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Файл:Химия для инженеров в примерах, тестах, задачах. Учебное пособие
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k
= 1,21Â10–3 ɥ/(ɦɨɥɶÂɫ). ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢ-
2
ɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ k
= 680 K.
ɪɟ Ɍ
3
6.15. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɚɡɨɬɚ NO
= 5,22Â10–5 ɥ /(ɦɨɥɶÂɫ), ɚ ɩɪɢ Ɍ2 = 627 K í k2 = 17,00Â10–5 ɥ/(ɦɨɥɶÂɫ). ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ
k
1
ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭ-
3
ɩɪɢ 592 K ɪɚɜɧɚ
2
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ.
6.16. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ:
ɩɪɢ 1000 K ɪɚɜɧɚ k = 0,4 ɥ
2NO + 2H
2
/(ɦɨɥɶ2Âɫ), ɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ – 184 ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ. Ɋɚɫ-
o N2 + 2H2O
2
ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 973K.
6.17. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ 404K ɪɚɜ-
ɧɚ 4,14Â10
–4 ɫ–1
. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɚ 108 ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ. ȼɵɱɢɫ-
ɥɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 440K ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
6.18. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ, ɧɚ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ ɜ 50 ɢ ɜ 100 ɪɚɡ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ 3.
6.19. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɣɨɞɢɞɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ
ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ 356–374 °ɋ ɪɚɜɟɧ 2. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ
ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮɚ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ 374 °ɋ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɩɪɢ 356 °ɋ ɨɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ k = 8,09Â10
–5
ɥ/(ɦɨɥɶÂɫ).
6.20. ɉɪɢ 150 °ɋ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ 16 ɦɢɧ. ɉɪɢɧɹɜ ɬɟɦ-
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ Ȗ = 2,5, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɢɧɭɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɛɵ ɷɬɚ ɠɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɢ 180 ɢ 130 °ɋ.
101
ȽɅȺȼȺ 7. ɋȼɈɃɋɌȼȺ ɊȺɋɌȼɈɊɈȼ ɇȿɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɅɂɌɈȼ
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɭɸ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ.
7.1. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɷɬɨ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ) ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ, ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ.
Z
1. Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ
ɤ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ 6m
:
i
ɝɞɟ Z
ɛɟɡɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ 1 ɢɥɢ ɨɬ 0
i
ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ i-ɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ mi
i
m
i
Ȧ ,
i
(7.1)
m
¦
i
ɞɨ 100 % (ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ).
2. Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ (ɦɨɥɶɧɚɹ) ɞɨɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ x
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ n
ɤ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɦɨɥɟɣ ¦n
i
ɜɫɟɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɛɟɡ-
i
ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɦɨɥɟɣ i-ɝɨ
i
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ:
n
i
xn
i
. (7.2)
¦
i
3. Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢɥɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ n ɜ 1 ɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ, ɢɥɢ, ɫɨɤɪɚ-
ɋ
i
ɳɟɧɧɨ, Ɇ:
nm
ii
C
i
VMV
, (7.3)
i
ɝɞɟ V ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (ɥ);
m
– ɦɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɝ);
i
– ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ).
Ɇ
i
4. Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢɥɢ ɧɨɪ-
ɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ, ɢɥɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɋ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ n
ɋ
ɝɞɟ Ɇ
– ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ ɷɤɜ);
ɷɤɜ
– ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ;
z
ɷɤɜ
ɜ 1 ɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɦɨɥɶ ɷɤɜ/ɥ, ɢɥɢ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨ, ɧ.:
ɷɤɜ
ɷɤɜ
=
n
ɷɤɜ
V
=
m
VM
ɷɤɜ
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ
ɷɤɜ
ɷɤɜ
=
, (7.4)
VMzm
V ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (ɥ);
m – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɝ);
Ɇ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ).
102
5. Ɇɨɥɹɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢɥɢ ɦɨɥɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ,
s
ɋ
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ n, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ 1 ɤɝ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟ-
m
ɥɹ, ɦɨɥɶ/ɤɝ:
nm
C
m
mMm
, (7.5)
s
ɝɞɟ m í ɦɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɝ);
Ɇ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ);
ɦɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ (ɤɝ).
m
s
6. Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɋ
– ɦɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ m ɜ 1 ɥ
ɦɚɫɫ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɝ/ɥ:
m
CV
ɦɚɫɫ
, (7.6)
ɝɞɟ V ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (ɥ).
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ:
ɋ
ɝɞɟ ɋ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, V
ɢ ɋ
ɷɤɜ1
– ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɷɤɜ2
ɢ V2 – ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ.
