Добавил:

ivanov666 Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.

Вуз:

Башкирский Государственный Аграрный Университет

Предмет:

[НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]

Файл:

Химия для инженеров в примерах, тестах, задачах. Учебное пособие

.pdf

Скачиваний:

Добавлен:

07.09.2026

Размер:

2 Мб

Скачать

☆

<<< < Предыдущая 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 / 2012 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 > Следующая >>>

9. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ 46 ɝ ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧɚ (M = = 92 ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ) ɜ 250 ɝ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ ____°ɋ. Ʉɪɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ K

= 1,86 Kɤɝ/ɦɨɥɶ.

ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. (+3,72) ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. (–1,86) ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. (–3,72) ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. (+1,86) ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. (–7,44)

10. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ 24 ɝ ɦɟɬɚɧɨɥɚ (CH3OH) ɜ 250 ɝ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ ____ °ɋ. Ʉɪɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ K



= 1,86 K

ɤɝ/ɦɨɥɶ.

ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 0. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. (–5,58). ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. (

–2,29).

ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. (+5,58). ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. (–1,15).

11. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɝɥɢɤɨɥɹ (M = 62 ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ), ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ T = –37,2 °ɋ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜ 500 ɝ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ____ ɝ ɷɬɢɥɟɧɝɥɢɤɨɥɹ. Ʉɪɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ K

= 1,86 K ɤɝ/ɦɨɥɶ.

ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 310. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 465. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 620. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 930. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 1240.

12. ȼ 500 ɝ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ 60 ɝ ɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ (ɜ ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ) ɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ

(–3,72) °ɋ. Ʉɪɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɜɧɚ K

= 1,86 K ɤɝ/ɦɨɥɶ.

ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 40. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 60. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 70. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 80. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 120.

111

Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ

7.1–7.14. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ

ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ: ɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ (ɜ %), ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ, ɦɨɥɹɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɢɬɪ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜɨɞɵ, ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.

Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ

ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɦɚɫɫɚ, ɝ

Ɉɛɴɟɦ

ɜɨɞɵ,

ɦɥ

ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ

ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ,

ɝ/ɦɥ

7.1 FeCl

7.2 CuSO

7.3 NH4NO

7.4 N

2SO3

7.5 HNO

7.6 H2SO

7.7 BaCl

7.8 H3PO

160 400 1,133

10 90 1,107

127 1460 1,058

860 10000 1,075

36 165 1,100

7,4 42,7 1,100

50 200 1,203

270 730 1,160

7.9 NaOH 20 30 1,430

7.10 KOH 418 4582 1,075

7.11 CaCl2 56 344 1,120

7.12

40 360 1,070

2O7

7.13 BaCl2 20 180 1,092

7.14 MgSO4 48 252 1,172

7.15í7.28. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨ-

ɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ C (ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ) ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ V (ɥ).

ʋ ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ C, ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ V, ɥ ʋ ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ C, ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ V, ɥ

7.15 NaNO3 0,3 0,5 7.22 CuCl2 0,2 0,8

7.16 KOH 1,5 1,5 7.23 FeCl3 0,6 1,2

7.17 NH4Cl 0,4 0,8 7.24 NiSO4 0,6 2,0

7.18 Na2CO3 0,2 2,0 7.25 NaOH 2,0 1,5

7.19 Na2SO4 0,8 3,0 7.26 K3PO4 0,5 2,5

7.20 H2C2O4 0,5 2,5 7.27 KF 0,3 1,4

7.21 K2CrO4 0,4 2,0 7.28 C2H5OH 0,5 4,0

112

7.29–7.42. Ⱦɜɭɯɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ

ɦɚɫɫɨɣ m ɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ x

(ɝ) ɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ m2 (ɝ). Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɦɨ-

ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ.

ʋ Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ m1, ɝ

7.29 H2O 100 NaCl 7

7.30 H2O 180 C2H5OH 92

7.31 H2O 270

7.32 H2O 90 B

7.33 C2H5OH 230 H3BO3 6,2

7.34 C2H5OH 460 I2 25,4

7.35 Au 394 Cu 12,7

7.36 Cu 254 Ni 29,35

7.37 C2H5OH 184 H2O 36

7.38 Mg 240 Al 40,5

7.39 Cu 127 Zn 65,4

Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ

ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ

(OH)

2H4

(ɷɬɢɥɟɧɝɥɢɤɨɥɶ)

m2, ɝ

124

7.40 Cu 381 Sn 118,7

7.41 H2O 360 LiCl 42,5

7.42 H2O 144 C2H5OH 69

7.43–7.52. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ Ɍ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ Ɍ

ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ

ɡɚɦ

ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ

ɤɢɩ

ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ Ȧ. ɗɛɭɥɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɤɪɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɜ-

= 0,52 KÂɤɝ/ɦɨɥɶ; KɄ = 1,86 KÂɤɝ/ɦɨɥɶ.

