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Файл:Химия для инженеров в примерах, тестах, задачах. Учебное пособие
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ɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɟ-
t
ɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ:
mn
CCkr
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ k ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧ-
ɫɬɚɧɬɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
ɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
. (6.5)
BA
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ-
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ k ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ
ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬ-
ɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ q ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɚɥɝɟɛɪɚɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚ-
ɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ:
q = n + m.
ɑɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ.
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ɳɢɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
q = n + m ɢ ɪɚɜɧɚ (ɫɦ. ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ 6.5):
[
k] = [ɜɪɟɦɹ]
–1
[ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ]
1 - q
k ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛ-
.
ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɵ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɜ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ȼɢɞ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɟ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɭ, ɚ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ
ɟɺ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ
ɰɟɥɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɰɟɥɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦ, ɞɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ. ɗɬɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɬɟɪɨ-
ɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ.
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɝɚɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ), ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɡɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ:
dC
S
.
r
r
d
Ɂɞɟɫɶ
C
– ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɥɟɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ,
S
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɟɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɦɨɥɶ/ɦ
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ [ɦɨɥɶ/(ɦ
2
ɫ)] ɢɥɢ [ɦɨɥɶ/(ɫɦ2ɫ)].
2
ɢɥɢ ɦɨɥɶ/ɫɦ2).
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
CaO
+ CO
(ɬ)
= CaCO
2 (ɝ)
(6.6)
3 (ɬ)
91
ɫɨɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɋɈ
ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ
2
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɮɚɡ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɢ, ɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ CO
rkC
:
2
CO.S
2
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ (6.6) ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
c
Ckr
,
CO
2
ɝɞɟ
r ' – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ [ɦɨɥɶ/(ɥÂɫ)],
k – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ (ɫ
ɋ
– ɨɛɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ CO2 ɜ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ (ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ).
ɋɈ
2
–1
),
ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧ-
ɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɭ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
k.
Ƚɨɥɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɣ ɭɱɺɧɵɣ ə. ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮ ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɜɜɺɥ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ J, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ
ɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
. Ɉɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ:
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɤɨɪɨ-
T
r
T
k
1010
T
.
k
T
r
Ȗ
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ J – ɷɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚ-
ɸɳɟɟ, ɜɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ 10 ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ.
T
ȿɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
ɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ
ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-
1
T
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
2
ɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
TT
12
10
Ȗ
rr
.
TT
12
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ,
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ Ⱥɪɪɟɧɢɭɫɚ:
ȼ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ (6.7) ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ
, T – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, R – ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ
k
– ɩɪɟɞɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ, ɦɚɥɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɣ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟ-
0
RTE
a
ekk
. (6.7)
0
E
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɪɪɟɧɢɭɫɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɵɬɧɨɣ
a
ɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
92
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ, ɬɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱ-
ɧɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
RTE
a
err
.
0
ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ (E
) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ (ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ
ɚ
r:
ɧɚ 1 ɦɨɥɶ) ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ.
ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ Ⱦɠ/ɦɨɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 6.1. ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ Ⱥ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɝɨɦɨ-
ɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
2 A
+ B
ɪɚɜɧɚ
C
= 0,2 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ. ɑɟɪɟɡ 5 ɦɢɧ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟ-
0A
ɫɬɜɚ A ɫɬɚɥɚ
C
= 0,050 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
1A
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ r
r
= –½ (0,05 – 0,20) ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ / 5 ɦɢɧ = 0,15 ɦɨɥɶ/(ɥɦɢɧ).
ɫɪ
(ɝ)
r
ɫɪ
o 2 D
(ɝ)
= – ½ ' ɋA/'t ,
ɫɪ.
,
(ɝ)
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ:
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 6.2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɜɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɮɚɡɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
2A + B ĺ D
ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɟɺ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ: 1) ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ Ⱥ ɜ 5 ɪɚɡ; 2) ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɜ 3 ɪɚɡɚ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ, ɬɨ
ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ:
2
CCkr .
B
A
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɭ Ⱥ ɪɚɜɟɧ 2, ɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɭ ȼ
ɪɚɜɟɧ 1.
1) Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ Ⱥ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ
C
= x, C
A01
ɧɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɚ
= y. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ Ⱥ ɜ 5 ɪɚɡ ɨɧɚ ɫɬɚ-
B01
C
= 5x, ɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ȼ ɬɚ ɠɟ. Ɂɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
A02
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ:
2
yxkr
1
2
,
2
yxkr
)5( .
Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɜɧɨ:
2
r
2
r
1
yxk
)5(
2
yxk
.
25
93
Ɉɬɜɟɬ. ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ Ⱥ ɜ 5 ɪɚɡ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɺɬ ɜ 25 ɪɚɡ.
2) ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜ 3 ɪɚɡɚ ɜɨ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɠɟ ɪɚɡ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ C
= y. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜ 3 ɪɚɡɚ ɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɭɬ ɪɚɜ-
C
B01
ɧɵ C
= 3x, C
A02
= y. Ɂɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ
B02
A01
= x,
ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ:
2
yxkr
1
2
2
.
,
yxkr 3)3(
Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɜɧɨ:
r
2
rkxy
1
2
(3 ) 3
kx y
2
3
3 27.
Ɉɬɜɟɬ. ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜ 3 ɪɚɡɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɺɬ ɜ 27 ɪɚɡ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 6.3. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɝɚɡɨ-
ɜɨɣ ɮɚɡɟ:
2A + B o D + F
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɪɚɜɧɚ k = 0,02, ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɜɧɵ: C
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ t ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ B ɫɬɚɥɚ C
= 0,5 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ, CB0 = 0,4 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ. Ʉ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ
A0
= 0,3 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ. Ɂɚ-
Bt
ɞɚɧɢɹ: 1) ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɚɯ; 2) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ; 3) ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ t.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. 1. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚɹ, ɬɨ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜ-
ɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɢɞ:
2
rkCC
Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ q = 2 + 1 = 3. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ
ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
2
ɥ
[]
ɦɨɥɶ ɫ
.
2
.
AB
2. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
2
A0
=
CC
B0
,
kr
0
= 0,02ā0,52 ā0,4 = 2ā103 ɦɨɥɶ/(ɥāɫ).
r
0
3. Ʉ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ t ɩɪɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ B:
ǻC
B
= CB0 – C
= 0,4 – 0,3 = 0,1 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ.
Bt
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ A ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ B:
= 2ǻCB = 0,2 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ.
ǻC
A
94
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ A ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ:
C
= CA0 – ǻCA = 0,5 – 0,2 = 0,3 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ.
At
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ t ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
2
kr
t
= 0,02ā0,32 ā0,3 = 5,4ā104 ɦɨɥɶ/(ɥāɫ).
r
t
=
CC
B
t
t
A
,
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 6.4. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
Ⱥ
+ B
(ɬ)
o ɋ
(ɝ)
,
(ɝ)
ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ B ɜ 3 ɪɚɡɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ ɜ 5,2 ɪɚɡɚ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ, ɬɨ ɜ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɨɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ
ɜɢɞ:
n
CkrB .
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɂ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɋ
ɬɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ C
B2
= 3x. ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɢɦ
= x,
B1
ɷɬɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ:
n
xkr
1
;
r
(3 )
kx
2
rkx
1
n
n
n
3.
n
xkr )3(2 ;
ɉɪɨɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɪɭɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɣɞɟɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ n:
r
2
lg
lg 5, 2 0, 716
r
2
r
1
3lglg
n
,
r
1
n
lg 3 lg 3 0, 477
1, 5
.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɭ B ɢ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 6.5. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮɚ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ, ɧɚ
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ 20 °ɋ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ ɜ 80 ɪɚɡ? Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ Ȗ = 3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. 1. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ:
ȼɵɪɚɡɢɦ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɪɭɟɦ
TT
21
10
rr
21
Ȗ
.
ɨɛɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ:
r
2
10 lg
r
2
lg
,
r
1
10
lg Ȗ
r
1
TT
,
TT
12
TT
Ȗlg
21
10 lg80
q
21
lg 3
39,9 .
95
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ ɜ 80 ɪɚɡ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɧɚ 39,9 °ɋ.
2. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ:
R T T
E
a
¨¸
12
©¹
TT
21
k
1
.
