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ȽɅȺȼȺ 11. ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɄɈɊɊɈɁɂə
ȿ
ȿ
ȿ
Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɟɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɯ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɯ ɫ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ.
Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɮɚɡ: ɦɟɬɚɥɥ – ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ
ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɦ.
Ɍɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɭɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ, ɪɚɡ-
ɜɢɜɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɢɯ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ.
ȼ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɧɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ (CO
, SO2, ɇ2S ɢ ɞɪ.).
2
ɉɪɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɞɜɟ
ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ: ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɧɚ ɚɧɨɞɟ:
n+
Me – ne = Me
ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɨɞɟ:
Ox + ne = Red.
Ɉɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɢ ɢɨɧɵ O
Cl
, H +, Fe3+, NO
2
–
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ.
3
,
2
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɰɟɩɢ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɧɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɤɨɪɪɨɞɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ
ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ.
Ɍɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ
,EFzG
)( '
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ Ƚɢɛɛɫɚ
r
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɪɚɡ-
ɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ (ȿ), ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɭɸ ɢ ɚɧɨɞɧɭɸ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
()( ),ȿȿȿ
ɤɨɪ. ɤ Me
()
ɝɞɟ
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ, ɟɫɥɢ
– ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ;
Me
()
– ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɤ
0,G' ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
()().
ȿ
Me ɤ
(11.1)
ɤɨɪ.
0,ȿ !
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ:
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ-ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ (ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ) ɢ ɢɨɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɜɫɟ-
161
ɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ (ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ-
–
E
–
ɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ. ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢ-
ɠɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɪɇ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦ:
ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ
HH
2
0,059pH.E
ɞɥɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ:
OOH
2
1, 229 0,059ɪɇ.ȿ
ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 11.1 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚɯ, ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ.
Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ. Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɚɹ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ (11.1), ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ:
ɝɞɟ
()
– ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ;
Me
()ȿ
OOH
– ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ. ɋ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢ-
2
()( ),E ȿ
Me
OOH
2
ɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɞɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ, ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɟ, ɢ ɜ
ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 11.1
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ
Ʉɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ
ɩɪɢ
ȼɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ 0,0 –0,413
ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɇ ɫɪɟɞɵ
Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ȼ,
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɵ
0 7 14
+1,229 +0,816 +0,403
.ɚɬɦ,ɪ
2102
Ɉ
ɩɪɢ ɪɇ ɫɪɟɞɵ
0,826
ɉɪɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ:
ɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
O
+ 2H2Ɉ + 4e = 4Ɉɇ–. (11.2)
2
ɜ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ cɪɟɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
O
+ 4H+ + 4e = 2H2Ɉ. (11.3)
2
162
Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɚɹ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ
ɢɨɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɟɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ (11.1) ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ:
HH
,EE
2
ɝɞɟ
E
– ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ;
Me
E
– ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ.
HH
2
Me
Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ, ɱɟɦ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ.
Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ:
ɚ) ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ;
ɛ) ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ
ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
+
+ 2e = H2,
2H
ɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
Ɉ + 2e = H2 + 2OHí.
2H
2
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɪɇ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (11.1) ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɪɹɞɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ:
1. Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
()( )EE
!
ɢ
Me
ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ
HH
2
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɬɨɪ (ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɇ
), ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. Ʉ ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɢ Ɉ
2
()( ),E ȿ!
Me
OOH
2
+
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɡɨɥɨɬɨ, ɩɥɚɬɢɧɚ ɢ ɩɚɥɥɚɞɢɣ.
2. Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
()( )EE
ɢ
!
Me
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ.
HH
2
()( ),E ȿ!
Me
OOH
2
Ʉ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɇ= 6–9 ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɞɶ, ɨɥɨɜɨ, ɤɚɞɦɢɣ, ɧɢɤɟɥɶ.
3.Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ȿE
Me
),()(
ɢ
OHO
2
EE
Me
ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫ-
)()(
HH
2
ɬɜɨɪɚɯ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ. Ʉ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɯɪɨɦ, ɰɢɧɤ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɦ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶ-
ɫɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ, ɧɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɤɨɪɪɨɞɢɪɭɸɬ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɚɧɨɞɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ
ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɵ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ
(–1,66 ȼ), ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɹ (–1,54 ȼ), ɬɢɬɚɧɚ (–1,21 ȼ), ɯɪɨɦɚ (–0,74 ȼ) ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
163
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɬɚɤ
ɢ ɫ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɨɧɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɚɰɢɢ. ɋɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɜ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɢɤɟɥɶ, ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬ, ɦɚɝɧɢɣ ɢ
ɞɪ.
Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɥɟɣ, ɬɨɪɦɨɡɹɳɢɯ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 11.1. Ⱦɜɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɰɢɧɤ ɢ ɦɟɞɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ,
ɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ? ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɢ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ȼɵɩɢɲɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ:
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɰɟɫɫ):
00
00
EE
22
Zn /Zn C u / Cu
Zn /Zn Cu /Cu
0,76 B, 0, 34 B.EE
22
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɰɢɧɤ (ɚɧɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɨ-
Zn –2e ĺ Zn
2+
.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɦɟɞɶ, ɢ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ,
ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ (ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ):
+ 2H2Ɉ + 4e = 4Ɉɇ–.
