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ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 4.7. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ Ƚɢɛɛɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɨ-
ɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ: 2NH
3 (ɝ)
2 (ɝ)
+ 3H
2 (ɝ)
.
= N
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ:
0
'
H
r
298
0
H
'
r
298
0
'
S
=
r
298
0
S
'
'
'
= 192 + 3 131 – 2 193 = 199 Ⱦɠ/Ʉ;
r
298
0
G
r
298
0
G
r
298
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ ɢ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ('
= '
H
f
0
(N2) + 3 '
298
H
f
0
(H2) – 2 '
298
0
H
(NH3);
f
298
= 0 + 3 0 – 2 (–46) = 92 ɤȾɠ;
S
= '
0
(N2) + 3S
298
0
H
r
298
– T '
0
(H2) – 2S
298
0
S
r
298
;
0
298
(NH3);
= 92000 Ⱦɠ – 298 Ʉ 199 Ⱦɠ/Ʉ = 32698 Ⱦɠ | 32,7 ɤȾɠ.
H ! 0, 'r S ! 0). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ
r
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ |'
ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ |'
H| ! |T'r S|, ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɢɞɺɬ
r
H| | T'r S|, ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡ-
r
ɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɢɞɺɬ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɬɟɫɬ 6 (Ɍɟɪɦɨɯɢɦɢɹ)
1. Ɂɚɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɷɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ:
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. ɇɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɧɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ,
ɧɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɟɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. ɇɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɧɨ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
2. Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɷɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ:
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. ɇɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɧɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ,
ɧɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɟɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Ɇɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. ɇɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɧɨ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
3. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ (H) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ:
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5.
H = U – pV.
H = U + pV.
H = Q + pV.
H = U + pW.
H = W + pV.
71
4. ɉɟɪɜɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ
ɜɢɞɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ:
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. G
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. G
Q = dU + GW.
Q = dU + pdV.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. GQ = p dV – dU.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. G
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. G
Q = dH + pdV.
Q = dU + pdW.
5. Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ (Qp)
ɪɚɜɟɧ:
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5.
U.
p'V.
H.
U + 'H.
W.
6. ȼ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɢ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ:
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. '
W 0.
H 0.
U ! 0.
H ! 0.
V ! 0.
7. ɉɨɞ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɪɢ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ:
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5.
8. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɚɹ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ NO
5
p = 10
ɉɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ Ɍ.
5
p = 10
ɉɚ ɢ Ɍ = 298,15 K.
5
p = 10
ɉɚ ɢ Ɍ = 273 K.
5
p = 10
ɉɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ Ɍ = 25 °C.
p = 1 ɚɬɦ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ Ɍ = 298,15 K.
2 (ɝ)
ɪɚɜɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ ɷɧ-
ɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 2NO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. NO
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 0,5 N
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. N
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 2N
(ɝ)
2O4
O + 3O
2
+ O2
(ɝ)
+ 0,5O
+ O
2 (ɝ)
= 2 NO2
2 (ɝ)
= 2NO2
(ɝ)
= NO2
2 (ɝ)
= NO2
2 (ɝ)
.
(ɝ)
= 4NO2
.
(ɝ)
.
(ɝ)
.
(ɝ)
.
(ɝ)
72
9. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɚɹ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ HCN
r
ɪɚɜɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ ɷɧ-
(ɝ)
ɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. H
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 0,5H
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 2NH
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 0,5H
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. H
2 (ɝ)
2 (ɝ)
+ 2CN
+ CN
2 (ɝ)
+ 2C
3 (ɝ)
+ 0,5N2
2 (ɝ)
+ N2
= 2HCN
(ɝ)
(ɝ)
= 2HCN
(ɬ)
+ 2C
(ɝ)
= HCN
+ C
(ɝ)
= 2HCN
(ɬ)
.
(ɝ)
.
(ɝ)
+ 2H2
(ɝ)
= HCN
(ɬ)
.
(ɝ)
.
(ɝ)
.
(ɝ)
10. Ⱦɚɧɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ:
N2
(ɝ)
+ 3F
= 2NF3
2 (ɝ)
(ɝ)
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɱɟɦɭ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɚɹ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ NF
; '
H
r
0
298
= –266 ɤȾɠ.
