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Файл:Практический курс перевода. Учебное пособие
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101
Nina Kraus ___________________ bilingualism affects the brain. They found that
1.
What did you think when you read the headline?
2.
What springs to mind when you hear the word 'bilingual'?
3.
How bilingual are you?
4.
What are the advantages of being bilingual?
5.
Should bilingualism (or trilingualism / multilingualism) be part of a country's
education system?
6.
What effect do you think language learning has on your brain?
7.
How are your attention span and memory?
8.
What would your life be like if you could not understand or speak English?
9.
Are monolinguals disadvantaged in life?
studying another language "fine-tunes" people's _____________________ and
enhances their memory. In particular they discovered that when language learners
attempt to understand speech in another language, it _____________________ the
brainstem – _____________________ the brain. Professor Kraus stated:
"Bilingualism serves as enrichment for the brain and has real consequences
__________________attention and working memory."
Professor Marian explained why studying and learning another language
was _____________________ the brain. She said: "People do crossword puzzles and
other activities to keep their minds sharp, but the advantages we've discovered
_____________________ speakers come automatically simply from knowing and
using two languages." She added: "It seems that the _____________________ are
particularly powerful and broad, and include attention, _____________________ of
sound." She said bilinguals were better listeners because they are
"_____________________" of sound. She said: "The bilingual juggles linguistic
input and, it appears, automatically pays greater attention to relevant versus
_____________________."
3. Discussion
3.1 STUDENT A's QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student B)
102
10.
What do you think of your brainpower?
3.2 STUDENT B's QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student A)
1.
Did you like reading this article?
2.
What three adjectives best describe this article, and why?
3.
Why do you think learning another language is good for the brain?
4.
Do you think crossword puzzles are good for you?
5.
How sharp is your mind?
6.
Do you think you are better at recognizing and encoding sounds because of your
language studying?
7.
What do you have to juggle in life?
8.
Are you a good listener?
9.
What new language would you like to learn and why?
10.
What questions would you like to ask the Northwestern University professors?
4. Translate the text into Russian in a written form.
103
12 Assignment
I. Read and translate the following text.
A Risk of Total Collapse
Is it possible that global civilization might collapse within our lifetime or
that of our children? Until recently, such an idea was the preserve of lunatics and
cults. In the past few years, however, an increasing number of intelligent and credible
people have been warning that global collapse is a genuine possibility. And many of
these are sober scientists, including Lord May, David King and Jared Diamond –
people not usually given to exaggeration or drama.
The new doomsayers all point to the same collection of threats - climate
change, resource depletion and population imbalances being the most important.
What makes them especially afraid is that many of these dangers are interrelated,
with one tending to exacerbate the others. It is necessary to tackle them all at once if
we are to have any chance of avoiding global collapse, they warn.
Many societies – from the Maya in Mexico to the Polynesians of Easter
Island – have collapsed in the past, often because of the very same dangers that
threaten us. As Diamond explains in his recent book, Collapse, the Maya depleted
one of their principal resources – trees – and this triggered a series of problems such
as soil erosion, decrease of useable farmland and drought. The growing population
that drove this overexploitation was thus faced with a diminishing amount of food,
which led to increasing migration and bloody civil war. The collapse of the
civilization on Easter Island followed a similar pattern, with deforestation leading to
other ecological problems and warfare.
Unlike these dead societies, our civilization is global. On the positive side,
globalization means that when one part of the world gets into trouble, it can appeal to
the rest of the world for help. Neither the Maya nor the inhabitants of Easter Island
had this luxury; because they were in effect isolated civilizations. On the negative
side, globalization means that when one part of the world gets into trouble, the
104
trouble can quickly be exported. If modern civilization collapses, it will do so
everywhere. Everyone now stands or falls together.
Global collapse would probably still follow the same basic pattern as a
local collapse but on a greater scale. With the Maya, the trouble began in one region
but engulfed the whole civilization. Today, as climate change makes some areas less
hospitable than others, increasing numbers of people will move to the more habitable
areas. The increasing population will make them less habitable and lead to further
migration in a domino effect. Huge movements of people and capital will put the
international financial system under strain and may cause it to give way. In his book
The Future of Money, the Belgian economist Bernard Lietaer argues that the global
monetary system is already very unstable. Financial crises have certainly grown in
scale and frequency over the past decade. The South-east Asian crisis of 1997
dwarfed the Mexican crisis of 1994 and was followed by the Russian crash of 1998
and the Brazilian crisis of 1999. This is another example of the way globalization can
exacerbate rather than minimize the risk of total collapse.
This would not be the end of the world. The collapse of modern civilization
would entail the deaths of billions of people but not the end of the human race. A few
Mayans survived by abandoning their cities and retreating into the jungle, where they
continue to live to this day. In the same way, some would survive the end of the
industrial age by reverting to a preindustrial lifestyle.
