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ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ
1. Ʉɨɪɨɜɢɧ ɇ. ȼ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ: ɭɱɟɛ. ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ. – Ɇ.: ȼɵɫɲɚɹ ɲɤɨɥɚ, 2006.
2. Ʉɭɡɶɦɟɧɤɨ ɇ. ȿ., ȿɪɟɦɢɧ ȼ. ȼ., ɉɨɩɤɨɜ ȼ. Ⱥ. ɇɚɱɚɥɚ ɯɢɦɢɢ. Ɇ.: «ɗɤɡɚ-
ɦɟɧ», 2006.
3. ɋɭɜɨɪɨɜ Ⱥ. ȼ., ɇɢɤɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ. Ȼ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɯɢɦɢɹ. ɋ. – ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ: ɏɢɦɢɹ,
1997.
4. ɏɢɦɢɹ : ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ / Ƚɭɪɨɜ Ⱥ. Ⱥ., Ȼɚɞɚɟɜ Ɏ. Ɂ., Ɉɜɱɚɪɟɧɤɨ Ʌ
. ɉ.,
ɒɚɩɨɜɚɥ ȼ. ɇ. í 4-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɢɫɩɪ. – Ɇ. : ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɆȽɌɍ ɢɦ. ɇ. ɗ. Ȼɚɭɦɚɧɚ, 2017.
5. Ȼɚɞɚɟɜ Ɏ. Ɂ. ɏɢɦɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. – Ɇ.: ɆȽɂɍ, 2012.
181
ɈɌȼȿɌɕ Ʉ ɌȿɋɌȺɆ
Ɍɟɫɬ 1. 1. ȼ4; 2. ȼ5; 3. ȼ2; 4. ȼ4; 5. ȼ1; 6. ȼ4; 7. ȼ3; 8. ȼ4; 9. ȼ5; 10. ȼ3; 11. ȼ1;
12. ȼ3; 13. ȼ4; 14. ȼ2; 15. ȼ4.
Ɍɟɫɬ 2. 1. ȼ4; 2. ȼ4; 3. ȼ2; 4. ȼ2; 5. ȼ3; 6. ȼ1; 7. ȼ2; 8. ȼ1; 9. ȼ4; 10. ȼ2; 11. ȼ1;
12. ȼ3; 13. ȼ2; 14. ȼ4; 15. ȼ2.
Ɍɟɫɬ 3. 1. ȼ4; 2. ȼ2; 3. ȼ3; 4. ȼ3; 5. ȼ1; 6. ȼ4; 7. ȼ1; 8. ȼ1; 9. ȼ4; 10. ȼ2.
Ɍɟɫɬ 4. 1. ȼ5; 2. ȼ3; 3. ȼ2; 4. ȼ4; 5. ȼ1; 6. ȼ2; 7. ȼ2; 8. ȼ3; 9. ȼ3; 10. ȼ2; 11. ȼ3;
12. ȼ1; 13. ȼ5; 14. ȼ2; 15. ȼ3.
Ɍɟɫɬ 5. 1. ȼ4; 2. ȼ2; 3. ȼ4; 4. ȼ2; 5. ȼ4; 6. ȼ2; 7. ȼ5; 8. ȼ3; 9. ȼ1; 10. ȼ3; 11. ȼ2.
Ɍɟɫɬ 6. 1. ȼ4; 2. ȼ3; 3. ȼ2; 4. ȼ2; 5. ȼ3; 6. ȼ2; 7. ȼ1; 8. ȼ3; 9. ȼ4; 10. ȼ3; 11. ȼ2;
12. ȼ3; 13. ȼ1; 14. ȼ5; 15. ȼ2.
Ɍɟɫɬ 7. 1. ȼ5; 2. ȼ3; 3. ȼ4; 4. ȼ2; 5. ȼ1; 6. ȼ5; 7. ȼ3; 8. ȼ3; 9. ȼ5; 10. ȼ3; 11. ȼ1;
12. ȼ4; 13. ȼ3; 14. ȼ1; 15. ȼ2.
Ɍɟɫɬ 8. 1. ȼ4; 2. ȼ3; 3. ȼ5; 4. ȼ4; 5. ȼ2; 6. ȼ2; 7. ȼ4; 8. ȼ4; 9. ȼ2; 10. ȼ3; 11. ȼ1;
12. ȼ4; 13. ȼ1; 14. ȼ5; 15. ȼ5.