ɧɵ: K

Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ

ɗɬɢɥɟɧɝɥɢɤɨɥɶ

7.43

7.44

7.45

7.46

7.47

ɉɪɨɩɚɧɨɥ-1

ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ

(Ɉɇ)2

2ɇ4

Ƚɥɢɰɟɪɢɧ

(Ɉɇ)3

3ɇ5

Ⱥɰɟɬɨɧ

3ɇ6

ɗɬɚɧɨɥ

Ɉɇ

2ɇ5

Ɉɇ

3ɇ7

Ȧ ʋ

0,20 7.48

0,10 7.49

0,15 7.50

0,05 7.51

0,12 7.52

Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ

ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ

Ɇɟɬɚɧɨɥ

ɋɇ3Ɉɇ

Ɇɨɱɟɜɢɧɚ

ɋɈ(Nɇ2)2

Ƚɥɸɤɨɡɚ

ɋ6ɇ12Ɉ6 ɋɚɯɚɪɨɡɚ ɋ12ɇ22Ɉ11

ɗɬɚɧɨɥ

ɋ2ɇ5Ɉɇ

0,08

0,06

0,10

0,12

0,40

113

ȽɅȺȼȺ 8. ɊȺɋɌȼɈɊɕ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɅɂɌɈȼ

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚɦɢ

ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɟ

ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɵ – ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ.

8.1. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ

ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɋ. Ⱥɪɪɟɧɢɭɫɨɦ (1883–1887) (ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ). Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ Ⱥɪɪɟɧɢɭɫɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:

1. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɵ.

ɑɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚ-

ɰɢɟɣ.

2. Ⱦɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɣ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ

ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɢ ɢɨɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ

ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɢ, ɢ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɫɫ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ.

3. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ.

Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ Ⱥɪɪɟɧɢɭ-

ɫɨɦ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ»

, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɬ-

ɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ:

ɝɞɟ Nɞ  ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ,

N  ɨɛɳɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɜɧɟɫɺɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ D

ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɞɨɥɹɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ.

ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ:

1) ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ;

2) ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ;

3) ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ;

4) ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ;

5) ɨɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɨɧɚ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɤ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 0,1Ɇ).

Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ 0,1Ɇ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ

 ɷɬɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ D > 0,3 (30 %);

ɥɢɬɵ

ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ-

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ D, ɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟ- ɥɚɯ 0,03–0,3 (3–30 %); ɫɥɚɛɵɟ

– ɷɬɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨ-

ɪɵɯ D < 0,03 (3 %).

ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɥɢ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (ɬɚɛɥ. 8.1).

114

Ʉ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, NH

OH, ɢ ɜɨɞɚ (ɬɚɛɥ. 8.1).

ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ (K

). ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ Ⱥɪɪɟɧɢɭɫɚ,

ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ Ⱥȼ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ:

ɏ Ⱥ

+ ȼí.

Ⱥȼ

ɗɬɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɨɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ:





Ⱥȼ

(8.1)

Ⱥȼ

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8.1

ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ

ɋɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ ɋɥɚɛɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ

Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɵ

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4,

, HClO3

HClO

HCN, HF, HClO, HNO

S, H2SiO3, H3AsO3, CH3COOH

, H2CO3,

Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ

LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH,

CsOH, Ca(OH)

Ba(OH)

, Sr(OH)2 ,

, TlOH

Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ – NH

(NH

Ɉ), ɚɦɢɧɵ;

3āɇ2

ɇɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ – Fe(OH)

Mg(OH)

, Cu(OH)2, Al(OH)3 ɢ ɞɪ.

ɋɨɥɢ

, Fe(NCS)3, Pb(CH3COO)2;

HgCl

ɉɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɫɨɥɢ (NaCl,

, Ca(NO3)2 ɢ ɞɪ.)

2SO4

ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɢɨɧɵ:

[Ag(CN)

] – ɏ Ag+ + 2CN

Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ.

ɋɥɚɛɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ K

< 10–4. ȼ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ

ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɧɟɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɺɧɧɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ C

. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬ-

ɪɢɦ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ Ⱥȼ:

Ⱥȼ ɏ Ⱥ

+ ȼí.

ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:





Ⱥȼ

(8.2)

Ⱥȼ

115

ȿɫɥɢ C

– ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ, ɚ Į – ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɪɚɜɧɨ-

ɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɜɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ:

ɋɋCCɋɋ



, Į ,(1–).

