɚɫɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵ, ɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɵɦɢ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ.
ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ Ⱦɚɥɶɬɨɧɚ ɢ ɉɪɭɫɬɚ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɞɥɹ ɠɢɞɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
NH
, SO2, CH4, C6H6). Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɚɥɶɬɨɧɢɞɚɦɢ.
3
ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɞɚɥɶɬɨɧɢɞɚɦɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɟɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ –
ɛɟɪɬɨɥɥɢɞɵ.
Ȼɟɪɬɨɥɥɢɞɵ – ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɡɵ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ
ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɰɟɥɵɦɢ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ. ɋɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɯ ɛɟɪɬɨɥɥɢɞɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɰɟɥɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤ ɛɟɪɬɨɥɥɢɞɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɨɤɫɢɞ
ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (II), ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ Fe
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ Fe
ɢɥɢ Fe
O. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨ-
0,89
O, ɝɞɟ x 1.
1-x
0,93
O
ɫɬɚɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
1.3.2. Ƚɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ,
ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ.
Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ⱥɜɨɝɚɞɪɨ (Ⱥ. Ⱥɜɨɝɚɞɪɨ, 1811 ɝ.): ɜ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɯ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ
ɩɪɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ.
ɂɡ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ Ⱥɜɨɝɚɞɪɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ.
ɋɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ 1. ɉɪɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɨɥɟ-
ɤɭɥ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɣ ɨɛɴɺɦ.
ɋɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ 2. Ɋɚɜɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɺɦɵ.
ɋɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ 3. ɉɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ (ɧ. ɭ.), ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 0 °ɋ ɞɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɢ 1 ɚɬɦ (1,013ā10
Ɂɧɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɦ
5
ɉɚ) 1 ɦɨɥɶ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɺɦ VɆ = 22,414 ɥ/ɦɨɥɶ.
V, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɣ ɝɚɡɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɱɢɫ-
ɥɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
V
n
. (1.1)
V
M
Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ȼɨɣɥɹ-Ɇɚɪɢɨɬɬɚ (Ɋ. Ȼɨɣɥɶ, 1662 ɝ.; ɗ. Ɇɚɪɢɨɬɬ, 1676 ɝ.): ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɚɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɟɧ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ, ɩɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ:
p
. Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ
= p
2V2
.
1V1
Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ƚɟɣ-Ʌɸɫɫɚɤɚ (ɀ. Ʌ. Ƚɟɣ-Ʌɸɫɫɚɤ, 1802 ɝ.): ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
ɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɡɚɤɨɧ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
V
V
2
1
.
T
T
2
1
12
. Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟ-
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɜɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ
p
M
ɡɚɤɨɧɚ
:
p, V ɢ Ɍ – ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟ-
ɝɞɟ
Vp
T
1
Vp
11
22
, (1.2)
T
2
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ
ɫɬɜɚ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ 1 ɢ 2.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɭ (1.2)
ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ p, V ɢ Ɍ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɞ-
ɧɨɦɭ ɦɨɥɸ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ (ɱɚɫɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ
ɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ
R ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ:
p
, V
ɢ Ɍ
0
), ɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
0
0
pV
RT
00
8,314 Ⱦɠ /(ɦɨɥɶāɄ).
0
V
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ. Ɉɧɨ ɨɛɨ-
T
ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɹ
ɝɚɡɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
pV= RT (1.3)
ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɬ 1 ɦɨɥɶ, ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ (1.3) ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɨɬ-
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ Ʉɥɚɩɟɣɪɨɧɚ –
:
pV = nRT, (1.4)
n – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟ-
ɝɞɟ
m
n
ɧɢɸ ɦɚɫɫɵ
ɬ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɟ Ɇ (
).
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ (Ⱦɠ. Ⱦɚɥɶɬɨɧ, 1801 ɝ.): ɨɛɳɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɫɦɟɫɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɪɚɜɧɨ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɢɯ
ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ.
1.3.3. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ. Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɢ.
ɗɬɨɬ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɛɨɣɬɢɫɶ ɛɟɡ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɫɜɟɞɹ ɟɟ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɬɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ».