Ɍɟɫɬ 9. 1. ȼ2; 2. ȼ2; 3. ȼ3; 4. ȼ4; 5. ȼ3; 6. ȼ3; 7. ȼ5; 8. ȼ4; 9. ȼ4; 10. ȼ2; 11. ȼ2.
Ɍɟɫɬ 10. 1. ȼ3; 2. ȼ4; 3. ȼ4; 4. ȼ4; 5. ȼ4; 6. ȼ1; 7. ȼ2; 8. ȼ4; 9. ȼ4; 10. ȼ2; 11.
ȼ3; 12. ȼ3.
Ɍɟɫɬ 11. 1. ȼ3; 2. ȼ4; 3. ȼ2; 4. ȼ4; 5. ȼ2; 6. ȼ2; 7. ȼ4; 8. ȼ3; 9. ȼ4; 10. ȼ4; 11.
ȼ1; 12. ȼ3; 13. ȼ4; 14. ȼ2; 15. ȼ4.
Ɍɟɫɬ 12. 1. ȼ3; 2. ȼ5; 3. ȼ3; 4. ȼ5; 5. ȼ1; 6. ȼ4; 7. ȼ2; 8. ȼ2; 9. ȼ4; 10. ȼ1; 11.
ȼ4; 12. ȼ3.
Ɍɟɫɬ 13. 1. ȼ5; 2. ȼ3; 3. ȼ3; 4. ȼ2; 5. ȼ3; 6. ȼ4; 7. ȼ2; 8. ȼ4; 9. ȼ2; 10. ȼ4; 11.
ȼ3; 12. ȼ3; 13. ȼ2; 14. ȼ2; 15. ȼ2.
Ɍɟɫɬ 14. 1. ȼ2; 2. ȼ3; 3. ȼ5; 4. ȼ3; 5. ȼ5; 6. ȼ4; 7. ȼ2; 8. ȼ4; 9. ȼ3; 10. ȼ1; 11.
ȼ4; 12. ȼ4; 13. ȼ3; 14. ȼ4; 15. ȼ5.
Ɍɟɫɬ 15. 1. ȼ2; 2. ȼ2; 3. ȼ2; 4. ȼ1; 5. ȼ2; 6. ȼ3; 7. ȼ4; 8. ȼ5; 9. ȼ4; 10. ȼ2.
182
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂə
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɉ1
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ (ɋɂ)
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɫ
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ Ⱥɜɨɝɚɞɪɨ NA
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɉɥɚɧɤɚ
h/2S 1,054588710
Ƚɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ R
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ Ȼɨɥɶɰɦɚɧɚ k
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ Ɏɚɪɚɞɟɹ F
Ⱥɬɨɦɧɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɚ.ɟ.ɦ.
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɚ m
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧɚ m
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ m
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ ɟ
Ɋɚɞɢɭɫ Ȼɨɪɚ ɚ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɚɬɨɦɚ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɚ
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ
1
ɇ
m(
H
0
8,8541878210
2,9979245810
6,02204510
h
6,62617610
8,31441 Ⱦɠ/(ɦɨɥɶɄ)
1,38066210
9,64845610
1,660565510
p
n
e
1,672648510
1,00727647 ɚ.ɟ.ɦ.
1,674954310
1,00866501 ɚ.ɟ.ɦ.
9,10953410
5,485802610
1,602189210
5,291770610
1,67355910
1,007825036 ɚ.ɟ.ɦ.
1
0
ɇ)
–12
Ɏ/ɦ
8
ɦ/ɫ
23
ɦɨɥɶ–1
–34
ȾɠÂɫ
–34
ȾɠÂɫ
–23
Ⱦɠ/Ʉ
4
Ʉɥ/ɦɨɥɶ
–27
ɤɝ
–27
ɤɝ,
–27
ɤɝ,
–31
ɤɝ,
–4
ɚ.ɟ.ɦ.