 

Ⱥȼ

ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɷɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ (8.2), ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ:

1 Į

(8.3)



ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ (8.3) ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ Ɉɫɬɜɚɥɶɞɚ. Ɉɧɨ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɢɨɧɚ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ Į ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ, ɱɬɨ (1í Į) § 1. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ (8.3) ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ:

(8.4)

Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɨɪɧɸ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ 100 ɪɚɡ Į ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ 10 ɪɚɡ.

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ K

> 10–2, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢ

ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ C = 0,1 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ:



| 0,3.

(i > 1), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɵ-

D =

ə. ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮ ɜɜɟɥ ɢɡɨɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ i ɜɚɟɬ ɜɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ.

ɍ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɢɡɨɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ i

ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ

ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ Į. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɋ ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ Į ɢ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ Q ɢɨɧɨɜ, ɬɨ:

1(Ȟ1)i

 

. (8.5)

ɂɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ (8.5) ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ:

iD

ɂɡ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ (8.5) ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ Į = 0 (ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɟɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ) i ɚ ɩɪɢ Į

= 1 ɢɡɨɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɜɟɧ i = Q. ɂɡɨɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢ-

(8.6)

Ȟ 1



= 1,

ɟɧɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ.

Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɥɥɢɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ, ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɹ (ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ), ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

116

ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɦ:

'

ppp

AAA

|

'Ɍ

= i KɄ  Cm,

ɡɚɦ

= i Kɗ ɋm,

ɤɢɩ

3 = iCRT.

ɋɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ. ȼ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ

ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ Ɉɫɬɜɚɥɶɞɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɇɨ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ.

Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ. ȼ ɧɢɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɚ

ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɹ.

ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ Į < 1. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɺ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɠɭɳɟɣɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ.

ɂɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ. Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ

ɢɨɧɨɜ H

ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1Â10

–36

ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ

ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɬɚɤ:

O + H2O ɏ H3O+ + OH.

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɢɨɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɨɧɢɹ ɇ

ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɬɵ: ɞɢɚɤɜɚɩɪɨɬɨɧ ɇ

5Ɉ2

Ɉ+, ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ

, ɬɪɢɚɤɜɚɩɪɨɬɨɧ ɇ7Ɉ

ɢ ɞɪ.

ɑɚɫɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ:

O ɏ H+ + OH.

ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɩɪɢ 298 K ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ

ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ:



[H ][OH ]

[H O]

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɚ, ɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɧɟɞɢɫ-

ɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨ-

ɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ Ɍ = const [H

ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɨɧɨɜ [H

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ K

ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ

ɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɨɧɨɜ H

. ɉɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 298 Ʉ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɜɧɨ:

= [H+] [Ɉɇ] = 10

ɩɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ-

ɢ Ɉɇ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟ-

][OH] = K [H2O] = const.

] ɢ [Ɉɇ] ɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ

14

ɦɨɥɶ2/ɥ2.

ɧɢɟ:

] = [Ɉɇ] =

117

Ⱦɥɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ [H

–

ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɞɥɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ [Ɉɇ

] ɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ Ɉɇ, ɢ,



] ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ H+. ȼ

ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɩɪɢ T = 298 K:



ªºª º

ȼɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ

ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ pH = – lg[H

], ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶ-

¬¼¬ ¼

–14 –7

10 10ɇɈɇ

ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ.

ɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ pH = 7, ɞɥɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ pH < 7 ɢ ɞɥɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ pH > 7.

ȿɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ pH, ɬɨ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ

ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:

] = 10

–pH

8.2. ɂɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɢɨɧɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ. ɉɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ:

1. ɋɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɢɫɫɨ-

ɰɢɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɵ.

2. ɋɥɚɛɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ

ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɸ-

ɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɵ.

3. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ.

4. Ƚɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɢɨɧɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ (ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɢɨɧɨɜ), ɚ ɫɥɚɛɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ, ɬɪɭɞɧɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ.

Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɞɜɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:

S + ZnCl2 = 2NaCl + ZnS p ,

S + Zn(NO3)2 = 2KNO3 + ZnS p.

ɂɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ:

2Na

+ S2 + Zn2+ + 2Cl = 2Na+ + 2Cl + ZnSp,

+ S2 + Zn2+ + 2NO



= 2K+ + 2NO



+ ZnSp.

Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɢɨɧɵ ɜ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɢ ɨɛɚ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɫɭɥɶɮɢɞɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɦɢ ɫɨɥɹɦɢ ɰɢɧɤɚ:

2

+ Zn2+ = ZnSp.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɚ ɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ.