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ (ɗ) – ɷɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ
ɭɫɥɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɰɟɧɧɚ
ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɚɬɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɭ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɰɟɧɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɭ (ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɦɭ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ).
ɗɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ (ɱɢɫɥɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ) z
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɤ-
ɷɤɜ
ɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
13
z
x
x
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɭ
ɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ
: f
= 1/ z
ɷɤɜ
. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ
ɷɤɜ
, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɤ-
ɷɤɜ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɰɟɧɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɚɬɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɭ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɰɟɧɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɭ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɤɚɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ.
Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ Ɇ
) ɦɚɫɫɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ; ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ
ɦɚɫɫɚ
(ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚɹ
ɷɤɜ
ɜ ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ (ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ ɂɘɉȺɄ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɇ
ɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ) ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ:
ɷɤɜ
Ɇ Mf
M
ɷɤɜ ɷ ɜ
z
ā .
(1.5)
ɷɤɜ
ɤ
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɨ ɭɞɨɛɧɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ, ɤɚɤ
V
(ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ). ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧ-
ɜɚ
ɷɤɜ
ɬɚ ɝɚɡɚ; ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥ/ɦɨɥɶ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ
ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬ-
V
ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ:
M
V
ɷɤɜ M ɷɤMɜ
z
ɷɤɜ
ā . VVf
(1.6)
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 1.1.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1.1
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɚ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ
ʋ ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ
(ɗ)
M
(ɗ)=
1 ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɗ ɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ
2 Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɚ HnA
3 Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ M(OH)m
ɋɨɥɶ MxAy ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ
4
ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɢɨɧɚ
5 Ɉɤɫɢɞ ɗxAy
M
M
M
M
ɷɤɜ
M
ɷɤɜ
[M( OH) ]
ɷɤɜ
(M A )
ɷɤɜ
(ɗ A)
ɷɤɜ
(H A)
n
xy
xy
m
n
ɗ
(H A)
M
n
H
[M( OH) ]
M
n
(M A )
M
xn
(M A )
M
xn
n
m
OH
y
M
y
ɗ
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ: nɗ – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ, nH – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ (ɢɥɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ) ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, nɈɇ – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ,
n
– ɡɚɪɹɞɨɜɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚ.
Ɇ
ȼ
ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ (ɈȼɊ) ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ
ɞɥɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɚ Ɏȿ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɚ Ɏȿ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹ.
14
ȼ ɈȼɊ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɶɧɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ, ɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɞɚɟɬ ɨɞɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɶɧɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹ.
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɜɢ-
ɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ,
ɡɚɤɨɧ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
ɜɫɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɬ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
Q
A +
Q
B =
Q
D +
Q
A
B
ɱɢɫɥɚ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ
n
(A) = n
ɷɤɜ
ɷɤɜ
(B) = n
D
n
ɷɤɜ
ɷɤɜ
F,
F
ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ:
(D) = n
ɷɤɜ
(F),
ɝɞɟ A, B, D, F – ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ,
Q
,
Q
,
Q
,
Q
A
B
í ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ.
D
F
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɟ:
ɦɚɫɫɵ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɦɚɫɫɚɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ
m, ɞɥɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟ-
ɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ:
(A)
M
m
ɷɤɜ
A
m Ɇ
B ɷɤɜ
(B)
m
;
m Ɇ
A
D ɷɤɜ
(A)
M
ɷɤɜ
(D)
;
m
A
m Ɇ
M
F ɷɤɜ
(A)
ɷɤɜ
ɢ ɬ. ɩ. (1.7)
(F)
ȿɫɥɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-
ɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ:
(A)
V
V
ɷɤɜ
A
VV
B ɷɤɜ
(B)
V
;
VV
V
A
D ɷɤɜ
ɷɤɜ
(A)
(D)
V
A
;
VV
F ɷɤɜ
(A)
V
ɷɤɜ
ɢ ɬ. ɩ. (1.8)
(F)
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ (ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɤ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ). Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1.1. Ɂɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɰɢɧ-
ɤɚ ɫ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɨɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ
ɧɚɬɪɢɹ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɚɦɮɨɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɪɟɚɝɢ-
ɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ. ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɥɶ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɚ:
Zn(OH)
+ 2HCl = ZnCl2 + 2H2O.