–19
Ʉɥ
–11
ɦ
–27
ɤɝ,
Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ
ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɪɢ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
= 273,15 Ʉ, p0 = 101325 ɉɚ)
(Ɍ
0
V
M
22,4138310–3 ɦ3/ɦɨɥɶ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɉ2
Ƚɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬ
ɉɟɱɚɬɧɵɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɉɟɱɚɬɧɵɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ
ǹ Į áɥɶɮɚ ȃ Ȟ ɧɢ (ɧɸ)
Ǻ ȕ ɛéɬɚ Ȅ ȟ ɤɫɢ
ī Ȗ ɝáɦɦɚ ȅ Ƞ óɦɢɤɪɨɧ
ǻ į ɞéɥɶɬɚ Ȇ ʌ ɩɢ
Ǽ İ ɷɩɫɢɥɨɧ ȇ ȡ ɪɨ
ǽ ȗ ɡéɬɚ Ȉ ı Ȣ ɫɢɝɦɚ
Ǿ Ș ɷɬɚ ȉ IJ ɬáɭ
Ĭ ș ɬɷɬɚ Ȋ ȣ ɢɩɫɢɥɨɧ
ǿ Ț ɢóɬɚ ĭ ij ɮɢ
Ȁ ț ɤáɩɩɚ ȋ Ȥ ɯɢ
ȁ Ȝ ɥáɦɛɞɚ Ȍ ȥ ɩɫɢ
Ȃ ȝ ɦɢ (ɦɸ) ȍ Ȧ ɨɦéɝɚ
183
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɉ3
r
ɪ
–
r
r
–
ɪ
–
ɪ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ s-, p- ɢ d-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ: ɡɚɪɹɞ ɹɞɪɚ Z, ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ
ɦɚɫɫɚ Ɇ, ɚɬɨɦɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ R, ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ E
ɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɭ ȿ
ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɋɢɦɜɨɥ Z
, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɉɨɥɢɧɝɭ F
A
Ɇ,
ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ
R, ɩɦ
,
E
I1
ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ
, ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ
I1
ȿ
,
A
ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ
F
Ⱥɡɨɬ N 7 14,007 71 1402,3 –7 3,04
Ⱥɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ Al 13 26,981 143 577,4 44 1,61
Ⱥɪɝɨɧ A
18 39,948 174 1520,4 –35
ɚɫɱɟɬ
Ȼɚɪɢɣ ȼɚ 56 137,327 217 502,8 –46 0,89
Ȼɟɪɢɥɥɢɣ ȼɟ 4 9,012 113 899,4 –18 1,57
Ȼɨɪ ȼ 5 10,81 88* 800,6 27 2,04
Ȼɪɨɦ B
35 79,904 114* 1140 324,7 2,96
ȼɚɧɚɞɢɣ V 23 50,941 132 650 50,7 1,63
ȼɢɫɦɭɬ Bi 83 208,980 155 703,2 91,3 2,02
ȼɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɇ 1 1,0079 78 1312 72,8 2,20
ȼɨɥɶɮɪɚɦ W 74 183,85 137 770 78,6 2,36
Ƚɚɥɥɢɣ Ga 31 69,723 122 578,8 30 1,81
Ƚɚɮɧɢɣ Hf 72 178,49 156 642 0 1,3
Ƚɟɥɢɣ ɇɟ 2 4,0026 128 2372,3 0 –
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɣ Ge 32 72,61 122 762,1 116 2,01
ɀɟɥɟɡɨ Fe 26 55,847 124 759,3 15,7 1,83
Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ Au 79 196,966 144 890,1 222,8 2,54
ɂɧɞɢɣ In 49 114,82 163 558,3 30 1,78
ɂɨɞ I 53 126,904 133* 1008,4 259,2 2,66
ɂɪɢɞɢɣ I
77 192,22 136 880 151 2,20
ɂɬɬɪɢɣ Y 39 88,905 181 616 29,6 1,22