118

Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɞɜɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ NaCl ɢ KNO

. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɨɧɵ: Na+, Cl, K+, NO



ɉɪɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ:

NaCl + KNO

= KCl + NaNO3.

ɂɨɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:

+Cl + K+ + NO



= Na+ +Cl + K+ + NO



ȼɢɞɢɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɺɬ.

ɇɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɨɧɨɜ. ɋɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ: ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ

ɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ (ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨ) ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ, ɬɪɭɞɧɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.

8.3. Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɫɨɥɟɣ

Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ – ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ.

Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɫɨɥɟɣ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɫɨɥɢ – ɷɬɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɫ

ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ – ɷɬɨ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ (ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɬɫɹ,

'ɇ > 0).

ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ 4 ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɥɟɣ.

1. ɋɨɥɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ

(ɋɇ3COONɚ, Na2CO3, NaCN, NaNO2, Na2SO3).

ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɰɢɚɧɢɞɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ NaCN. ȼɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɥɢ:

NaCN = Na

+CN.

Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɩɨ ɚɧɢɨɧɭ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (ɰɢɚɧɨɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ). ɋɨɤɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨ-ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:



+ ɇ2Ɉ ɏ ɇCN + Ɉɇ.

ɋN

ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞ-ɢɨɧɵ, ɫɪɟɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ (pH>7). ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:

+ ɋN + ɇ2Ɉ ɏ ɇCN + Na+ + Ɉɇ.

ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:

NaCN + ɇ

Ɉ ɏ ɇCN + NaOH.

Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɨɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ:

[HCN][OH ]

[CN ]

119

–

ȼ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɶ

ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ (ɫɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɜɩɪɚɜɨ) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ:

1. Ɋɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ).

2. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɥɢ,

ɩɪɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɨɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ:

ɇ+ + Ɉɇ– = H2O.

3. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɦɟɳɚɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ (ɫɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɜɥɟɜɨ)

ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ:

1. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɫɨɥɢ.

2. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɳɺɥɨɱɢ.

3. Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ɋɨɥɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɚɪɹɞɧɵɟ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ (CO



, S2), ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɦ (ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦ). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ



, PO



Na2CO3 ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹɦ:

1. CO

2. ɇCO

ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ-ɢɨɧɵ ɇCO ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ K ɧɚ ɢɨɧɵ (K

= 4,8 ā 10

= 4,5 ā 10–7). Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɯɨ-

–11

, ɚ ɩɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɇ2ɋɈ3, ɥɟɝɱɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ



+ ɇ2Ɉ ɏ ɇCO



+ ɇ2O ɏ ɇ2ɋɈ3 + Ɉɇ.



+ Ɉɇ–,



, ɞɥɹ

ɞɢɬ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɢ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ:

Na2CO3 + ɇ2Ɉ ɏ NaHCO3 + NaOH.

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɥɟɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ (Yz– — ɚɧɢɨɧ ɫɨɥɢ):

z–

+ ɇ2Ɉ ɏ HY

(z – 1)

+ Ɉɇ– .

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ [Ɉɇ–] ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɜɨɡ-

ɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ (ɪɇ > 7).

2. ɋɨɥɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ (NH

(NH

, NH4NO3, Mg(NO3)2 , AlCl3).

4)2SO4

ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɭ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ NH

Cl ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɭ

ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ:

Cl + ɇ2Ɉ ɏ NH4OH + HCl.

120

Cl,

<<< < Предыдущая 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 / 2012 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 > Следующая >>>

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]

#
11.08.2026558 Кб0Химия воды. Методические указания.pdf
#
08.09.20262 Мб0Химия воды. Ч.2. Учебное пособие.pdf
#
15.08.20261 Мб0Химия высокомолекулярных соединений. Методические указания к лабораторным работам.pdf
#
07.09.2026640 Кб0Химия гидролиз солей. Учебное пособие-1.pdf
#
11.08.2026640 Кб0Химия гидролиз солей. Учебное пособие.pdf
#
07.09.20262 Мб0Химия для инженеров в примерах, тестах, задачах. Учебное пособие.pdf
#
08.09.20262 Мб0Химия жиров. Лабораторный практикум.pdf
#
07.09.20262 Мб0Химия и технология антиоксидантов химических и биологических систем. Учебное пособие.pdf
#
15.08.2026833 Кб0Химия и технология молибдена и вольфрама. Лабораторный практикум.pdf
#
08.09.20262 Мб0Химия и технология мономеров. Лабораторный практикум.pdf
#
08.09.20262 Мб0Химия и технология органических веществ. Практикум.pdf