2
ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɫɨɥɶ – ɬɟɬɪɚɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɨɰɢɧɤɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ:
Zn(OH)
+ 2NaOH = Na2[Zn(OH)4].
2
15
ɉɪɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɚɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɰɢɧɤɚɬɵ:
Zn(OH)
+ 2NaOH = Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O.
2
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ
ɰɢɧɤɚ, ɫɨ ɳɟɥɨɱɚɦɢ – ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɟ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1.2. Ɂɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
Mg ĺMgO ĺ Mg(OH)
ĺ MgSO4 ĺ Mg(HSO4)2 ĺ (MgOH)2SO4.
2
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɤɫɢɞ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ:
T
Mg + O
2MgO.
2
Ƚɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ MgO ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɪɢ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ:
T
MgO + H
O
2
Mg(OH)2 .
ɋɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɫ
ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ:
Mg(OH)
+ H2SO4 = MgSO4 + 2H2O.
2
Ʉɢɫɥɭɸ ɫɨɥɶ (ɝɢɞɪɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ:
MgSO
+ H2SO4 = Mg(HSO4)2 .
4
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɤɢɫɥɭɸ ɫɨɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɫɨɥɶ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɳɺɥɨɱɢ):
2Mg(HSO
+ 6NaOH = (MgOH)2SO
4)2
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1.3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ HNO
+ 3Na2SO4 + 4H2O.
4
.
3
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ (+ 1), ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ ( 2).
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ x ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ:
(+ 1) + x + 3 Â ( 2) = 0.
ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ x = + 5. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ
ɚɡɨɬɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ (+ 5).
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1.4. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɢɨɧɟ HCO
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ (+ 1), ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ ( 2). Ɍɨɝɞɚ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ x ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ:
(+ 1) + x + 3 Â ( 2) = 1.
ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ x = + 4. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ (+ 4).
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1.5. Ɋɚɫɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɞɥɹ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ: Cu + HNO
o Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O.
3 (ɪɚɡɛ)
.
3
16
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɗɬɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɨɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢɝ-
ɪɚɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ.
1) Cu + HNO
0 5 +2 +2
Cu H N O ɋu(NO ) + NO + H O;
2)
3)
3 ā Cu – 2ɟ = ɋu;
4)
2 ā N3ɟ =N;
o
02
Cu – 2ɟ = ɋu;
5
N3ɟ =N;
02
5
5) 3Cu + 2HNO
6) ɞɥɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɝɪɭɩɩ (NO
o Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O;
3 (ɪɚɡɛ)
3(ɪɚɡɛ)322
2
2
3 (ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ)
+ HNO
3 (ɫɨɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ)
) ɫɥɟɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ HNO3, ɜɵ-
3
o 3Cu(NO
+ 2NO + H2O;
3)2
ɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɨɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 6. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ H
3Cu + 2HNO
3 (ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ)
+ 6HNO
O ɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 4.
2
3 (ɫɨɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ)
= 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O.
ɂɬɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ:
3Cu + 8HNO
= 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O.
3 (ɪɚɡɛ)
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1.6. Ɋɚɫɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɞɥɹ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɦ ɤɚɥɢɹ:
HCl + K
oCrCl3 + Cl2 + KCl + H2O.
2Cr2O7
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɗɬɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɨɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ.
1) HCl + K
-1 +6 +3 0
ɇ Cl+ K Cr O + HCl Cr Cl + Cl + KCl +H O;o
2)
-1
2Cl – 2e = 2Cl;
3)
+6 +3
Cr+ 3ɟ =Cr;
3 ā 2Cl – 2ɟ =2ɋl;
4)
6
2 ā Cr 3ɟ =Cr;
5) 6HCl
(ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ)
oCrCl3 + Cl2 + KCl + H2O;
2Cr2O7
227 3 2 2
0
10
3
+ K2Cr2O7 + HCl
(ɫɨɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ)
o 2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 + KCl + H2O.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɦɵ ɭɱɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɜɚ ɚɬɨɦɚ ɯɪɨɦɚ.
6) Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɤɚɥɢɹ (K). Ⱦɥɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɚɬɨ-
ɦɨɜ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ HCl, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɨɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 8. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ
O ɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 7.
