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Файл:Практический курс перевода. Учебное пособие
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7.
Workers dream of spending their nest years with a golden egg.
T / F
8.
We have doubled human lifespan in the past century.
T / F
1.2 Synonym match. Match the following synonyms from the article:
a)
consigned
1) extended
b)
hanging up our boots
2) abruptly
c)
rudely
3) selecting
d)
numerous
4) breakthroughs
e)
opting
5) verge
f)
advances
6) relegated
g)
seismic
7) boundaries
h)
elongated
8) enormous
i)
brink
9) retiring
j)
parameters
10) abundant
a)
early retirement might be consigned
1) being able to extend human lifespan
b)
we may be hanging up our
2) and realities of work
c)
medical advances could increase
3) to the ageing gene
d)
rudely reshaping our perceptions
4) to the history books
e)
greater numbers of who are opting
5) boots at 85 instead of 65
f)
become centenarians because of
6) awakening for many workers
g)
unlock the key
7) human longevity dramatically
h)
He predicts a rude
8) with a nest-egg
i)
spending one’s golden years
9) to leave the workforce
j)
we are on the brink of
10) advances in medicine
1.3 Phrase match. Match the following phrases from the article
(sometimes more than one combination is possible):
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2. Listen and fill in the spaces.
Workers may soon experience major and ___________ shifts in the lengths
of their working lives, if an American sociologist is to be believed. The age at which
people look forward to early retirement might be __________ to the history books.
Instead, we may be hanging up our _______ at 85 instead of 65. Stanford University
professor Shripad Tuljapurkar told a science __________ in the USA that medical
advances could increase human longevity dramatically over the coming decades,
________ reshaping our perceptions and realities of work. Tuljapurkar predicts
modern economies will not be able to support their increasingly numerous ________,
greater numbers of who are ________ to leave the workforce at increasingly younger
ages.
Professor Tuljapurkar ________ that most people living in today’s
industrialized societies can expect to become centenarians because of advances in
medicine and ________ science. He believes once geneticists unlock the key to the
ageing gene, society will have to quickly ________ shifts of ________ magnitude.
He predicts a rude awakening for many workers once they discover their insurance
and pension companies have not ________ for elongated life spans. Dreams of
spending one’s golden years with a __________ may have to be put on hold for a
decade or two. “Some people believe we are on the brink of being able to extend
human lifespan significantly…We have doubled human __________ in the last
century”, he said. As a result, accepted societal ______________ will change
considerably.
3. Discussion
3.1 STUDENT A’s QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student B)
1. Did the headline make you want to read the article?
2. Do you think scientists should extend our lives?
3. Do you think scientists are playing the role of God in increasing our
lifespans?
4. What would society be like if most people were over fifty?
5. What do you think of 85 as a retirement age?
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6. When do you want to retire?
7. Would you like to live to be 150?
8. Would life be different if we knew we had to work until we were 85?
9. What new industries would there be if we retired at 85 and lived to be
over 100?
10. Do you think scientists should unlock the key to the ageing gene?
3.2 STUDENT B’s QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student A)
1. Did you like reading this article?
2. What do you think about what you read?
3. Do you think increasing our lifespans will create more problems for society?
4. Would you be happy to fly on an airplane piloted by an 84-year-old?
5. If we all lived to be 120, when would middle age be?
6. What do you think of the idea of having grandchildren?
7. Do you think retiring at 85 means you’ll be very when you retire?
8. Do you want scientists to double our lifespans again?
9. What will happen to dreams of retirement if the retirement age is 85?
10. Did you like this discussion?
4. Translate the text into Russian in a written form.
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2 Assignment
I. Read and translate the following text.
Happiness Helps People to Stay Healthy
People who are happier in their daily lives have healthier levels of key
body chemicals than those who have few positive feelings, a new study suggests.
This means happier people may have healthier hearts and cardiovascular systems,
possibly cutting their risk of disease like diabetes.
Previous studies have shown that depression is associated with health
problems compared to average emotional states. But few studies have looked at the
effects of positive moods on health. Now, researchers at University College London,
UK, have linked everyday happiness with healthier levels of important body
chemicals, such as the stress hormone cortisol.
“This study showed that whether people are happy or less happy in their
everyday lives appears to have important effects on the markers of biological
function known to be associated with disease,” says clinical psychologist Jane
Wardle, one of the research team. “Perhaps laughter is the best medicine,” she adds.
“This is the best data to date that associates positive emotional feelings
with good effects on your health,” says Carol Shively, at Wake Forest University
Baptist Medical Center in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, US. “We usually
concentrate on things that are bad or wrong, rather than good or right”.
The team studied 216 middle-aged men and women living in London, UK,
who are part of the ongoing “Whitehall II” study of thousands of civil servants, led
by Michael Marmot.
