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ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ
. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɜ 1885 ɝ Ⱥ. Ʌɟ ɒɚɬɟɥɶɟ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜ 1887 ɝ. Ɏ. Ȼɪɚɭɧɨɦ. Ɉɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɥɚ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ
ɥɶɟ – Ȼɪɚɭɧɚ
: ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɭɸɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟ-
ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ Ʌɟ ɒɚɬɟ-
ɩɪɚɜɢ-
ɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɝɨɥɢɛɨ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ (C
, T, pi, p
i
), ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɬɨ ɜ ɫɢ-
ɨɛɳ
ɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɹɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɡɵ (ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ), ɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɹɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɚɡɨɮɚɡɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɱɟɦ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
, ɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ (ɩɨɪɹɞ-
2
ɤɚ 10
Ɇɉɚ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧ-
ɬɨɜ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ
K
ɢ Kp ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ.
ɋ
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɫɫ ɞɥɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɢ
ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɭɱɚɫɬ-
ɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɡ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɨ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ (ɢɥɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ) ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚ).
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ Ʌɟ ɒɚɬɟɥɶɟ – Ȼɪɚɭɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɡ-
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 5.1. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ
ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
+ O
2ɋɈ
(ɝ)
2 (ɝ)
ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɋɈ ɢɥɢ O
2 (ɝ)
2
.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (II) ɋɈ, ɥɢɛɨ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ O
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ
(ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɪɚɡɭ) ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɢ
2
K
:
ɋ
2
[]
CO
K
C
[CO]
2
2
[]
O
2
.
81
Ɂɧɚɱɢɬ, ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɣɬɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵ ɨɫɥɚɛɢɥɚ ɷɬɨɬ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɢɜɟɥɚ ɛɵ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɦɟɫɬɢɬɶɫɹ
ɜɩɪɚɜɨ, ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ
ɤ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɋɈ ɢ O
a CO
– ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨ K
2
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶɫɹ,
2
.
ɋ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 5.2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ
ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
2ɋɈ
(ɝ)
+ O
2 (ɝ)
2 (ɝ)
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ('r H 0),
ɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɥɟɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɋɈ ɢ O
ɧɢɸ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ CO
. ɉɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɫɦɟ-
2
ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟ-
2
ɳɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜɩɪɚɜɨ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ CO
, ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɋɈ ɢ O2.
2
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 5.3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ
ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
2ɋɈ
(ɝ)
+ O
2 (ɝ)
2 (ɝ)
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɹɦɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɫ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɝɚɡɨɨɛ-
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ('
Q
= 2 – 2 – 1 = –1). ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɪɚɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ CO
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɋɈ ɢ O
. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɫɦɟ-
2
ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ
2
ɳɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜɥɟɜɨ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɦɨɥɟɣ
ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 5.4. ɉɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɚɜɧɵɦ, ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ:
1,4 (NF
(ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ) ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ
ɏ 6HF
), 1,0 (H2), 0,8 (N2) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ
3
K
(ɝ)
+ N
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ: 2NF
C
, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢ Ɍ = const. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
2 (ɝ)
3 (ɝ)
+ 3H
2 (ɝ)
ɏ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ – HF.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ
HF ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ 6 ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ N
[HF] 6[N ] 6 0,8 4,8 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ.
2
. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ:
2
Ɂɧɚɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɤɨɧ-
K
ɫɬɚɧɬɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ
:
C
K
C
66
[HF] [N ]
23 23
[NF ] [H ] 1,4 1,0
32
2
4,8 0,8
4992 (ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ).