Ʉɚɞɦɢɣ Cd 48 112,411 149 867,6 –26 1,69
Ʉɚɥɢɣ Ʉ 19 39,098 227 418,8 48,4 0,82
Ʉɚɥɶɰɢɣ ɋɚ 20 40,078 197 589,7 –186 1,00
Ʉɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ Ɉ 8 15,999 66* 1313,9 141 3,44
Ʉɨɛɚɥɶɬ ɋɨ 27 58,933 125 760,0 63,8 1,88
Ʉɪɟɦɧɢɣ Si 14 28,085 117 786,5 133,6 1,90
Ʉɪɢɩɬɨɧ Kr 36 83,80 189* 1350,7
Ʉɫɟɧɨɧ Xe 54 131,29 218 1170,4 –41
39
ɚɫɱɟɬ
2,6
ɚɫɱɟɬ
Ʌɚɧɬɚɧ La 57 138,905 188 538,1 50 1,10
Ʌɢɬɢɣ Li 3 6,941 152 513,3 59,6 0,98
Ɇɚɝɧɢɣ Mg 12 24,305 160 737,7 –21 1,31
Ɇɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ Mn 25 54,938 124 717,4
0
1,55
Ɇɟɞɶ Cu 29 63,546 128 745,4 118,5 1,90
Ɇɨɥɢɛɞɟɧ Ɇɨ 42 95,94 136 685,0 72,0 2,16
Ɇɵɲɶɹɤ As 33 74,921 125 947,0 78 2,18
ɇɚɬɪɢɣ Na 11 22,989 154 495,8 52,9 0,93
184
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɉ3
ɪ
–
t
g
r
ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɋɢɦɜɨɥ
Z
Ɇ,
ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ
R, ɩɦ
ɇɟɨɧ Ne 10 20,179 – 2080,6 –29
,
E
I1
ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ
ȿ
,
A
ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ
ɚɫɱɟɬ
ɇɢɤɟɥɶ Ni 28 58,69 125 736,7 156 1,91
ɇɢɨɛɢɣ Nb 41 92,906 143 664 86,2 1,6
Ɉɥɨɜɨ Sn 50 118,710 140 708,6 116 1,96
Ɉɫɦɢɣ Os 76 190,2 135 840 106 2,2
ɉɚɥɥɚɞɢɣ Pd 46 106,42 137 805 53,7 2,20
ɉɥɚɬɢɧɚ P
78 195,08 138 870 205,3 2,28
Ɋɚɞɢɣ Ra 88 226,025 223 509,3 – 0,89
Ɋɟɧɢɣ Re 75 186,207 137 760 14 1,9
Ɋɨɞɢɣ Rh 45 102,905 134 720 109,7 2,28
Ɋɬɭɬɶ H
80 200,59 160 1007,0 –18 2,00
Ɋɭɛɢɞɢɣ Rb 37 85,467 247 403,0 46,9 0,82
Ɋɭɬɟɧɢɣ Ru 44 101,07 134 711 101 2,2
ɋɜɢɧɟɰ Pb 82 207,2 175 715,5 35,1 2,33
ɋɟɥɟɧ Se 34 78,96 215 940,9 195,0 2,55
ɋɟɪɚ S 16 32,066 104 999,6 200,4 2,59
ɋɟɪɟɛɪɨ Ag 47 107,868 144 731,0 125,7 1,93
ɋɤɚɧɞɢɣ Sc 21 44,9559 160 631 18,1 1,36
ɋɬɪɨɧɰɢɣ Sr 28 87,62 215 549,5 –146 0,95
ɋɭɪɶɦɚ Sb 51 121,75 182 833,7 101 2,05
Ɍɚɥɥɢɣ Tl 81 204,383 170 589,3 20 1,62
Ɍɚɧɬɚɥ Ɍɚ 73 180,947 143 761 14 1,5
Ɍɟɥɥɭɪ Ɍɟ 52 127,60 143 869,2 190,2 2,1
Ɍɟɯɧɟɰɢɣ Ɍɫ 43 98,906 136 702 96 1,9
Ɍɢɬɚɧ Ti 22 47,88 145 658 7,6 1,54
ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɋ 6 12,011 77* 1086,2 121,9 2,56
Ɏɨɫɮɨɪ Ɋ 15 30,973 110* 1011,7 72,0 2,19
Ɏɬɨɪ F 9 18,998 58*
ɏɥɨɪ Cl 17 35,453 99*
ɏɪɨɦ C
24 51,996 125 652,7 64,3 1,66
1681 328 3,98
125,1 349 3,16
ɐɟɡɢɣ Cs 55 132,905 265 375,7 45,5 0,79
ɐɢɧɤ Zn 30 65,39 133 906,4 9 1,65
ɐɢɪɤɨɧɢɣ Zr 40 91,224 160 660 41,1 1,33
* – ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ
F
185
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɉ4
r
r
r
g
–
– –
–
– –
–
d
–
Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ
Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɵ Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ (ɚɧɢɨɧɵ)
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ
HF ɮɬɨɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ F
HCl ɯɥɨɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ Cl
HBr ɛɪɨɦɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ B
HI ɣɨɞɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ I
HNO2 ɚɡɨɬɢɫɬɚɹ NO
HNO3 ɚɡɨɬɧɚɹ NO
HSCN ɪɨɞɚɧɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ SCN
HCN ɰɢɚɧɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ CN
HClO4 ɯɥɨɪɧɚɹ ClO
HMnO4 ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɨɜɚɹ MnO
CH3COOH ɭɤɫɭɫɧɚɹ CH3COO
H2SO4 ɫɟɪɧɚɹ
H2SO3 ɫɟɪɧɢɫɬɚɹ
H2S ɫɟɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ
H2CO
H2SiO
3
3
ɭɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ
ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɚɹ SiO
H2CrO4 ɯɪɨɦɨɜɚɹ CrO
H2C
H3PO
ɞɢɯɪɨɦɨɜɚɹ C
2O7
ɨɪɬɨɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɚɹ
4
(ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɚɹ)
–
–
–
–
–
2
–
3
–
–
–
ɩɟɪɯɥɨɪɚɬ
4
–
ɩɟɪɦɚɧɝɚɧɚɬ
4
–
–
HSO
4
2–
SO
4
–
ɝɢɞɪɨɫɭɥɶɮɢɬ
HSO
3
2–
SO
ɫɭɥɶɮɢɬ
3
–
ɝɢɞɪɨɫɭɥɶɮɢɞ
HS
ɮɬɨɪɢɞ
ɯɥɨɪɢɞ
ɛɪɨɦɢɞ
ɣɨɞɢɞ
ɧɢɬɪɢɬ
ɧɢɬɪɚɬ
ɪɨɞɚɧɢɞ
ɰɢɚɧɢɞ
ɚɰɟɬɚɬ
ɝɢɞɪɨɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ
ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ
S2– ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞ
–
ɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ
HCO
3
2–
CO
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ
3
2–
3
2–
ɯɪɨɦɚɬ
4
2–
ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬ
2O7
–
H
2PO4
2–
HPO
4
3–
PO
4
ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬ
ɞɢɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɫɮɚɬ
ɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɫɮɚɬ
ɮɨɫɮɚɬ
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ (T = 298 K):
ɪ – ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ (!10 ɝ/ɥ ɇ2Ɉ), ɦ – ɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ (10y0,01 ɝ/ɥ ɇ2Ɉ),
ɬ – ɬɪɭɞɧɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ (0,01 ɝ/ɥ ɇ
Ɉ), ɩɪɨɱɟɪɤ – ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ
2
ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ
Cl
ɂɨɧɵ
+
A
3+
Al
2+
Ba
2+
Be
2+
Ca
2+
C
2+
Co
COOCN CO
CH
3
ɦ ɬ ɬ ɬ ɪ ɪ
ɦ
ɪ ɪ ɧ ɪ ɦ ɪ ɪ ɬ ɪ ɬ
ɦ
ɪ ɪ ɬ ɪ ɬ ɪ ɦ ɬ ɪ ɦ
ɪ ɦ
ɪ ɬ ɬ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɬ ɬ ɬ ɪ
2
3