This subset was asked to rate how happy they had been feeling in the last
five minutes at about 33 points during their working or leisure days. At these points,
their heart rates and blood pressures were also measured by an automated system.
15
Saliva samples were also taken from the volunteers at eight points during a
working day and a leisure day to test levels of the stress hormone cortisol. On one
occasion, the subjects were invited into the lab and given a “mildly stressful” task to
perform while their biological responses were measured. The team controlled for
factors such as socioeconomic position, age and gender to try to tease out the effects
of happiness alone on health.
“The happier you were, the lower your cortisol levels during the day,” says
Wardle. “For men, but not for women, the happier you were the lower your average
heart rate was.”
Cortisol is a stress hormone of which high levels are linked to conditions
such as type II diabetes and hypertension. And lower heart rates are associated with
good cardiovascular health.
In addition, individuals who said they were happy nearly every time they
were asked had lower levels of a blood protein called fibrinogen following the
stressful task. This molecule makes blood “sticky” and is vital in the clotting process,
but high concentrations can signal future coronary heart disease problems.
Shively notes that scientists have theorized that emotions enable
individuals to respond appropriately to the environment. “Here’s a great example of
how happiness might be modulating responses to the environment. Happiness might
be every bit as important as other emotions which get a lot more press, like anger or
depression.”
Wardle adds that the way the brain functions during happy states “perhaps
makes the little hassles and irritations of everyday life loom less large, so you don’t
get such strong reactions to them”.
II. Supply the following words with translation. Learn the words with
their definitions:
1) psychologist – a person who understands people’s characters;
2) subset – a set that is part of a larger set esp. in mathematics;
3) to rate – to have the stated opinions about, to value; to deserve;
4) blood pressure – the measurable force with which blood travels through the body;
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5) sample – a small part representing the whole; typical small quantity;
6) to tease out – to remove, straighten or loosen carefully and patiently with fingers;
7) to be associated with – to be connected with;
8) sticky – covered with a substance, esp. a thick liquid which stays fixed to
anything it touches, and is used for fastening things firmly together;
9) vital – very necessary, of the greatest importance;
10) to enable – to make able; give the power, means or right to do smth.;
11) hassle – a situation causing difficulty or annoyance;
12) to loom large – to seem great and cause worry or other strong feeling.
III. Complete the sentences below with the words written above.
1. She is generally ……… as one of the best modern poets.
2. He was finally able ………… the broken piece of key ……… of the lock.
3. Bring a blood ……….. when you come to see the doctor.
4. Children, please keep your ……… fingers off the car window!
5. In an emergency, the captain must take the ………… decision whether to
abandon ship or not.
6. Richard, a ………… by training was a student counselor, and would devote
three days a week to answering the telephone and persuading anxious
undergraduates.
7. The coming examination …………… larger with every passing day.
8. The fall in the value of the pound will ………… us to export more goods.
9. The scientist decided he didn’t want ………………… the project, and he
left.
10. I came by bus because I couldn’t be bothered with the ………… of
parking.
IV. Make a two-way translation.
Радостные моменты, cardiovascular system, оказывать мощное
воздействие на что-л., to enable, позитивный эмоциональный настрой, to tease
out, принимать угрожающие размеры, vital, социоэкономическое положение,
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sticky, медленное сердцебиение, to loom large, кровяное давление, psychologist,
перебранка (ссора), positive emotional feelings, оценивать (определять).
V. Retell the text in Russian and in English according to the suggested
scheme (see p. 121-122).
VI. Translate the following text in English. Use the words and phrases
given below.
Рецепт долголетия
Здоровый образ жизни может продлить жизнь на десятилетие.
Исследование показывает, что даже пожилые могут извлечь пользу из
перемены образа жизни. Это простой рецепт, но он может продлить вам жизнь
на 11 лет, а то и больше. Исследование, проведенное в Кембридже по заказу
министерства здравоохранения, вывело формулу долголетия. Отказ от курения
прибавляет пять лет, умеренные физические нагрузки – еще три года. И еще
три – пять порций фруктов и овощей в день. Для тех, кто предпочитает диван
всему остальному, даже груша в день не пройдет бесследно.
Данные были получены в ходе исследования образа и
продолжительности жизни более 25 тыс. человек в возрасте 45-79 лет в
Норфолке. Оно показало, что самые решительные из нас могут продлить свою
жизнь больше чем на десятилетие. Даже те, кто стесняется ходить в спортзал,
могут добавить себе два года, ежедневно съедая яблоко или грушу вдобавок к
своему обычному рациону.
Кей Ти Хо с кафедры клинической геронтологии медицинского
факультета Кембриджа, которая руководит продолжающимся исследованием,
заявила, что провести некоторые усовершенствования в своей жизни никогда
не поздно.