2
82
ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ ɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɢ
C
ɯ
ɯ
– –
C
ɩɪɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɜɧɵ:
[NF ] ;CC
0,NF 3 ɩɪ,NF
33
[H ] .CC
0,H 2 ɩɪ,H2
2
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ:
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ 2NF
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ NF
3 (ɝ)
3
+ 3H
2 (ɝ)
H
2
' 6HF
HF
+ N
(ɝ)
2 (ɝ)
N
2
ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɚɹ [i] 1,4 1,0 6ɯ 0,8 = ɯ
ɩɪɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɚɹ,
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ,
0, i
2
ɩɪ,i
3
1,4+2ɯ 1,0+3ɯ 0 0
ɂɡ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ:
ɩɪ,NF
0,8 2 1,6 ɦɨɥɶ / ɥ,C
3
ɩɪ,H2
0,8 3 2, 4 ɦɨɥɶ / ɥ.C
ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ:
1, 4 1, 6 3 , 0 ɦɨɥɶ / ɥ;C
0,NF
3
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɬɟɫɬ 8 (ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ)
1, 0 2 , 4 3, 4 ɦɨɥɶ / ɥ.C
0,H
2
1. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɫɦɟ-
ɳɚɟɬɫɹ…
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. ȼ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɢɞɭɳɟɣ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. ȼ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɢɞɭɳɟɣ ɫ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. ȼ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. ȼ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ȼ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɚ
ɦɨɥɟɣ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
2. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɫɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
2ɋɈ
+ Ɉ2
(ɝ)
ɏ 2ɋɈ
(ɝ)
2(ɝ)
; '
H 0
r
ɜɩɪɚɜɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ…
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɋɈ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɋɈ.
83
.
2
3. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɫɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ…
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɢɞɭɳɟɣ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɷɤɡɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɢɫɥɚ
ɦɨɥɟɣ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ.
4. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɫɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
ɋO
+ ɇ
2(ɝ)
2 (ɝ)
ɏ ɋO
+ ɇ2Ɉ
(ɝ)
; '
H ! 0
(ɝ)
r
ɜɥɟɜɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ…
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɋɈ.
5. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɞɥɹ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɩɨ-
ɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɦɟɳɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜɥɟɜɨ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. ɇ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. ɋɇ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. ɋ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 2NɈ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɋO
+ Cl
2 (ɝ)
4(ɝ)
+ 2ɇ2
(ɬ)
(ɝ)
(ɝ)
2 (ɝ)
+ 2ɇ2Ɉ
(ɝ)
+ O
+ Cl
2 (ɝ)
ɏ 2HCl
(ɝ)
ɏ ɋɇ4
ɏ 2NO
2 (ɝ)
ɏ ɋOCl
(ɝ).
ɏ ɋO2
(ɝ).
2 (ɝ).
2 (ɝ).
(ɝ)
+ 4ɇ
2 (ɝ)
.
6. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɬ ɤ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɨɠɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɜɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
'
H ! 0:
r
2ɋɇ4
(ɝ)
ɏ ɋ
2H2 (ɝ)
ɚ) ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ;
ɛ) ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ;
ɜ) ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ;
ɝ) ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ;
ɞ) ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɇ
.
2
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. ɚ, ɜ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. ɚ, ɝ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. ɛ, ɜ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. ɚ, ɞ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɛ, ɝ.
+ 3ɇ2
;
(ɝ)
84
7. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɣ ɪɟ-
@
@
@
@>@
@
ɚɤɰɢɢ:
ɋO
(ɝ)
+ Cl
2 (ɝ)
ɏ ɋOCl
ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
2 (ɝ)
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ
ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ K
?
C
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
K
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. ȼɥɟɜɨ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. ȼɩɪɚɜɨ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. ȼɩɪɚɜɨ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɫɹ.
C
K
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɫɹ.
C
K
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɫɹ.
C
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. ȼɩɪɚɜɨ, ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ȼɥɟɜɨ, ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ.
8. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚ-
ɬɢɦɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
2NO
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5.
NO H
>@>
K
C
HO N
>@>@
22
NO H
>@>
K
C
HO N
>@>@
22
ɇɈ N
>@>
22
K
C
[NO][H ]
HO N
>
22
K
C
[NO] [H ]
[N ]
K
C
[NO] [H ]
+ 2H2
(ɝ)
22
2
2
2
.
.
2
2
22
2
2
.
22
2
ɏ N2
(ɝ)
.
+ 2H2O
(ɝ)
.
(ɝ)
.
9. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚ-
ɬɢɦɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
CuO
+ H2
(ɬ)
ɏ Cu
(ɝ)
+ ɇ2Ɉ
(ɬ)
.
(ɝ)
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
Cu H O
>@> @
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3.
K
C
K
C
K
C
2
CuO H
>@>@
HO
>
2
H
>@
CuO H
>@>@
Cu H O
>@> @
.
2
.
2
2
.
2
85
H
@
>@
2
.
HO
>@
2
Cu H O
>@>
2
.
H
>@
2
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5.
K
C
K
C
10. Ɋɚɫɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ
ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɪɚɜɧɵ 0,2 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ:
ɋS2
+ ɇ
(ɝ)
ɏ ɇ2S
2 (ɝ)
+ ɋɇ4
(ɝ)
.
(ɝ)
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 0,04.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 1,0.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 25,0.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 0,2.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 5,0.
11. Ɋɚɫɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢ-
ɬɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
2O3 (ɬ)
+ ɇ
2 (ɝ)
Fe
ɏ Fe
+ ɇ2Ɉ
(ɬ)
,
(ɝ)
ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɪɚɜɧɵ:
[ɇ2] = 0,3 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ, [ɇ2Ɉ] = 0,6 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 8,0.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 0,125.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 2,0.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 0,5.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 1,0.
12. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
2A
(ɝ)
+ B
(ɝ)
ɏ D
(ɝ)
+ F
.
(ɝ)
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ A
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ D
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ B
13. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɫɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
I2
+ ɇ
(ɝ)
2 (ɝ)
ɏ 2HI
(ɝ)
; '
H ! 0
r
ɜɩɪɚɜɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ…
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
86
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
ɪ
r
H
)
)
)
(ɬ)
)
)
)
)
)
(ɬ)
)
)
)
(ɝ)
)
)
)
)
(ɬ)
)
)
)
)
)
(ɬ)
(ɝ)
)
)
)
)
)
(ɝ)
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ.
14. ɇɚɣɬɢ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨ ɫ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɨɬɢ-
ɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɟɧ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɟ ɫɦɟɳɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɜ-
ɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɪɚɜ-
ɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ.
15. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɣ ɪɟ-
ɚɤɰɢɢ:
2NO
(ɝ)
+ O
2 (ɝ)
ɏ 2NO
ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɢ
2 (ɝ)
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ K
?
C
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. ɜɥɟɜɨ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. ɜɩɪɚɜɨ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. ɜɩɪɚɜɨ, ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
K
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɫɹ.
C
K
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɫɹ.
C
K
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɫɹ.
C
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. ɜɩɪɚɜɨ, ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɜɥɟɜɨ, ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ
5.1–5.10. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟ-
ɫɢɹ
KC ɢ K
. Ʉɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ?
p
ɉɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ. Ɉɬɜɟɬ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ.
ʋ ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
5.1 N
5.2 2C
5.3 2CO
5.4 BaO
5.5 CO
5.6 NH
5.7 PCl
5.8 FeO
5.9 2SO
5.10 NH4NO
2 (ɝ
+ H2O
(ɝ
3 (ɝ
(ɬ
+ 3H
+ 2H
+ O
(ɝ
+ CO
+ HCl
= PCl
5 (ɝ
+ H
2(ɝ
+ O
2 (ɝ
2 (ɬ
2 (ɝ
2 (ɝ
2 (ɝ
2 (ɝ
= CO
(ɝ
= Fe
2 (ɝ
= N
= 2NH
= 2C2H
= 2CO
= BaCO
+ H
2(ɝ
= NH4Cl
+ Cl
3 (ɝ
+ H2O
= 2SO
+ 2H2O
2(ɝ
3(ɝ
4(ɝ
2(ɝ
2(ɝ
3(ɝ
Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
ɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ǻ
ǻr H < 0
ǻr H > 0
ǻr H < 0
ǻr H < 0
3(ɬ
ǻr H < 0
2 (ɝ
ǻr H < 0
ǻr H > 0
ǻr H > 0
ǻr H < 0
ǻr H > 0
87
5.11–5.16. ɉɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɫ-
ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ: ɚ) ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ; ɛ) ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ
K
ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ
; ɜ) ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ
C
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɜɧɵ ɧɭɥɸ.