.
3
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. (–266) ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 266 ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. (–133) ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. (–532) ɤȾɠ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 133 ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ.
11. ɉɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭɸ ɷɧɬɚɥɶ-
ɩɢɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 298 K ɢ ɭɤɚɠɢɬɟ, ɤɚɤɚɹ ɷɬɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪ-
CO
+ 3H2
(ɝ)
= CH4 + H2O
(ɝ)
(ɝ)
(ɝ)
–110 0 –75 –242
ɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ:
ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ CO H2 CH4 H2O
0
' f H
, ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ
298
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 207 ɤȾɠ, ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. (–207 ɤȾɠ), ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 207 ɤȾɠ, ɷɧɞɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. (–207 ɤȾɠ), ɷɧɞɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 414 ɤȾɠ, ɷɧɞɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
12. ɉɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭɸ ɷɧɬɚɥɶ-
3(ɬ)
0
H
, ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ), ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɚɹ
f
298
+ N
+ 4H2O
2(ɝ)
(ɠ)
0
; '
H
r
298
N2 H2O
2O3
= –484,7 ɤȾɠ.
(ɠ)
–1141 0 –286
ɩɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
(NH4)2Cr2O7 ('
ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
(NH
4)2Cr2O7(ɬ)
= Cr2O
ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ C
0
' f H
, ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ
298
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 942.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. (–942).
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. (–1803).
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 1803.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 0.
73
13. Ⱦɚɧɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ:
2GaI3
= 2Ga
(ɬ)
(ɬ)
+ 3I
2 (ɬ)
; '
H
r
0
= 440 ɤȾɠ.
298
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɱɟɦɭ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɚɹ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ GaI
(ɜ ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ).
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. (–220).
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 440.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. (–440).
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 220.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. (–330).
14. ɉɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭɸ ɷɧɬɚɥɶ-
0
('
H
ɩɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
, ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ), ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɫɬɚɧ-
f
298
ɞɚɪɬɧɚɹ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
2Al2O3
+ 6SO
(ɬ)
2 (ɝ)
+ 3O2
= 2Al2 (SO4)3
(ɝ)
(ɬ)
; '
r
H
0
298
= –1751 ɤȾɠ.
ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ Al2O3 O2 SO2
0
' f H
, ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ
298
–1675 0 –297
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. (–6883).
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 6883.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. (–3723).
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 3441,5.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. (–3441,5).
15. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭɸ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ 3 ɦɨɥɶ ɦɟɬɚɧɚ
ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɟ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɋɈ2
CH
4
ɢ H2O
(ɝ)
(ɠ)
.
ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ CH
0
' f H
, ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ
298
ɋɈ2 H2O
4
(ɠ)
–75 –393 –286
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 890 ɤȾɠ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. (–2670) ɤȾɠ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. (–890) ɤȾɠ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 2670 ɤȾɠ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. (–604) ɤȾɠ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɬɟɫɬ 7
(ɇɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ)
1. ɗɧɬɪɨɩɢɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ …
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
3
74
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɟ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
2. ȼ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ:
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. '
S 0.
H 0.
S ! 0.
H ! 0.
G ! 0.
3. ȼ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɵɯ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ:
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. '
G ! 0.
H 0.
S ! 0.
G 0.
S 0.
4. ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ Ƚɢɛɛɫɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ:
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5.
G = U + pV.
G = U – TS + pV.
G = U – TS.
G = U + TS – pV.
G = TS.
5. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. '
S 0.
S ! 0.
S = 0.
H = 0.
H ! 0.
6. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. '
H 0.
H = 0.
S = 0.
S 0.
S ! 0.
75
7. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ NH
ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɷɧɞɨ-
4NO3
ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. '
S 0.
G ! 0.
S ! 0.
H 0.
U 0.
8. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɨɜ, ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɢ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. CH
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. C
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 2CH
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. CCl
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. C
4 (ɝ)
2H6 (ɝ)
4 (ɝ)
4 (ɝ)
OH
2H5
+ CO
2 (ɝ)
= C2H
+ O
2 (ɝ)
+ 2H2O
= C2H
(ɝ)
= 2CO
+ H
4 (ɝ)
2 (ɝ)
= 2CH3OH
= CO
(ɝ)
+ H2O
4 (ɝ)
+ 4H
(ɝ)
.
2 (ɝ)
2 (ɝ)
.
(ɝ)
+ 4HCl
.
(ɝ)
.
.
(ɝ)
9. ɉɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭɸ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɸ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ (ɜ Ⱦɠ/K) ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 298 K:
CO
+ 3H2
(ɝ)
ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ CO H2 CH4 H2O
0
S
, Ⱦɠ/(ɦɨɥɶK)
298
= CH4
(ɝ)
+ H2O
(ɝ)
(ɝ)
198 131 186 189
(ɝ)
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 216.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 46.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. (–46).
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 177.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. (–216).
10. ɉɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ
Ƚɢɛɛɫɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 298 K ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ:
= CH
4 (ɝ)
+ H2O
(ɝ)
.
ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ CO H2 CH4 H2O
0
' f H
298
0
S
, Ⱦɠ/(ɦɨɥɶK)
298
, ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ
–110 0 –75 –242
198 131 186 189
(ɝ)
+ 3H2
(ɝ)
=
(ɝ)
CO
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. (–271,4) ɤȾɠ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. (–271,4) ɤȾɠ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. (–142,6) ɤȾɠ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. (–142,6) ɤȾɠ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 64,2 ɤȾɠ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ.
76
11. ɉɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵ ɨɛɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɫɱɢɬɚɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ:
Fe
2O3 (ɬ)
+ 3H2
= 2Fe
(ɝ)
+ 3H2O
(ɬ)
(ɝ)
ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ Fe2O3 H2 Fe H2O
0
' f H
S
, ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ
298
0
, Ⱦɠ/(ɦɨɥɶK)
298
–824 0 0 –242
87 131 27 189
r H
.
ɢ ' r S
298
(ɝ)
0
'
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 695 K.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 0,7 K.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 1,4 K.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 695 °ɋ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 1,4 °ɋ.
12. ɉɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ
Ƚɢɛɛɫɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ T = 227
ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ:
= CO
+ H2
2 (ɝ)
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ ɢ ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ.
.
(ɝ)
ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ CO H2 CO2 H2O
0
' f H
S
, ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ
298
0
, Ⱦɠ/(ɦɨɥɶK)
298
–110 0 –393 –242
198 131 214 189
°ɋ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢ
CO
+ H2O
(ɝ)
(ɝ)
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 21 ɤȾɠ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 21 ɤȾɠ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. (–31,5) ɤȾɠ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. (–20) ɤȾɠ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. (–20) ɤȾɠ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ.
13. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
2NO
(ɝ)
+ O
2 (ɝ)
= 2NO
, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɢ 298 K
2 (ɝ)
ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɬɶ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. '
G 0.
V 0.
S ! 0.
H 0.
S 0.
0
298
(ɝ)
ɧɟ
=
77
14. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɜɟɪɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
PbO
2 (ɬ)
= Pb
+ O2
(ɬ)
, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɢ 298 K
(ɝ)
ɨɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. '
15. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ' r H
G ! 0.
G < 0.
S 0.
H = 0.
H < 0.
0
= –198 ɤȾɠ ɢ ' r S
298
0
= –187 Ⱦɠ/K,
298
ɬɨ ɩɪɢ 298 K ɨɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ…
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. ɇɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɢ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. ɉɪɨɬɟɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. ɉɪɨɬɟɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. ɇɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɉɪɨɬɟɤɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. ɉ6 ɉɪɢɥɨ-
ɠɟɧɢɹ.