§·
k
2
ln
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ Ȗ = 3, ɬɨ ɩɪɢ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ 10 ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ: ɨɬ T
= 20 °ɋ (293 Ʉ) ɞɨ T2 = 30 °ɋ
1
(303 Ʉ), ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɫɹ ɜ 3 ɪɚɡɚ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
lnȖR T T
E
a
8,314 293 303 ln3
E
||
a
303 293
12
TT
21
,
81090 Ⱦɠ/ɦɨɥɶ 81 ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 6.6. ȼɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɫɶ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɦ ȼɚɧɬ-Ƚɨɮɮɚ,
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ, ɩɪɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɬɫɹ ɡɚ 25 ɦɢɧ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ 20 °ɋ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ 2 ɱ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ 3.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ:
t
r
1
2
,
t
r
2
1
ɢ t 2 – ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ T1 ɢ T2. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɭɪɚɜɧɟ-
ɝɞɟ t
1
ɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɥɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ (ɫɦ. ɩɪɢɦɟɪ 6.5) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɬɚɤ:
t
1
lg
t
2
TT
10
12
.lgȖ
ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ:
t
1
10 lg
t
TT
21
t
1
10 lg
t
TT
q
21
2
lg Ȗ lg 3
10 lg
2
,
lg Ȗ
120
25
20 34,3 C.
96
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɬɟɫɬ 9 (ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɚ)
1. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
2NO
2 (ɝ)
o 2NO
(ɝ)
+ O2
.
(ɝ)
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 3.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 2.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 0.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 5.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 1.
2. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ: 2NO
o 2NOCl
.
(ɝ)
+ Cl
(ɝ)
2(ɝ)
o
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5.
dC dC
NOCl
r
dt dt dt
dC dC
11
r
22
dt dt dt
dC dC
11
r
–;
22
dC dC
–;
r
dt dt dt
dC dC
NOCl
r
dt dt dt
dC
1
Cl
2
–;
2
dC
NOCl
NOCl
Cl
2
–;
dC
Cl
2
dt dt dt
dC
1
NOCl
Cl
2
2
dC
Cl
2
–.
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
o
2D ɩɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɭ D ɜ ɦɨɥɶ/(ɥÂɦɢɧ), ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧ-
Ⱥ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ Ⱥ ɪɚɜɧɚ 1,8 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ, ɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ 3 ɦɢɧ. ɨɧɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ 1,2 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ.
ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ D ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɭɥɸ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. 0,2.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. 0,6.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. 0,4.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. 1,2.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. 0,3.
4. Ʉɚɤɭɸ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɦɟ-
ɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ, ɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ – ɜ ɦɢɧɭɬɚɯ?
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. Ɇɨɥɶ ɥ/ɦɢɧ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. Ɇɨɥɶ/ɥ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. Ɇɢɧ/(ɦɨɥɶ ɥ).
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. Ɇɨɥɶ/(ɥ ɦɢɧ).
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɦɨɥɶ ɦɢɧ/ɥ.
97
5. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɷɬɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚɹ: 2NO
(ɝ)
+ O2
o 2NO2
(ɝ)
.
(ɝ)
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. r = k Â
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. r = k Â
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. r = k Â
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. r = k Â
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. r = k.
C .
O
2
2
NO
2
C .
NO
CC .
ONO
2
CC
O
2
.
6. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ 3, ɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɭ ɪɚɜɟɧ 1:
+ 2H2
2NO
(ɝ)
o N2
(ɝ)
+ 2H2O
(ɝ)
.
(ɝ)
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. r = k
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. r = k
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. r = k
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. r = k
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. r = k
C .
H
2
CC .
2
CC .
NO
2
C
.
NO
C .
N
2
HNO
2
H
2
7. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
+ Cl2
2NO
(ɝ)
ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜ 5 ɪɚɡ (ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟ-
o 2NOCl
(ɝ)
(ɝ)
ɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ).
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɫɹ ɜ 5 ɪɚɡ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɫɹ ɜ 25 ɪɚɡ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɫɹ ɜ 5 ɪɚɡ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɫɹ ɜ 25 ɪɚɡ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɫɹ ɜ 125 ɪɚɡ.
8. Ʉɚɤɭɸ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ 3-ɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɚɯ, ɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. ɫ
–1
.
ɜ ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ?
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. ɦɨɥɶ/(ɥɫ).
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. ɥ/(ɦɨɥɶɫ).
2
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. ɥ
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɦɨɥɶ
/(ɦɨɥɶ2ɫ).
2
/(ɥ2ɫ).
98
9. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɝɟɬɟɪɨ-
ɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ: Mg
+ 2HCl
(ɬ)
ĺ MgCl2
(ɪ-p)
(ɪ-p)
+ H2
,
(ɝ)
ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ 2:
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. r = k ÂC
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. r = k  C
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. r = k Â
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. r = k Â
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. r = k Â
C
.