Какими бы мелкими ни были перемены в образе жизни, они могут
продлить ее на годы. “Каждая крошечная добавка активности оказывает
сильное воздействие на здоровье, – сказала она. – Если неактивные люди
18
движутся в направлении умеренной активности, это снижает уровень
смертности на 15-20 %.”
Степень активности вашего досуга должна зависеть от вида вашей
работы. Тот, кто сидит в офисе, нуждается в часе упражнений в день, чтобы
добавить себе три года. Парикмахеру или продавцу, стоящему весь день на
ногах, для достижения такого же результата достаточно 30 минут.
Водопроводчику, уборщице, медсестре, каменщику и строителю не нужно
ничего, потому что их род занятий включает в себя физическую работу.
Небольшие изменения в режиме питания тоже дают ощутимый результат. Пять
порций фруктов и овощей в день приносят максимальную пользу. Но даже
увеличение количества порций с нуля до одной или с двух до трех продлит
жизнь на два года, показывает исследование.
Дэвид Кэмерон заявил, что кампания не только продлит жизнь
отдельных людей, но и полезна для общества в целом. "Речь идет о том, что
небольшие изменения производят большие перемены в здоровье человека и
дают шанс прожить дольше", – заявил он.
Ранее премьер говорил, что ходит в спортзал при Даунинг-стрит тричетыре раза в неделю, и это помогает ему снять стресс. Позже он сказал
журналистам: "Я действительно много занимаюсь физическими упражнениями
и нахожу для них время, так как считаю это важным.
Кэмерон заявил, что ест теперь больше фруктов и овощей, чем
привык, и старается пить больше воды. Он призвал других к таким же мелким
переменам, например, подниматься по лестнице, а не на лифте.
_______________________________________________________
A study by Cambridge University on behalf of the Department of Health; couch
potatoes; to be derived from research; to boost one’s longevity; to launch a new
campaign; clinical gerontology unit; to have a measurable impact on health; a
sedentary office worker; for society as a whole; to appeal to smb.to make such small
changes; to work out at the Downing Street gym
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VII. Listening: Friends help you live longer
1.
Research says friends are more important for longevity than family.
T / F
2.
A study was conducted on 1,500 British septuagenarians.
T / F
3.
Good friends can help you live 22 years longer.
T / F
4.
Good friendships have the opposite effect on the body that stress has.
T / F
5.
A group of 70-year-olds was studied for a period of 10 years.
T / F
6.
The group was monitored annually over the 10-year test period.
T / F
7.
The death of a spouse greatly affected the test data.
T / F
8.
The message is to keep in touch with friends for a longer life.
T / F
a)
longevity
1) assess
b)
affiliations
2) put down to
c)
attributed to
3) turmoil
d)
septuagenarians
4) associations
e)
antithesis
5) friends
f)
gauge
6) 70-79-year-olds
g)
constitution
7) long life
h)
confidants
8) painful
i)
upheavals
9) opposite
j)
traumatic
10) health
1. Before listening
1.1 True / False. Look at the article’s headline and guess whether these
sentences are true (T) or false (F):
1.2 Synonym match. Match the following synonyms from the article:
1.3 Phrase match. Match the following phrases from the article
(sometimes more than one combination is possible):
20
a)
New research
1) gathered from …
b)
close
2) with close friends
c)
affiliations
3) the negative effects
d)
positive physiological
4) family ties
e)
was the antithesis to
5) in other variables
f)
analyzed data
6) intervals thereafter
g)
affected the constitution
7) suggests
h)
at three-yearly
8) of the test group
i)
factoring
9) effects on the body
j)
financial
10) upheavals
2. Listen and fill in the spaces.
New research suggests that having good friends in old age may be more
_______ ___ ________ than having close family ties. This is according to a study
published in the British _______ __ _________ and Community Health on June 16.
Researchers interviewed 1,500 Australians over the age of 70 about their social and
family relations. Findings indicated that _________ ___ ____ ______ improved
chances of survival beyond ten years by 22 per cent. This was attributed to the
_______ __________ ______ on the body of increased recreation and social activity.
The researchers proposed that the beneficial feelings experienced __ ___
_____________ because of their friends was the __________ __ ___ ________
effects that stress has on our well-being.
The researchers analyzed data gathered from the Australian Longitudinal
Study of Aging, which began in 1992. This study ____ __ _____ ___ a range of
behavioral, economic, environmental and social factors
_________ ___ _________ of the test group of 70-year-olds. The senior citizens were
_________ _________ for the first four years of the ten-year-long study and at __________ ________ _________. The team found that those with the strongest network
of friends and confidants were less likely to die by the end of the ten-year period.
This was consistent ___ ____ ________ __ other variables such as the death of a
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