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outdo or undo the rival’s advantages, then the advisability of envy may be strongly
dependent on the advisability of the actions it motivates. And whether these actions
are advisable, in turn, depends upon whether they are efficient means to the ends at
which they aim, and whether those ends are themselves in the subject’s interests.
Thus, an adequate assessment of the prudential advisability of envy may
depend on whether the envious subject’s sense that he is worse off because of his
rival’s possession of the good that he lacks is accurate (since envious motivation
might actually serve the subject’s interests, especially if it were accurate).
Suppose that envy includes some desire that the rival not have the good.
Then envy may be interpreted so as to involve a preference for the situation in which
neither subject nor rival have the good to the one in which rival has it and subject
does not. Call this the “envious preference”. The envious preference is invoked as a
basis for the claim that envy appraises the former situation a better that the latter. But
better in what respect? First, it might be held to be better, from the point of view of
the universe (“impersonally better” for short). Secondly, it might be held to be better
for the subject.
Alternatively, envy can be held to present the difference in possession
between subject and rival as bad specifically for Subject. This interpretation of envy’s
characteristic appraisal jibes better with the doctrine that envy is not a moral feeling.
Envy can nonetheless be criticized as irrational, on this interpretation, for taking
something to be bad for Subject that is not in fact bad for him. What matters to how
well things are going for Subject is a function of what goods Subject has, not what his
rival has. Hence, while the present state of affairs is worse for Subject than the one in
which he has the good and Rival lacks it, there can be no reason of self-interest for
Subject to have the envious preference. The cogency of this argument for the
irrationality of envy hinges on questions about the nature of well-being.
II. Supply the following words with translation. Learn the words with
their definitions.
1) to charge with – to instruct or command; give as a duty or responsibility;
2) imprudent – unwise and thoughtless;
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3) vicious – cruel; having or showing hate and the desire to hurt;
4) assumption – something that is taken as a fact or believed to be true without
proof;
5) to evaluate – to calculate or judge the value or degree of;
6) to assess – to calculate or decide the value or amount of;
7) prudential – resulting from prudence, esp. in business matters;
8) advisability – something that is taken as a sensible and wise action;
9) to urge – to try very hard to persuade; to draw the attention to the importance
of smth.;
10) to diminish – to cause to become or seem smaller; to cause to seem less
important;
11) to outdo – to do or be better than someone else;
12) to undo – to remove rival’s advantages;
13) to jibe – a remark which makes someone look foolish or points out someone’s
faults;
14) cogency – a particular belief; persuasion;
15) rival – a person, group or organization with whom one competes.
III. Complete the sentences below with the words written above.
1. Her staggering lack of judgment in relying on him was the subject of the
relatives’ criticism, ‘cause he was not a person whom she could trust, he is
so……………
2. The Smiths built a swimming pool in their back garden and not to be
………………, their neighbours built an even bigger one.
3. She finished her speech with a ……………… at the prime minister.
4. The school has only been opened for six months, so it’s hard to
……………… its success.
5. She ………………me ……… looking after her son.
6. The speaker ………………immediate action against the illegal regime.
7. Who will be his main ………………… in the presidential election?
8. I would question the ………………… of such a course of action.
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9. Don’t rely on the information she gave you – it’s pure ……………… on
her part.
10. He gave the dog a ……………… blow with the stick.
IV. Make a two-way translation.
Один из семи смертных грехов, vicious, оценивать свое благополучие,
imprudent, желание убрать преимущества противника, prudential,
целесообразность, to evaluate, контролировать эмоции, to outdo, желание
превзойти, to jibe, эффективный, assumption, определение благоразумной
целесообразности, to undo.
V. Retell the text in Russian and in English according to the suggested
scheme (see p. 121-122).
VI. Translate the following text in English. Use the words and phrases
given below.
Зависть – порок или …
Зависть испытывают все, в той или иной мере, по тому или иному
поводу, но не многие могут в этом сознаться, даже самим себе. А между тем
речь идёт о нормальном и необязательно негативном чувстве. Разумеется, если
позволить ей взять над нами вверх, то зависть может стать опустошающей.
Однако, если мы будем следить за собой, она может побудить нас на
большие дела. Обычно мы испытываем зависть, если кто-то из нашего
окружения добивается того, что представляет интерес и для нас, однако нам это
не удается. Деньги, слава, красота, молодость; талант незнакомых и далеких от
нас звезд, как правило, не вызывают у нас жгучей зависти. Но если нашим
коллегам повышают зарплату, подруга неожиданно находит богатого мужа,
переселяется в роскошный дом, совершает путешествия в экзотические места, это нередко делает нас завистливыми. Зарубежные психологи не считают
зависть негативным чувством. По их мнению, она возникает в том случае, когда
человек сравнивает себя с другим и этот другой оказывается лучше, чем он сам.
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Две помещающиеся на шкале зависти крайности называются черной и
1.