H
2
6HCl
(ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ)
+ K2Cr2O7 + 8HCl
(ɫɨɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ)
17
= 2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 +2KCl + 7H2O.
ɂɬɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ:
14HCl + 2K
= 2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 +2 KCl + 7H2O.
2Cr2O7
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1.7. ɉɨɞɭɲɤɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɝɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧ-
ɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ ɚɡɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ NaN
ɢ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ KNO3 (ɜɡɹɬɨɝɨ ɜ
3
ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ). ɉɪɢ ɭɞɚɪɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɡɨɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ:
(1) 2NaN
(2) 10Na + 2KNO
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ 130 ɝ NaN
ɪɟ
T = 300 K ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ p = 10
5
ɉɚ.
= 2Na + 3N2,
3
= K2O + 5Na2O + N2.
3
ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭ-
3
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɡɹɬɨɝɨ ɚɡɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨ:
n (NaN
ɂɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ (1) ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡ 2 ɦɨɥɶ NaN
ɪɢɹ
n
(Na) = 2 ɦɨɥɶ ɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ n1 (N2) = 3 ɦɨɥɶ.
1
) = m(NaN3)/M(NaN3) = 130/65 = 2 ɦɨɥɶ.
3
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɬ-
3
ɂɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ (2) ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɚɡɨɬɚ:
n
(N2) = 1/10 n1(Na) = 2/10 = 0,2 ɦɨɥɶ.
2
ȼɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɚɡɨɬɚ:
n (N
) = n1 (N2) + n2 (N2) = 3 + 0,2 = 3,2 ɦɨɥɶ.
2
Ɉɛɴɺɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɢɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟɟɜɚ – Ʉɥɚ-
ɩɟɣɪɨɧɚ:
(N )
nRT
(N )
V
2
V
3, 2 ɦɨɥɶ 8, 314 Ⱦɠ/(ɦɨɥɶ Ʉ)300Ʉ
(N )
2
52
10 ɇ/ɦ
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ. Ⱥɡɢɞɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɥɢ ɚɡɨɬɢɫɬɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ HN
HN
– ɫɥɚɛɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ (Ka = 10–5). ɋɨɥɢ – ɚɡɢɞɵ – ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɚɡɢ-
3
ɞɨɜ Ag (I), Pb (II),
(ɜɡɪɵɜɱɚɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɡɢɞ ɥɢɬɢɹ LiN
2
), ɜɡɪɵɜɱɚɬɵ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
Hg
2
).
3
2
,
p
§ 0,080 ɦ3 (80 ɥ).
3
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1.8. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɥɹ ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ H
S ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ KOH, ɜɡɹɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ, ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ,
2
ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
S + 2KOH = K2S + 2H2O.
H
2
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɦɨɥɟ-
ɤɭɥɵ H
S. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɭ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɰɟɧɧɚ ½ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɮɨɪ-
2
ɦɭɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ (Ɏȿ) ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɶɧɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ
ɤɚɥɢɹ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɜɧɵ:
ɗ (H
S) = ½ H2S; ɗ (KOH) = KOH.
2
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɜɧɵ:
z
ɷɤɜ (H2
S) = 2, f
(H2S) = ½; z
ɷɤɜ.
(KOH) = 1, f
ɷɤɜ
(KOH) = 1.
ɷɤɜ
.
18
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1.9. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɥɹ ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ H
ɧɢɢ 1:1, ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: H
S ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ KOH, ɜɡɹɬɵɯ ɜ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟ-
2
S + KOH = KɇS + H2O.
2
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɡɚɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɚɬɢɨɧ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɤɚɠ-
ɞɨɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ H
S. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɭ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɰɟɧɧɚ ɨɞɧɚ
2
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɶɧɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɶɧɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɜɧɵ:
ɗ (H
S) = H2S; ɗ (KOH) = KOH.
2
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɜɧɵ:
z
ɷɤɜ (H2
S) = 1, f
(H2S) = 1; z
ɷɤɜ
(KOH) = 1, f
ɷɤɜ
(KOH) = 1.
ɷɤɜ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1.10. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ H
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ: 2H
S ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-
2
S + 3O2 = 2SO2 + 2H2O.