F NO
ɪ ɦ ɪ ɬ ɬ
ɪ ɪ ɪ ɬ ɬ
ɪ ɪ ɪ ɬ ɬ ɬ ɪ
186
OH PO
3
2
3
ɬ ɬ ɦ
2
S
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɉ5
2
SO
4
ɪ
ɪ
Cl
r
–
–
–
–
–
–
g
–
–
–
K
g
–
H
–
–
r
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
(
–
–
ɂɨɧɵ
3+
C
+
Cs
2+
Cu
2+
Fe
3+
Fe
+
H
2+
H
+
+
Li
2+
M
2+
Mn
+
NH
4
+
Na
2+
Ni
2+
Pb
2+
Zn
COOCN CO
CH
3
ɬ
ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ
ɪ ɬ ɬ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɬ ɬ ɬ ɪ
ɪ ɬ ɬ ɪ ɦ ɪ ɬ ɬ ɬ ɪ
ɬ
ɪ ɪ ɦ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɦ ɪ
ɪ ɪ
ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ
ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɬ ɪ ɪ ɦ ɪ ɪ
ɪ ɬ ɦ ɪ ɦ ɪ ɬ ɬ ɬ ɪ
ɪ ɬ ɬ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɬ ɬ ɬ ɪ
ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ
ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ
ɪ ɬ ɬ ɪ ɪ ɪ ɬ ɬ ɬ ɪ
ɪ ɬ ɬ ɦ ɦ ɪ ɬ ɬ ɬ ɬ
ɪ ɬ ɬ ɪ ɦ ɪ ɬ ɬ ɬ ɪ
2
3
ɪ ɦ ɪ ɬ ɬ
ɪ ɬ ɪ ɬ ɬ
Ɋ
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɪɢ T = 298 K
ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
H'
Ag ɬ 0 +43
AgNO
3
ɬ
Al ɬ 0 +28
Al2O3 ɬ
B
ɠ 0 +152
2
CO ɝ
CO
2
ɝ
ɋɚ ɬ 0 +42
CɚɈ ɬ
Cl
2
ɝ 0 +223
Cr ɬ 0 +24
Cu ɬ 0 +33
ɋuO ɬ
CuS ɬ
Fe ɬ 0 +27
FeO ɬ
Fe2O
3
FeSO
4
Fe
SO
2
4)3
ɇ
2
HCl ɝ
ɬ
ɬ
ɬ
ɝ 0 +131
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɉ5
F NO
OH PO
3
2
2
S
3
SO
ɪ
ɪ
ɪ
ɬ ɬ ɪ
ɪ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɉ6
'
f
0
, ɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɢ
298
0
S
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
298
0
, ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ
298f
0
S
, Ⱦɠ/(ɦɨɥɶK)
298
125 +141
1676 +51
111 +198
394 +214
636 +40
162 +43
53 +67
265 +61
822 +87
928 +108
2584 +283
92 +187
187
2
4
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɉ6
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
K
–
–
–
–
–
(
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
ɪɮ
) –
–
–
–
–
–
ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
HNO
ɇ2Ɉ
3
ɝ
ɠ
ɝ
ɠ
H2S ɝ
H2SO
4
Ɉ ɬ
2
ɝ
ɠ
0
, ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ
H'
298f
135 +267
173 +156
242 +189
286 +70
21 +206
744 +301
814 +157
363 +94
0
S
, Ⱦɠ/(ɦɨɥɶK)
298
Mg ɬ 0 +33
MgCO3 ɬ
MgCl2
N
NH
2
3
ɝ 0 +192
ɝ
NH4Cl ɬ
NH
4)2
CrO
4
ɬ
1096 +665
645 +90
46 +193
314 +96
1182 +168
NO ɝ +91 +211
NO
2
ɝ +34 +240
N2O ɝ +82 +220
N2O
3
N2O
5
Na2CO
3
NaClO
3
NaClO
4
Na2SiO
3
O
2
O
3
Ɋ4Ɉ10 ɬ
ɝ +83 +307
ɝ +13 +357
ɬ
ɬ
ɬ
ɬ
1131 +139
365 +123
383 +140
1561 +114
ɝ 0 205
ɝ +142 +239
2984 +229
Pb ɬ 0 +65
PbO ɬ