1
ɷɤɜ1 ÂV1
= ɋ
, (7.7)
ɷɤɜ2 ÂV2
7.2. Ʉɨɥɥɢɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ
Ʉɨɥɥɢɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢ-
ɪɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɨɬ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɟɝɨ
ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ.
Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɧɟɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ: (ɧɟɥɟɬɭɱɢɦɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨ
ɦɚɥɨ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɩɚɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ)
1. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɚɞ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ.
2. ɉɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ.
3. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ ɪɚɫ-
ɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ.
4. Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ.
Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ɋɚɭɥɹ. ɉɭɫɬɶ p
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɚ p
ɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ (p
ɥɢɱɢɧɚ (p
0
– pA) / p
A
0
í ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚɞ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɪɢ
A
– ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɚɞ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɣ
A
0
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ
A
0
– pA) ɪɚɜɧɚ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ. ȼɟ-
A
ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.
Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ɋɚɭɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɚɞ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ:
0
pp
AA B
0
p
A
x
B
n
nn
AB
, (7.8)
103
ɝɞɟ Ⱥ – ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ;
ȼ – ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ;
x
– ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
B
Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɚɞ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɹɦɨ
ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ, ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɧɚɞ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ:
0
. (7.9)
xpp
A
AA
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
ɂɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ɋɚɭɥɹ ɩɪɢ
ɜɫɟɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ.
ɂɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ.
1. ȼ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚ-
ɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ:
= E
E
AA
AB
= EBB.
Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ
ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɦɚɥɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɫɦɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡɨɬɨɩɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ
ɢɥɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɢɡɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ.
2. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɦ ('
H = 0).
mix
3. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɨɛɴɺɦɨɜ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɨ
ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ('
V = 0).
mix
ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɡ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ Ɋɚɭɥɹ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ (ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢ-
ɡɚɰɢɢ) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ (ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ) ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ.
ɉɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɥɹɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ:
= KɄ āɋm,
' Ɍ
ɡɚɦ.
ɝɞɟ K
ɥɹ K
ɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ 'T
– ɤɪɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟ-
Ʉ
ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɏɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ KɄ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɩɨ-
Ʉ
ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɦɨɥɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɋm = 1 ɦɨɥɶ/ɤɝ.
ɡɚɦ
ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɡ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ Ɋɚɭɥɹ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜɵɲɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ.
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɥɹɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ:
= Kɗ āɋm,
'T
ɤɢɩ
– ɷɛɭɥɥɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ, ɢɥɢ ɦɨɥɹɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-
ɝɞɟ K
ɗ
ɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ([K
] = K . ɤɝ /ɦɨɥɶ). Ɍɨ, ɱɬɨ ' Ɍ
ɗ
ɡɚɦ.
ɢ 'T
ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ
ɤɢɩ.
104
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɞɚɺɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠ-
M
M
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ
ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ.
ɉɭɫɬɶ m
ɝɪɚɦɦɨɜ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ȼ ɫ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ M B ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɜ mA
B
ɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɦɨɥɟɣ ȼ ɪɚɜɧɨ:
n
= mB / MB,
B
ɦɨɥɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
ɋ
= 1000 mB / mA MB.
m
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ:
1000m
B
m
BA
.
ɂɡɦɟɪɢɜ 'Ɍ
'
TK
ɡɚɦ K
, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ MB. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ
ɡɚɦ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɨ-
ɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ:
1000m
TK
'
ɤɢɩ ɗ
B
m
BA
.
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɛɭɥɥɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. Ʉɪɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɢ ɷɛɭɥɥɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɢ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɪɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ ɢ ɷɛɭɥɥɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ,
ɧɟ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟ.
Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɫɦɨɫ – ɷɬɨ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨ-
ɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɭ (ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ) ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɱɢɫɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɸ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ.
Ɉɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɫɢɥɟ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɭ.
Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ 3 ɱɢɫɥɟɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ h, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ. Ɉɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
ə. ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟ-
ɧɢɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ:
3 V = n R T ɢɥɢ 3 = (n / V) RT.
105
Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ:
3 = CRT,
ɝɞɟ 3 – ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ,
C – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ (ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ).
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 7.1. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜɡɹɥɢ 200 ɦɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ 5 ɝ ɝɢɞɪɨɤ-
ɫɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ KɈɇ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ KɈɇ ɜ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ: ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (7.1):
m
Ȧ
KOH
mm
KOH H O
.