O
2
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 11.2. ɀɟɥɟɡɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɭ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɭɸ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɧɢɤɟɥɹ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢ-
ɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ȼɵɩɢɲɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ:
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɰɟɫɫ):
00
Fe /Fe Ni /Ni
00
EE
22
Fe / Fe Ni /Ni
0, 44 B, 0, 26 B.EE
22
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ (ɚɧɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɨ-
2+
Fe –2e ĺ Fe
.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɧɢɤɟɥɶ, ɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ (ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ):
+
+ 2e = ɇ2.
2ɇ
Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɞɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ
ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɟɝɨ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɢ.
164
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 11.3. ɀɟɥɟɡɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨ ɨɥɨɜɨɦ. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ,
ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ (ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ), ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɚ
ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɥɨɜɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ȼɵɩɢɲɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ:
00
22
Fe /Fe Sn /Sn
0, 44B, 0,14 B.EE
Ɉɥɨɜɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ. ȼ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɥɨɜɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɚɧɨɞɨɦ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɚ ɤɚɬɨɞɨɦ ɨɥɨɜɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
22
Fe /Fe Sn /Sn
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɛɭ-
00
EE
ɞɟɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ (ɚɧɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ):
2+
Fe –2e ĺ Fe
.
Ⱥɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɬɶ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ:
+ 2ɇ2Ɉ + 4e = 4Ɉɇ–.
Ɉ
2
Ʉɚɬɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɢɡɨɥɢɪɭɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 11.4. ɀɟɥɟɡɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨ ɰɢɧɤɨɦ. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ,
ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ (ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ), ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɚ
ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɰɢɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ȼɵɩɢɲɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɨɜ:
00
Fe /Fe Zn /Zn
0, 44B, 0, 76B.EE
22
ɐɢɧɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɚɧɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ. ȼ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɰɢɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɚɧɨɞɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɢɧɤ, ɚ ɤɚɬɨɞɨɦ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
00
EE
22
Zn /Zn Fe /Fe
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɰɢɧɤ (ɚɧɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ):
Zn –2e ĺ Zn
2+
.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ):
+ 2ɇ2Ɉ + 4e = 4Ɉɇ–.
Ɉ
2
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɚɧɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ
ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɢɡɨɥɢɪɭɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 11.5. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ
ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɤɟɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɞɢ ɜ ɚɷɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ.
ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɧɢɤɟɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ
(
0
2
Ni Ni
–0,257 ȼE
) ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢ-
165
ɚɥɚ ɦɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɚ (
0
2
Cu Cu
0,34 BE
). ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɢɤɟɥɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ
ɧɚ ɦɟɞɧɨɦ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɨɞɧɵɦ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɬɶɫɹ (ɨɤɢɫɥɹɬɶɫɹ) ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɢɤɟɥɶ.
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ:
2+
Ⱥ: Ni – 2e =Ni
+ 2H2O + 4e = 4OH.
Ʉ: O
2
,
ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ:
2Ni + O
+ 2H2O = 2Ni2+ + 4OH = 2Ni(OH)2p.
2
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɬɟɫɬ 14 (ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ)
1. ɉɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚɦɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ,
ɤɚɤɢɟ ɞɜɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɯɥɨɪɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ: Mn, Cu, Pt, Ag, Zn.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Mn, Cu.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Mn, Zn.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Cu, Zn.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Cu, Pt.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. Mn, Ag.
2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ ɢɡ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ
ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɧɢɤɟɥɟɜɵɦ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ: Sn, Cu, Ag,
Pb, Zn.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Sn.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Cu.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Zn.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Ag.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. Pb.
3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ ɢɡ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ:
Cd, Mn, Fe, Sn, Zn.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Fe.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Mn.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Cd.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Zn.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. Sn.
4. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɜ
ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. O
+ 4H+ + 4e = 2H2O.
2
166
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 2H
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. O
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Fe – 2e = Fe
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 2H
+
+ 2e = H2.
+ 2H2O + 4e = 4OH.
2
O + 2e = H2 + 2OH.
2
2+
.
5. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɜ
ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɜ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. O
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Zn – 2e = Zn
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. O
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Zn
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 2H
+ 4H+ + 4e = 2H2O.
2
+ 2H2O + 4e = 4OH.
2
2 +
+ 2e = Zn.
O + 2e = H2 + 2OH.
2
2+
.
6. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ
ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɤɟɥɹ ɢ ɦɟɞɢ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Ⱥ: Ni – 2e = Ni
Ʉ: O
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Ⱥ: Cu – 2e = Cu
Ʉ: O
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Ⱥ: Ni – 2e = Ni
Ʉ: Cu
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Ⱥ: Ni – 2e = Ni
Ʉ: O
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. Ⱥ: Cu – 2e = Cu
Ʉ: O
+ 2H2O + 4e = 4OH.