A scientist has discovered men have funnier faces than women.
T / F
2.
The scientist conducted his research while riding a unicycle.
T / F
3.
The scientist believes male hormones make men funnier.
T / F
4.
He said men become funnier as they get older.
T / F
5.
Research shows there are more male than female comedians.
T / F
белой. По мнению специалистов в области поведения, черная зависть - это
отрицательное и болезненное чувство, которое приводит к озлоблению и
самоуничтожению. Те, кто испытывают ее, считают, что с ними поступают
несправедливо. Эта разновидность зависти очень прочна и обычно образуется в
детском возрасте. Она приводит к хроническому чувству неполноценности и
отчаянию. Черная зависть, в конечном счете, переходит в разрушительную
ненависть, которая обращается против самого себя.
В противоположность этому белая зависть действует подобно
допингу. Она окрыляет, так как вызывающая зависть личность неожиданно
становится образцом для подражания. Такой человек не мучается из-за успехов
другого, а восхищается им, и это побуждает его к активности. Таким образом,
белая зависть может вызвать желание перемен и стимулировать творческую
деятельность.
__________________________________________________________
Wasteful, to look after oneself, burning envy, self-humiliation, inferiority complex, a
sense of despair, as opposed to, a model to follow
VII. Listening: Men funnier than women, says scientist.
1. Before listening
1.1 True / False. Look at the article’s headline and guess whether these
sentences are true (T) or false (F):
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6.
Studies suggest men are more interested in a joke’s punch line.
T / F
7.
Men dislike hearing jokes about their wife’s mother.
T / F
8.
Men seem to be more competitive than women at joke telling.
T / F
1.2 Synonym match. Match the following synonyms from the article:
1)
claim
a)
made fun of
2)
reaction
b)
quietens
3)
mocked
c)
extraordinary
4)
remarkable
d)
(be) inclined to
5)
aggression
e)
topic
6)
tend to
f)
assertion
7)
subject
g)
hostility
8)
negative
h)
conclusions
9)
findings
i)
response
10)
lulls
j)
bad
1)
men are naturally
a)
nasty comments
2)
he observed the reaction
b)
of joking
3)
male “jokers” mocked him and made
c)
about mothers-in-law
4)
the male hormone testosterone is the cause
d)
of onlookers
5)
a funnier form
e)
differently
6)
women and men use humor
f)
funnier than women
7)
male comedians outnumber
g)
a competition
8)
men seem to like hearing and making jokes
h)
female ones
9)
the conversation
i)
of men being funnier
10)
it then becomes a bit of
j)
lulls
1.3 Phrase match. Match the following phrases from the article
(sometimes more than one combination is possible):
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2. Listen and fill in the spaces.
1.
What did you think when you read the headline?
2.
What kind of comedy do you like?
3.
Do you think men are funnier than women?
4.
Are your favourite comedians men or women?
5.
What do you think of the unicycling scientist’s research?
Men are naturally funnier than women. This _____________________ UK
male professor, Sam Shuster. He conducted research on 400 different people as he
unicycled around his town. He observed _____________________ and discovered
that men made more jokes _____________________, and that men’s jokes were
more aggressive. He said three-quarters of male “jokers” mocked
_____________________ comments, while most women tended to tease him with a
smile. He said: "The difference between the men and women
_____________________ and consistent." Professor Shuster believes the male
hormone testosterone _____________________ being funnier. He found that teenage
boys were aggressive in their humor and this aggression changed with older
_____________________ of joking.
Earlier research suggests women and men _____________________. One
study said women _____________________ jokes than men and male comedians
outnumber female ones. Other showed men look more for a punch line. Men also use
people they _____________________ their jokes, often in a negative way. Married
men seem to like hearing and making jokes _____________________. British
comedian John Moloney disagreed with Professor Shuster’s findings. He said that in
his _____________________, he had never noticed that men were funnier than
women. He stated: "The difference is that if a group of women were together
___________________, they don't automatically start telling jokes, which men do. It
then becomes a bit of a competition, but _____________________ men are funnier."
3. Discussion.
3.1 STUDENT A’s QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student B)
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6.
Do you think humor is genetic and the male hormone testosterone causes men to
be funnier?
7.
What are the differences between male and female humor?
8.
Do you have a good sense of humor?
9.
Are you good at telling jokes?
3.2 STUDENT B’s QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student A)
1.
Did you like reading this article?
2.
How do you think men and women use humor differently?
3.
Do you really think women tell fewer jokes than men?
4.
Are the subjects of men and women’s jokes different in your country?
5.
Do you understand the humor of other nationalities?
6.
Do you laugh at jokes told in English?
7.
Do you agree that men have a “who can tell the best joke” competition – more
so than women?
8.
What questions would you like to ask professor Sam Shuster?
9.
Did you like this discussion?