2
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
-2 0 +4 -2 -2
2H S + 3O = 2 S O + 2H O.
22
22
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ (–2) ɞɨ (+4):
-2 +4
S– 6e=S.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ H
ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɰɟɧɧɚ 1/6 ɱɚɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ H
ɗ (H
S) = 1/6 H2S, z
2
S ɨɬɞɚɟɬ 6 ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
2
S) = 6, f
ɷɤɜ (H2
(H2S) = 1/6.
ɷɤɜ.
S. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
2
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ (–2).
Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ 4 ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ:
02
O+4ɟ =2Ɉ.
2
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɰɟɧɧɚ 1/4 ɱɚɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɗ (Ɉ
) = 1/4 Ɉ2, z
2
ɷɤɜ (Ɉ2
) = 4, f
(Ɉ2) = ¼.
ɷɤɜ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1.11. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨ-
ɞɚ Ɉ
ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ.
2
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. V
ɷɤɜ (Ɉ2
) = VɆ (Ɉ2)/z
) = 22,4/4 = 5,6 ɥ/ɦɨɥɶ.
ɷɤɜ (Ɉ2
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1.12. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɚɥɸ-
ɦɢɧɢɹ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ:
ɚ) Al(OH)
+ 3HCl = AlCl3 + 3H2O;
3
ɛ) Al(OH)3 +HCl = Al(OH)2Cl + H2O.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ.
ɚ) Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ (Ɇ = 78 ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ),
ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
ɪɚɜɧɚ:
Al(OH)
Ɇ
= Ɇ / 3 = 78 / 3 = 26 ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ.
ɷɤɜ
+ 3HCl = AlCl3 + 3H2O (ɞɥɹ Al(OH)3 z
3
ɷɤɜ
= 3),
19
ɛ) Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
ɪɚɜɧɚ:
Al(OH)3 +HCl = Al(OH)2Cl + H2O (ɞɥɹ Al(OH)3 z
Ɇ
= Ɇ/1 = 78/1 = 78 ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ.
ɷɤɜ
ɷɤɜ
=1),
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1.13. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɫɟɪɵ (IV) ɜ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ:
ɚ) S + O2 = SO2;
ɛ) SO2 + 2NaOH = Na2SO3 + H2O;
ɜ) SO2 + NaOH = NaHSO3.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ.
ɚ) S + O2 = SO2;
M
(SO2) = M (SO2)/ z
ɷɤɜ
(SO2) = 64/4 = 16 ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ;
ɷɤɜ
ɛ) SO2 + 2NaOH = Na2SO3 + H2O;
M
(SO2) = 64/2 = 32 ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ;
ɷɤɜ
ɜ) SO2 + NaOH = NaHSO3;
M
(SO2) = 64/1 = 64 ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ.
ɷɤɜ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1.14. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɨɪɬɨɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɣ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ H
, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫ 4,0 ɝ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɜɫɬɭɩɢ-
3PO4
ɥɨ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ 4,9 ɝ ɨɪɬɨɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ, ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ:
(NaOH)
(NaOH)
m
mM
(H PO ) (ɇɊɈ)
34 ɷɤɜ 34
ȼɵɪɚɠɚɟɦ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɇ
M
(H PO ) .
ɷɤɜ 34
Ɇ
ɷɤɜ
=.
3ɊɈ4
mM
(H PO ) (NaOH)
34 ɷɤɜ
m
(NaOH)
:
Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
Ɇ
(NaOH) = M (NaOH)/z
ɷɤɜ.
(NaOH) = 40 ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ /1 = 40 ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ.
ɷɤɜ
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ:
Ɇ
(ɇ3ɊɈ4) = 4,9 ɝ ā 40 ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ/4,0 ɝ = 49 ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ.
ɷɤɜ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1.15. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ 0,32 ɝ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭ-
°ɋ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ 745 ɦɦ ɪɬ. ɫɬ. ɜɵɞɟɥɢɥɨɫɶ 120,4 ɦɥ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɪɟ 21
ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɷɬɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟ-
ɧɢɟɦ:
Ɇ +
ɉɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ:
+
xɇ
= Ɇx+ + 0,5xH
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m
.
)H(
V
2
M
V
20
ɷɤɜ
n .
2
M)(
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