2
+ 4H+ + 4e = 2H2O.
2
2+
+ 2e = Cu.
+ 4H+ + 4e = 2H2O.
2
+ 4H++ 4e = 4OH.
2
2 +
2+
2+
;
2+
;
;
;
2+
;
7. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ
ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɰɢɧɤɚ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Ⱥ: Zn – 2e = Zn
Ʉ: 2H
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Ⱥ: Zn – 2e = Zn
Ʉ: 2H
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Ⱥ: Zn – 2e = Zn
Ʉ: Fe
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Ⱥ: Fe – 2e = Fe
Ʉ: 2H
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. Ⱥ: Fe – 2e = Fe
Ʉ: 2H
O + 2e = H2 + 2OH.
2
+
+ 2e = H2.
2+
+ 2e = Fe.
+
+ 2e = H2.
O + 2e = H2 + 2OH.
2
2+
;
2+
;
2+
;
2+
;
2+
;
8. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ
ɢ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Sn – 2e = Sn
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Fe
2+
+ 2e = Fe.
2+
.
167
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. O
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Fe – 2e = Fe
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 2H
+ 2H2O + 4e = 4OH.
2
+
+ 2e = H2.
2+
.
9. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ ɢɡ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɢɤɟɥɹ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɤɟɥɹ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Ni – 2e = Ni
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Ni
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 2H
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. O
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. Al
2+
+ 2e = Ni.
+
+ 2e = H2.
+ 2H2O + 4e = 4OH.
2
3+
+ 3e = Al.
2+
.
10. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɚɧɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɣ
ɢɡ Cd ɢ Ag ɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Cd – 2e = Cd
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Ag – e = Ag
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. O
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Cd
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. Ag
+ 2H2O + 4e = 4OH.
2
2+
+ 2e = Cd.
+
+ e = Ag.
2+
.
+
.
11. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. E
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. E
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. E
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. E
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. E
!
Ⱥ
0.
Ʉ
EȺ.
Ʉ
! EȺ.
Ʉ
! 0.
Ʉ
HH
.
2
E
12. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɚɷɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ: Ni,
Sn, Pb, Zn, Cu.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Ni.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Sn.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Pb.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Zn.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. Cu.
13. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɦɚɥɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ (ɠɟɥɟɡɚ) ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ
ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɧɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ:
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. ɋɟɪɟɛɪɨ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Ɉɥɨɜɨ.
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ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. ɐɢɧɤ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Ɇɟɞɶ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɇɢɤɟɥɶ.
14. Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ?
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Ɇɟɞɶ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Ɉɥɨɜɨ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. ɇɢɤɟɥɶ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Ɇɚɝɧɢɣ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɋɜɢɧɟɰ.
15. Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɤɟɥɹ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ?
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Ɇɟɞɶ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Ɉɥɨɜɨ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. ɋɟɪɟɛɪɨ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. ɋɜɢɧɟɰ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɐɢɧɤ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ
11.1–11.12. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ.
ʋ
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ
ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ
ʋ
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ
ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ
1 2 1 2
11.1 Cd Fe 11.7 Zn Ni
11.2 Mn Sn 11.8 Fe Cu
11.3 Cu Ag 11.9 Cr Ni
11.4 Zn Pb 11.10 Ag Zn
11.5 Co Ni 11.11 Mo Fe
11.6 Fe Al 11.12 Co Mn
11.13–11.24. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ
ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ.
ʋ
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ
ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ
ʋ
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɵ
ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ
1 2 1 2
11.13 Zn Ni 11.19 Cd Fe
11.14 Fe Cu 11.20 Mn Sn
11.15 Cr Ni 11.21 Cu Ag
11.16 Ag Zn 11.22 Zn Pb
11.17 Mo Fe 11.23 Co Ni
11.18 Co Mn 11.24 Fe Al
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11.25–11.36. Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ
ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ? ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɦɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ.
ʋ Ɇɟɬɚɥɥ ɋɪɟɞɚ ʋ Ɇɟɬɚɥɥ ɋɪɟɞɚ
11.25 Mn ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ 11.31 Mo ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɚɹ
11.26 Cr ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɚɹ 11.32 Sn ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ
11.27 Cd ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ 11.33 Ti ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɚɹ
11.28 Fe ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɚɹ 11.34 V ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ
11.29 Co ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɚɹ 11.35 Cd ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɚɹ
11.30 Ni ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ 11.36 Al ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ
11.37–11.48. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ
ɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ
ɧɚ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɦɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ.
Ɂɚɳɢɳɚɟɦɵɣ
ʋ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥ
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ
11.37 Fe Zn
11.38 Mn Ni
11.39 Cu Sn
11.40 Ti Ag
11.41 Cr Fe
11.42 Cd Cu
11.43 Ni Ti
11.44 Pb Al
11.45 Zn Cd
11.46 Mg Cu
11.47 Au Ni
11.48 Co Ag
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