4. Translate the text into Russian in a written form.
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6 Assignment
I. Read and translate the following text.
Driving in Russia
Driving in Russia has become a risky way to get around. Each year, some
197,000 traffic accidents are registered nationwide, with 25,000 fatalities on the road,
according to Traffic Police statistics. And the numbers keep growing at a staggering
rate of ten percent per year. In Moscow, the annual number of accidents averages
14,000, with over one thousand fatalities. Up to ten children die everyday in car
accidents, or 3,600 a year.
Officials blame the growing crisis on a number of factors, ranging from the
bad driving habits of Russian drivers, unsafe road conditions and inadequate training
for new drivers.
A sampling of the statistics from the traffic police blotter this week
illustrates the dangers. On Wednesday, police officers arrested a woman in Moscow
after she hit two children at a pedestrian crossing in Central Moscow. One of the
children remains in the hospital. A few hours later, on the same side street, another
hit-and-run incident left a boy in the hospital. On Tuesday, another driver, a woman
from Lipetsk temporarily registered in Moscow, hit a woman pushing a baby
carriage. The 5-month old baby was rushed to hospital with a brain concussion. The
driver was detained, but released without her drivers’ license.
On Monday, a motorcyclist died while attempting to turn onto
Aminyevskoye highway from Kutuzovsky Avenue. Witnesses say he was moving at
a high rate of speed before he rode his bike into a bus. Another motorcyclist ran over
him as he lay in the road.
The same day, a driver of a BMW with three passengers on board lost
control of his vehicle as he was speeding towards Moscow from the city of
Dolgoprudny. He lost control of his car, veered into oncoming traffic, and collided
with a municipal truck head-on, killing everyone in the car. Within a five-day period,
49
between September 21 and 25, Moscow suffered 173 traffic accidents that left 18
people dead and 193 injured. Twenty three of the casualties were children. In August,
there 1,213 traffic accidents that left 109 people dead, including three children; 1,393
people were injured, including 103 children.
Traffic Police say that the ignorance of traffic safety rules is behind these
deaths.
“When driving a «safe» car drivers rarely think about the consequences of
their careless behaviour”, a Moscow State Traffic Safety Inspectorate official, who
wished to remain anonymous, told The Moscow News. “They do not think about
their own safety at all. Even less they think about other people, including pedestrians,
who quite often get under their wheels and say good-bye to life”.
Speeding is the most common violation in Moscow. “High-speed driving is
dangerous, even if you are the only one on the road,” the official said.
Officials say that nearly one-third of all the traffic accidents are caused by
speeding. Drunk drivers cause every tenth accident. In every seventh accident, drivers
have no license at all.
Driving in the oncoming lane is second on the list of Russian drivers’
favourite traffic crimes, followed by attempting to make a turn or to speed up on a
yellow light.
But at least where pedestrian crosswalks are concerned, drivers are
reportedly becoming more polite. And more pedestrian have stopped running across
wherever they please and started patiently going to pedestrian crossings in order to
cross. “Our key goal is forming law-abiding behaviour of pedestrians and drivers”,
the official said.
According to a poll, 42 percent of drivers and 78 percent of pedestrians are
capable of intentional violation of traffic rules, road police said. Another major traffic
problem is that the physical state of the roads is far from perfect. Little attention is
paid to building new pedestrian underpasses, and little is done to guarantee safety
intersections.
50
“Road workers are trying to patch roads, which has not yet undergone
complex reconstruction”, another source in the traffic Police said. “But that could
even worsen the situation as when the patches appear, their structure turns to differ
from that of the rest road surface, and when a car starts braking on them, the effect is
too insignificant to let the vehicle stop in time. “Moreover, even after complex
reconstruction of roads, the same services come back sometime and dig out the same
roads again, leaving patches. What for? What are they hiding there? – Maybe their
own violations. The reconstructed roads, even in case they were properly used do not
serve as long as they have to,” the source said. “Ruts are appearing at newly
reconstructed roads within two to three months after reconstruction works were over.
In the worst case the ruts are seen the next day after reconstruction.”
Such conditions, which can make cars and motorcycles lose control, are
likely the fault of under qualified, possibly illegally hired, construction workers.
“That’s especially dangerous, taking into account that most of people
driving in the streets simply cannot drive, even if they really passed the examination
and have not bought their driving licenses,” the official continued. “The latter, by the
way, became very popular, though more expensive than, say, a year or two ago.”
Most of the time spent by drivers at driving school is at specially chosen
training areas and safer city streets, and many essential driving skills – like the
different ways to brake properly – are neglected. As a result, driving school graduates
still know little about their car and how a vehicle will behave in certain situations. As
it stands, the number of cars in Russia is growing steadily, while it seems the number
of people, who can drive safely, is decreasing.
II. Supply the following words with translation. Learn the words with
their definitions.
1) fatality – a violent accidental death;
2) to blame – to consider smth or someone responsible for smth bad;
3) blotter – a book where records are written every day, before the information is
stored elsewhere (often in the phrase police blotter);
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