PbO
2
Pb(NO
SiH
ɬ
3)2
4
SiO2 ɬ (ɚɦɨ
ɬ
ɝ +35 +205
218 +69
277 +72
452 +218
903 +47
Ti ɬ 0 +31
TiCl4 ɠ
805 +252
V ɬ 0 +29
V2O
3
ɬ
1218 +98
W ɬ 0 +33
WO3 ɬ
ZnO ɬ
ZnS ɬ
843 +76
348 +44
205 +58
188
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ
ɏ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ (T = 298 K)
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ E 0 , ȼ
+
Li
+ e ɏ Li
+
Cs
+ e
ɏ Cs
+
K
+ e
ɏ K
+
2+
2+
2+
2+
3+
2+
3+
2+
3+
2+
2+
2+
2+
3+
2+
2+
3+
Tl
2+
2+
2+
3+
2+
2+
2+
+ e
+ 2e
+ 2e
+ 2e
+ 2e
+
+ e
+ 3e
+ 2e
+ 3e
+ 2e
+ 3e
+ 2e
+ 2e
+ 2e
+ 2e
+ 3e
+ 2e
+ 2e
+ 3e
+
+ e
+ 2e
+ 2e
+ 2e
+ 3e
+ 2e
+
+ 2e
+ 2e
+
+ e
+ 2e
ɏ Rb
ɏ Ra
ɏ Ba
ɏ Sr
ɏ Ca
ɏ Na
ɏ La
ɏ Mg
ɏ Sc
ɏ Be
ɏ Al
ɏ Ti
ɏ Mn
ɏ V
ɏ Zn
ɏ Cr
ɏ Fe
ɏ Cd
ɏ In
ɏ Tl
ɏ Co
ɏ Ni
ɏ Sn
ɏ Mo
ɏ Pb
H
ɏ Bi
ɏ Cu
ɏ Ag
ɏ Hg
2
Rb
Ra
Ba
Sr
Ca
Na
La
Mg
Sc
Be
Al
Ti
Mn
V
Zn
Cr
Fe
Cd
In
Co
Ni
Sn
Mo
Pb
2H
Bi3+ + 3e
Cu
+ 2H2O + 4e ɏ4OH–
2
Ag
Hg
Cs+ | Cs
Rb+ | Rb
Ra2+ | Ba
Ba2+ | Ba
Sr
Ca2+ | Ca
Na+ | Na
La
Mg2+ | Mg
Sc3+ | Sc
Be2+ | Be
Al3+ | Al
Ti2+ | Ti
Mn
Zn2+ | Zn
Cr3+ | Cr
Fe2+ | Fe
Cd2+ | Cd
In3+ | In
Co2+ | Co
Ni2+ | Ni
Sn2+ | Sn
Mo3+ | Mo
Pb2+ | Pb
H
Bi3+ | Bi
Cu2+ | Cu
O2, Pt|OH–
Ag+ | Ag
Hg2+ | Hg
Li+ | Li
K+ | K
2+
| Sr
3+
| La
2+
| Mn
V2+ | V
Tl+ | Tl
+
|ɇ2, Pt
O
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɉ7
– 3,040
– 3,026
– 2,936
– 2,923
– 2,916
– 2,91
– 2,90
– 2,87
– 2,714
– 2,38
– 2,356
– 2,03
– 1,97
– 1,676
– 1,63
– 1,18
– 1,13
– 0,762
– 0,744
– 0,44
– 0,402
– 0,338
– 0,336
– 0,282
– 0,257
– 0,137
– 0,13
– 0,125
0,000
+ 0,317
+ 0,34
+ 0,401
+ 0,799
+ 0,85
189
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɉ7
E
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞ ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ
2+
Pd2+ | Pd
Pt2+ | Pt
O2, Pt|OH–
Cl2, Pt|Cl–
Au3+ | Au
F2, Pt|F–
Pd
Pt
+ 4H+ + 4e ɏ 2H2O
O
2
Cl
Au
F
+ 2e
ɏ Pd
2+
+ 2e
ɏ Pt
+ 2e ɏ 2Cl–
2
3+
+ 3e
ɏ Au
+ 2e ɏ 2F–
2
0 , ȼ
+ 0,915
+ 1,19
+ 1,229
+ 1,358
+ 1,498
+ 2,866
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɉ8
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ
(T = 298 K)
Ɉɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ E
0
, ȼ
ɩɚɪɚ
S | S2–
Cr3+ | Cr
Ti3+ | Ti
V3+ | V
Sn4+ | Sn
2+
2+
2+
2+
Cu2+ | Cu+
I2| I–
Fe3+ | Fe
2+
Br2|Br–
S + 2e
Br
Sn
Cr
Ti
V
Cu
Fe
2 (aq)
3+
3+
3+
4+
I
2
3+
+ e
+ e
+ e
+ 2e
2+
+ e
+ 2e ɏ 2I–
+ e
+ 2e ɏ 2Br –
ɏ S
ɏ Cr
ɏ Ti
ɏ V
ɏ Sn
ɏ Cu
ɏ Fe
2–
2+
2+
2+
2+
+
– 0,476
– 0,424
– 0,37
– 0,225
+ 0,15
+ 0,159
+ 0,535
2+
+ 0,771
+ 1,087
190
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