2
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɦ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɜɨɞɵ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɟɺ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ȡɜ = 1 ɝ/ɦɥ:
ȡ 1 ɝ/ɦɥ 200 ɦɥ 200 ɝ.mV
HO ɜɜ
2
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ KɈɇ:
5
Ȧ 0,0244 ( 2, 44%).
5200
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 7.2. ȼ 200 ɝ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɢ 14 ɝ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɦɨ-
ɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ (7.2):
n
NaCl
x
NaCl
2
.
nn
NaClOH
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ
ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ:
m
nM
NaCl
NaCl
NaCl
14
0, 24 ɦɨɥɶ,
58,5
x
NaCl
11,12 0,24
0, 24
m
200
HO
2
0,021.
2
HO
2
18
11,12 ɦɨɥɶ,
nM
HO
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 7.3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ, ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ
ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ (ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ), ɦɨɥɹɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɪɬɨɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɣ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ H
ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ Z = 0,30 (ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ U = 1,18 ɝ/ɦɥ).
3PO4
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. 1. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɨɪɬɨɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ V = 1 ɥ = 1000 ɦɥ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ:
(H PO ) (H PO )
mm
34 34
Ȧ (H PO ) ,
(H PO ) (H PO ) ȡ 0,30 1,18 ɝ/ɦɥ 1000 ɦɥ 354 ɝ.mV Z
34 34
34
mV
p
ȡ
106
2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ H
M
U
(H PO )
m
C
34
MV
(H PO ) 98 ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ 1 ɥ
34
354 ɝ
3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ (ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ) H
ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
3PO4
3, 61 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ .
3PO4
ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
3PO4
3PO4
ɪɚɜɧɨ z
,
= 3.
ɷɤɜ
ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
.
(H PO ) (H PO )
mmz
C
ɷɤɜ
C
ɷɤɜ
34 34 ɷɤɜ
VM V
(H PO ) (H PO )
ɷɤɜ 34 34
354 ɝ 3
98 ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ 1 ɥ
10,84 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ.
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɥɹ H
4. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ ɦɨɥɹɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ H
(H PO ) 1000
m
C
m
(H PO ) (H O)
Mm
34 2
34
Ɇɚɫɫɭ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ:
mm m
(H O) (H PO ) (H PO )
mmm Vm
C
23434
1,18 / 1000 354 ɝ 826 ɝ.
354 ɝ 1000 ɝ/ɤɝ
m
98 ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ 826 ɝ
(H O) (H PO ),
p
p
234
ɝɦɥ ɦɥ
4,37 ɦɨɥɶ/ɤɝ ɇ Ɉ.
2
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 7.4. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 293Ʉ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ 17,1 ɝ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɡɵ C
ɩɪɢ 293Ʉ ɪɚɜɧɨ p
0
= 2314,9 ɉɚ.
ɜ
12H22O11
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɂɡ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ Ɋɚɭɥɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ p
ɜ 180 ɝ ɜɨɞɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ
ɧɚɞ ɪɚɫɬɜɨ-
ɜ
ɪɨɦ ɪɚɜɧɨ:
0
= p
xɜ,
p
ɜ
ɜ
ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ. ɋɚɯɚɪɨɡɚ – ɧɟɥɟɬɭɱɟɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨ-
ɝɞɟ x
ɜ
ɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɞ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɚɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.
Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɡɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ M
O) Mɜ = 18 ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ. ɇɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɫ-
ɞɵ (H
2
= 342 ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ, ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɜɨ-
ɋ
ɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ:
m
17,1
C
nM
C
C
342
0, 05 ɦɨɥɶ;
nM
ɜ
180
m
ɜ
ɜ
18
10 ɦɨɥɶ.
Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
n
x
ɜ
ɜ
nn
ɜɋ
10
10 0, 05
0,995.
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɞ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ:
= 2314,9 0,995 = 2303,3 ɉɚ.
p
ɜ
Ɉɬɜɟɬ. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɡɵ ɪɚɜɧɨ 2303,3 ɉɚ.
107
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 7.5. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ (ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɩɨɥɭ-
M
ȼ
M
M
ɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ 6,9 ɝ ɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɜ 500 ɝ, ɪɚɜɧɚ T
= –0,279 qɋ.
ɡɚɦ. Ɋ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ʉɪɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ K
= 1,86 Ʉɤɝ/ɦɨɥɶ.
Ʉ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɂɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ
(ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ:
1000
m
'
TK
ɡɚɦ Ʉ
X
X ȼ
.
m
ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɦ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ:
MK
X
Ʉ
'
X
Tm
ɡɚɦ
.
1000
m
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨ:
'T
ɡɚɦ
= T
ɡɚɦ ȼ
– T
=0 – (–0,279) = 0,279q.