4.1–4.14. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭɸ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ (ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ) ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɜ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ:
ʋ Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ʋ Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ
4.1 NH
4.2 Fe2O
4.3 H2S
4.4 WO
4.5 HNO
3(ɝ)
3(ɬ)
(ɝ)
3(ɠ)
+ O
3(ɬ)
+ O
2(ɝ)
+ Mg
2(ɝ)
+ H
ĺ NO
ĺ NO
ĺ Fe
(ɬ)
ĺ SO
ĺW
2(ɝ)
2(ɝ)
(ɝ)
(ɬ)
2(ɝ)
(ɬ)
+ H2O
+ H2O
+ MgO
+ H2O
+ H2O
+ O
(ɠ)
4.8 SiH
(ɝ)
4.9 ZnS
(ɬ)
4.10 MgCO
(ɠ)
4.11 SO
(ɝ)
4.12 TiCl
2(ɝ)
4(ɝ)
(ɬ)
4(ɝ)
+ O
+ O
3(ɬ)
+ H2O
3(ɠ)
+ Mg
ĺ SiO
2(ɝ)
ĺ ZnO
2(ɝ)
ĺ MgO
(ɠ)
ĺ Ti
(ɬ)
+ H2O
2(ɬ)
+ SO
(ɬ)
+ CO
(ɬ)
ĺ H2SO
+ MgCl
(ɬ)
2(ɝ)
4(ɠ)
(ɠ)
2(ɝ)
2(ɬ)
4.6 FeSO
4.7 Na2CO
4(ɬ)
3(ɬ)
+ SiO
ĺ Fe2O
2(ɬ)
+ SO
3(ɬ)
ĺ Na2SiO
2(ɝ)
+ O
3(ɬ)
2(ɝ)
+ CO
4.13
4.14 Fe2O
2(ɝ)
78
ĺ Cu
CuO
(ɬ)
3(ɬ)
+ NH4Cl
(ɬ)
+ H2O
+ Al
(ɠ)
ĺ Fe
(ɬ)
(ɬ)
+ HCl
(ɬ)
ĺ
+ N
(ɝ)
+ Al2O
2(ɝ)
3(ɬ)
4.15–4.24. ɉɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭɸ ɷɧ-
g
r
r
r
r
a
0
H
ɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ('
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ:
ʋ ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
4.15 2AgNO
4.16 2Pb(NO3)
4.17 4NaClO
4.18 4FeSO
4.19 2Al(OH)
4.20 2Fe(OH)
4.21 Fe(CO)
4.22 4HNO
4.23 NH4NO
4.24 (NH4)2Cr2O
= 2Ag
3(ɬ)
2(ɬ)
3(ɬ)
= 2Fe2O
4(ɬ)
= 4NO
3(ɠ)
7(ɬ)
(ɬ)
= 2PbO
= 3NaClO
3(ɤ)
= Al2O
3(ɤ)
= Fe2O
3(ɬ)
= Fe
5(ɠ)
2(ɝ)
= N2O
3(ɬ)
= Cr2O
+ 2NO
+ 4NO
(ɬ)
4(ɬ)
+ 4SO
+ 3H2O
3(ɬ)
+ 3H2O
3(ɬ)
+ 5CO
(ɬ)
+ 2H2O
+ 2H2O
(ɝ)
+ N
3(ɬ)
, ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ), ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ
f
298
0
'
H
, ɤȾɠ
r
298
+ O
2(ɝ)
2(ɝ)
+ NaCl
2(ɝ)
(ɠ)
2(ɝ)
317,4
2(ɝ)
+ O
601,6
2(ɝ)
(ɬ)
+ O
886,0
2(ɝ)
96,6
(ɠ)
(ɠ)
211,5
(ɝ)
+ O
261,6
2(ɝ)
(ɠ)
+ 4H2O
(ɠ)
97,9
26,4
124,6
484,7
4.25–4.32. ɉɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭɸ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ('
ɧɵɟ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ:
ʋ ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
4.25 K2O
4.26 K2O
4.27 2Cr2O
4.28 2Al2O
4.29 4CaO
4.30 6CaO
4.31 2FeO
4.32 2Fe2O
+ H2O
(ɬ)
3(ɬ)
3(ɬ)
+ P4O
(ɬ)
+ 3SO
(ɬ)
3(ɬ)
(ɬ)
+ 6SO
+ 6SO
+ P4O
(ɬ)
+ 6SO
(ɠ)
+ CO
10(ɬ)
f
+ 2CO
2(ɝ)
+ 3O
2(ɝ)
+ 3O
2(ɝ)
+ 2H2O
10(ɬ)
+ 2O
2(ɝ)
+ 3O
2(ɝ)
0
H
, ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ), ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ-
298
0
'
H
, ɤȾɠ
r
298
= 2KHCO
2(ɝ)
= K2CO
3(ɬ)
= 2Cr2(SO4)
2(ɝ)
= 2Al2(SO4)
2(ɝ)
= 4CaHPO
(ɠ)
= 2Ca3(PO4)
= Fe2(SO4)
2(ɝ)
= 2Fe2(SO4)
2(ɝ)
3(ɬ)
3(ɬ)
3(ɬ)
4(ɬ)
2(ɬ)
3(ɬ)
3(ɬ)
482,6
389,4
2553,4
1751,0
1164,8
1450,2
1148,5
1742,2
4.33í4.44. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ Ƚɢɛɛɫɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ
ɩɪɢ
T = 298 K ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɡɚɤɪɵ-
ɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ.