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ʋ
ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ
+ 6ɇ2Ɉ
4NO
5.11
5.12
5.13
(ɝ)
0,20 0,30 0,04
+ 3O2
ɋS
2 (ɝ)
1,00 0,06 1,20
2ɋɇ
4(ɝ)
= C2ɇ2
0,10 0,50
(ɝ)
= ɋɈ2
(ɝ)
(ɝ)
= 4NH
+ 3ɇ
3(ɝ)
+ 2SO
(ɝ)
2(ɝ)
+ 5Ɉ
2(ɝ)
2 (ɝ)
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ʋ
ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ
+ ɇ2Ɉ
ɋɇ
5.14
5.15
5.16
4(ɝ)
0,30 0,10 0,09
2HCl
(ɝ)
0,20 0,05 0,10
4HCl
(ɝ)
0,20 0,10 0,60
+ F2
+ O2
= ɋɈ
(ɝ)
= 2HF
(ɝ)
= 2Cl2
(ɝ)
(ɝ)
(ɝ)
(ɝ)
+ 3ɇ
+ Cl
2(ɝ)
2 (ɝ)
+ 2H2O
(ɝ)
88
ȽɅȺȼȺ 6. ɄɂɇȿɌɂɄȺ ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɊȿȺɄɐɂɃ
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ – ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɯɢɦɢɢ, ɢɡɭɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ, ɢɡ ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ.
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɟɩɨ-
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ (ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ).
Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ (ɫɬɚɞɢɹ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɨɞɧɨɬɢɩɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ – ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ
ɚɤɬɨɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ.
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɦ ɚɤɬɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɷɥɟ-
ɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɨɧɨɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ, ɛɢɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɢ
ɬɪɢɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ.
Ɍɟɬɪɚɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɦɚɥɨɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ.
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. Ƚɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ (ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ
ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ).
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ-
ɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ɉɭɫɬɶ ɜ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ:
Q
A + QBB o QDD + QF F, (6.1)
A
ɝɞɟ A, B, D, F – ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ;
Q
, Q B , Q D, Q F – ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ.
A
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ i-ɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɭ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟ-
ɫɬɜɚ
i-ɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ n
(ɜ ɦɨɥɹɯ) ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ:
i
dn
1
i
r
i
r ,
(6.2)
dt
V
ɝɞɟ V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
t – ɜɪɟɦɹ.
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ
1
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
r
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟ-
i
(6.3)
dtdnV
Ȟ
i
ɥɨɦ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ:
1
rr
.
i
Ȟ
i
89
ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
ɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
C
, ɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ i-ɨɦɭ ɤɨɦ-
i
ni /V ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧ-
ɩɨɧɟɧɬɭ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
dC
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ
r
i
i
r . (6.4)
dt
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ (ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ
ɨɛɴɟɦɟ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ
ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
ȼ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ (6.4) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɡɧɚɤ
ɡɭɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɭ (ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ), ɢ ɡɧɚɤ
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ.
ɩɥɸɫ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚ-
ɦɢɧɭɫ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɭ (ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɭ). ɗɬɢɦ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɤɢ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ, ɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɚɯ, ɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ [ɦɨɥɶ/(ɥ ɫ)].
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ (6.4) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ
ɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɧɹɬɢɟɦ «ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ».
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬ
ɝɞɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
t
ɞɨ t2 ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ:
1
ɋ
ɢ ɋ2 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ
1
t
ɢ t2 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
1
ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɤɨ-
t. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ-
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ r
CC
r
r
ɫɪ
.
12
tt
12
C
'
,
r
t
'
ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ
ɫɪ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɥɚɬ (ɡɚɤɨɧ) ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɢ-
ɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ, ɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ). Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɹɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɷɬɢɦ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɟɳɟ ɦɚɥɵ.
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ
ɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟ-
ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɥɚɬ (ɡɚɤɨɧ) ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ
ɱɢɫɥɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ:
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɜɨɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ:
Q
A + QB B o QD D + QF F,
A
90
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