ɡɚɦ Ɋ
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ:
1, 86 6,9 1000
M
X
0,279 500
92 ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 7.6. Ⱥɧɬɢɮɪɢɡɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɫ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭ-
ɪɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɝɥɢɤɨɥɹ C
2H4
(Oɇ)2.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɝɥɢɤɨɥɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɜ 250 ɝ ɜɨɞɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ T
Ʉɪɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ K
= 1,86 Kɤɝ/ɦɨɥɶ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɦ-
Ʉ
= –10 qɋ.
ɡɚɦ Ɋ
ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɛɭɥɥɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɵ
ɪɚɜɧɚ K
= 0,51 Kɤɝ/ɦɨɥɶ.
ɗ
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɂɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ) ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ (ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ:
1000
m
'
TK
ɡɚɦ
ɗȽ
Ʉ
m
ɗȽ ȼ
ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɦ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɝɥɢɤɨɥɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ:
'
TMm
ɡɚɦ ɗȽ ȼ
m
ɗȽ
K
1000
Ʉ
Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɝɥɢɤɨɥɹ ɪɚɜɧɚ M
.
= 62 ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟ-
ɗȽ
ɧɢɹ:
10 62 250
m
ɗȽ
1,86 1000
83,3 ɝ.
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ (ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ) ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɨ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
1000
m
TK
'
ɤɢɩ ɗ
ɗȽ
108
m
ɗȽ ȼ
;
T' q
ɤɢɩ
62 250
83,3 1000
0,51 2, 7 C.
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
T
ɤɢɩ. Ɋ
= T
ɤɢɩ. ȼ
+ 'T
= 100 + 2,7 = 102,7 qɋ.
ɤɢɩ. Ɋ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 7.7. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ 20%-ɝɨ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ C
(ȡ = 1,08 ɝ/ɦɥ) ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 293 Ʉ.
6H12O6
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮɚ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɪɚɜɧɨ:
3 = CRT.
ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɦ ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɤ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
Ȧ (%) ȡ 10
M
;C
33
20 1,08 10
(C H O ) 1,2 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ 1,2 10 ɦɨɥɶ/ɦ .
C
612 6
180
ȼɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɦ ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ:
3 = 1,210
3
ɦɨɥɶ/ɦ3 8,31 Ⱦɠ/(ɦɨɥɶK) 293 K = 2921,8103 ɉɚ = 2921,8 ɤɉɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɬɟɫɬ 10 (Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ)
1. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ (ɜ ɞɨɥɹɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ), ɟɫ-
ɥɢ ɜ 120 ɝ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɢ 12 ɝ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ NaCl.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 0,10.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 0,20.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 0,09.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 91,00.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 10,00.
2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ 15 ɝ CaCl2 ɞɥɹ ɩɨ-
ɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ 3 %.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 35 ɝ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 500 ɝ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 4985 ɝ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 485 ɝ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 5000 ɝ.
3. ȼ 40 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ 2,22 ɝ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ CaCl2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ (ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ).
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 0,05.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 5.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 0,1.
109
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 0,5.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 0,005.
4. ȼ 350 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ 4,57 ɝ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ K2SO4. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ (ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ).
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 1,5 ɧ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 0,75 ɧ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 0,075 ɧ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 0,15 ɧ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 0,30 ɧ.
5. ȼ 0,6 ɤɝ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɢ 14,28 ɝ ɛɪɨɦɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ KBr. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɨ-
ɥɹɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 0,35.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 0,002.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 0,035.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 0,20.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 2.
6. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɜɟɪɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. '
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. '
H = 0.
mix
H ! 0.
mix
H 0.
mix
V 0.
mix
V ! 0.
mix
7. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɚɰɟɬɨɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ 56 °ɋ. Ʉɚɤɨɜɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ °ɋ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ 250 ɝ ɚɰɟɬɨɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ 6,4 ɝ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɥɚ
(CH
OH)? ɗɛɭɥɥɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɚɰɟɬɨɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ Kɗ = 1,5 K ɤɝ/ɦɨɥɶ.
3
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 56,6.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 57,2.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 54,8.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 55,4.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 58,4.
8. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɚɰɟɬɨɧɚ (C3H6O) ɜ 200 ɝ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ 100,26 °ɋ. Ʉɚɤɨɜɚ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɚɰɟɬɨɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɜ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ? ɗɛɭɥɥɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ K
= 0,52 Kɤɝ/ɦɨɥɶ.
ɗ
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 2,9.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 1,5.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 8,7.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 5,8.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 11,6.
110
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