CC
.
.
HCl
.
MgClH
22
Mg
Mg.
2
C
HCl
2
C
H
2
10. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɝɟɬɟɪɨ-
ɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
CuO
+ H2
(ɬ)
o Cu
(ɝ)
+ ɇ2Ɉ
(ɬ)
,
(ɝ)
ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. r = k
.
CC
HCuO
2
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. r = k.
CuO
.
CC
OHCu
2
.
2
.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. r = k
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. r = k
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. r = k
C
H
C
11. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɜɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬ 20 °ɋ ɞɨ 50 °ɋ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-
J
ɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
= 4.
ȼɚɲ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 1. ɜ 4 ɪɚɡɚ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 2. ɜ 64 ɪɚɡɚ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 3. ɜ 16 ɪɚɡ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 4. ɜ 8 ɪɚɡ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ 5. ɜ 12 ɪɚɡ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ
6.1. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡ-
ɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ 2, ɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ F
+ F2
ɜɟɧ 1: 2NO
(ɝ)
o 2NOF
(ɝ)
.
(ɝ)
ɪɚ-
2
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ NO ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ, ɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ F
ɜ 3 ɪɚɡɚ.
2
6.2. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɪɟɚɤ-
ɰɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚɹ: NO
2 (ɝ)
+ CO
o NO
(ɝ)
+ CO2
(ɝ)
(ɝ)
.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜ 3 ɪɚɡɚ.
99
6.3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɜɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤ-
J
ɰɢɢ: 2Ⱥ
(ɝ)
+ ȼ
= 2D
(ɝ)
, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɜ 3 ɪɚɡɚ.
(ɝ)
6.4. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ Ⱥ + 2 ȼ = ɋ ɪɚɜɧɚ k = 0,2;
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɵ: ɋ
= 0,3 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ, ɋ
A0
= 0,5 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ. ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ
ȼ0
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ Ⱥ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɞɨ 0,2 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɚɯ.
6.5. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ 2-ɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ:
Mg
ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ C
+ 2 HCl
(ɬ)
= 0,4 ɦɨɥɶ/ɥ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ k = 0,2.
HCl
(ɪ-ɪ)
= MgCl
2 (ɪ-ɪ)
+ H
2 (ɝ)
ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ.
+ B
o C
+ D
6.6. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ: A
(ɬ)
(ɝ)
(ɝ)
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟ-
(ɝ)
ɚɤɰɢɟɣ 2-ɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. Ɂɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ,
ɤɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ȼ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ
ɜ 4 ɪɚɡɚ.
6.7. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ:
A
(ɬ)
+ B
(ɪ-ɪ)
o C
(ɪ-ɪ)
+ D
(ɪ-ɪ)
,
ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ȼ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɜ 4 ɪɚɡɚ. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ n = 1,5. ɍɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɢɧɭɬɚɯ.
6.8. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ Ⱥ
(ɬ)
(ɝ)
o Ɋ
, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡ-
(ɝ)
+ ȼ
ɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ȼ ɜ 3 ɪɚɡɚ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ 9 ɪɚɡ.
6.9. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɨɬ 300 ɞɨ 400 K ɟɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ J
= 3.
6.10. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬ 30 °ɋ ɞɨ 50 °ɋ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ ɜ 16 ɪɚɡ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ
ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ
ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
6.11. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬ 30 °ɋ ɞɨ 90 °ɋ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ 10
2
ɪɚɡ. Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ J.
6.12. ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ H
2 (ɝ)
+ I
2 (ɝ)
= 2HI
ɪɚɜɧɚ ȿa =
(ɝ)
= 165,5 ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɜɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɚɤ-
ɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬ 570 ɞɨ 630 K.
6.13. Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɚɧɚ – ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. ȼɵɱɢɫ-
ɥɢɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ Ɍ
ɪɚɜɧɚ k
= 23,1 Â 10–5 ɫ–1.
2
= 823 K ɪɚɜɧɚ k1 = 2,5 Â 10–5 ɫ–1, ɚ ɩɪɢ Ɍ2 = 863 K
1
6.14. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ:
ɪɚɜɧɵ: ɩɪɢ Ɍ
2HI o H
= 647 K k1 = 8,96 Â 10–5 ɥ /(ɦɨɥɶÂɫ), ɚ ɩɪɢ Ɍ2 = 700 K
1
+ I 2
2
100
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