ʋ ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ʋ ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
4.33 M
4.34 CuS
4.35 Fe2(SO4)
4.36 Fe2O
4.37 N2O
4.38 CO
+ CO
(ɬ)
(ɬ)
3(ɬ)
(ɝ)
+ O
3(ɬ)
+ CO
3(ɝ)
+ O
' MgO
2(ɝ)
' CuO
2(ɝ)
' Fe2O
' FeO
(ɝ)
' NO
' CO
3(ɝ)
2(ɝ)
+ CO
(ɬ)
+ SO
(ɬ)
+ SO
3(ɬ)
+ CO
(ɬ)
+ NO
+ O
2(ɝ)
4.39 N2O
(ɝ)
4.40 C
2(ɝ)
4.41 Pb(NO3)
3(ɝ)
4.42 PbO
2(ɝ)
4.43 HB
(ɝ)
4.44 V2O
2(ɝ)
(ɝ)
2O3(ɬ)
(ɬ)
(ɝ)
3(ɬ)
+ O
+ Al
' PbO
2(ɬ)
+ O
+ Cl
+ C
' NO
3(ɝ)
' C
(ɬ)
' PbO
3(ɝ)
' HCl
2(ɝ)
' CaO
(ɬ)
+ NO
(ɬ)
+ NO
(ɝ)
+ Al2O
(ɬ)
2(ɬ)
+B
(ɝ)
(ɬ)
+ O
2(ɝ)
+ O
+ V
2(ɝ)
2(ɝ)
2(ɠ)
(ɬ)
3(ɬ)
2(ɝ)
79
ȽɅȺȼȺ 5. ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄɈȿ ɊȺȼɇɈȼȿɋɂȿ
p
p
ɉɨɞ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɦɨɟ ɫ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨ-
ɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɢ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɤ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ.
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɫɬɚɧɬɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ
.
ɤɨɧ-
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɷɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ (ɢɥɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ)
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɜɡɹɬɵɯ ɜ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɯ, ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɢɯ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦ, ɤ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ.
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟ-
K
ɳɟɫɬɜ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ
Q
ɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
C
A A (ɝ)
+ QB B
ɏ QD D
(ɝ)
(ɝ)
+ QF F
(5.1)
(ɝ)
ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ:
K
C
[A] [B]
. (5.2)
ȞȞ
AB
ȞȞ
DF
[D] [F]
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɜ-
K
ɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ (5.1)
p
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
QQ
DF
p
DF
K
p
– ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
ɝɞɟ
i
p
QQ
, (5.3)
AB
p
AB
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ Ɍ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ.
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ.
K
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧ-
C
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ:
[
K
] = [C] 'Q,
C
ɝɞɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ (5.1) 'Q = Q
+ QF - QA + QB – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɝɚɡɨɨɛ-
D
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ (ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ, ɠɢɞɤɨɦ), ɬɨ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɦ ɧɟ
ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ 'Q. ȿɫɥɢ 'Q = 0, ɬɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
ɋɈ
+ H2O
(ɝ)
ɝɞɟ '
Q
= 1 + 1 – 1 – 1 = 0. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟ-
ɫɢɹ
K
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ.
C
ɏ CO
(ɝ)
80
2 (ɝ)
+ H2
,
(ɝ)
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