The enormity of such a scenario makes it hard to imagine. It is human
nature to assume that the world will carry on much as it has been. But it is worth
remembering that in the years preceding the collapse of their civilization, the Mayans
too were convinced that their world would last forever.
II. Supply the following words with translation. Learn the words with
their definitions.
1) permanence – when something continues forever or for a long time;
2) fragile – easily broken, damaged, or destroyed, physically or emotionally
weak;
3) credible – able to be trusted or believed;
105
4) exaggeration – when you describe something as larger, better, worse, etc
than it really is;
5) to deplete – to reduce the amount of something, especially a natural supply;
6) to tackle – to try to deal with a problem;
7) to trigger – to make something begin to happen;
8) to diminish – to become less, or to make something become less;
9) deforestation – when all the trees in a large area are cut down;
10) to appeal to – when a lot of people are asked to give money,
information, or help;
11) scale – the size or level of something;
12) hospitable – a hospitable person or place is friendly, pleasant, and
welcomes visitors;
13) habitable – a habitable building is in good enough condition to live in;
14) to entail – to involve something;
15) to survive – to continue to live after almost dying because of an
accident, illness, etc.;
16) to retreat into – to go away to a place or situation which is safer or
quieter;
17) enormity – how big or important something is.
III. Complete the sentences below with the words written above:
1. The crops failed because of the …
2. I don’t think that even now he realizes the full … of his crime.
3. He … in the desert for a week on his biscuits and water.
4. If she keeps missing school like this you’ll have to … her parents about it.
5. The government is … to everyone to save water.
6. Writing a history book … a lot of work.
7. Americans have the reputation of being very … people.
8. I can say without … that she is the most useful person in the company.
9. Their damp draughty house was scarcely …
10. The seamen’s strike has seriously … the country’s stocks of food.
106
IV. Make a two-way translation.
Мировая цивилизация; credible people; прерогатива безумцев; resource
depletion; глобальный крах; to trigger a series of problems; трезвомыслящие
ученые; новые пророки катастрофы; on a greater scale; изменение климата;
истощение ресурсов; the preserve of lunatics; дисбаланс население; глобальное
потепление; to entail the deaths of billions of people; пригодные для жизни;
массовые перемещения людей.
V. Paraphrase the underlined words in the sentences below, using
active vocabulary:
1. Be careful with those glasses – they are easily broken.
2. Police made a public request for any information about the missing girl.
3. Most of the people I met in Scotland were very friendly and kind.
4. Many schools are now trying to deal with the problem of drug abuse.
5. They were lost in the desert for several days, but managed to stay alive by
eating insects.
6. Rescue workers are trying to assess the size of the disaster.
VI. Translate the following into English:
1. Новые пророки катастрофы говорят об одном и том же наборе
угроз, главным из которых – изменение климата, истощение ресурсов и
дисбаланс населения.
2. Гибель цивилизации острова Пасхи развивалась по следующей
модели: вырубка лесов привела к экологическим проблемам и войне.
3. Массовые перемещения людей и капитала вызовут напряженность в
мировой финансовой системе и могут ее разрушить.
4. Гибель современной цивилизации повлечет за собой смерть
миллиардов людей, но не всего человечества.
VII. Retell the text in Russian and in English according to the
suggested scheme (see p. 121-122).
VIII. Translate the following text in English. Use the words and
phrases given below.
107
Что считать концом света?
Действительно, слово "апокалипсис" считается синонимом “конца
света”. Но это нельзя понимать как разрушение планеты Земля или
уничтожение всего живого или гибель последнего человека на Земле. Наша
планета существует миллиарды лет, жизнь на ней - сотни миллионов лет, а
люди на Земле - миллионы лет.
И есть все основания полагать, что и жизнь на планете, и люди на ней
будут существовать еще очень долго, по крайней мере, сотни тысяч или
миллионы лет. Эксперты утверждают, что какая-то небольшая часть людей
сможет пережить даже глобальную ядерную войну, следовательно, человек как
вид не исчезнет даже после такой катастрофы. А между тем, согласно книге
"Апокалипсис" Библии, только в течение двух тысяч лет после ее написания
Иоанном (конец I века н.э.) человечеству было суждено пережить два
апокалипсиса - два "конца света".
Следовательно, под апокалипсисом понимается не гибель всех людей
до единого человека, а гибель мировой цивилизации, или вообще какой-то
крупной цивилизации.
В последние столетия античности как раз и произошло такое явление гибель римской цивилизации, одной из величайших цивилизаций в истории,
после чего не стало ни римлян, ни их языка - латыни, превратившейся в
"мертвый язык". А вся Западная Европа и Западное Средиземноморье на много
столетий погрузились в "темные века", люди вернулись к почти первобытным
условиям существования. Это и было предсказано Иоанном в книге
"Апокалипсис".
_____________________________________________________________
Destruction of the planet, the last man on the Earth, there are grounds to believe,
global nuclear war, to exist, human race, primitive conditions of existence, “dead
language”, “dark ages”, to be predicted by…
108
false (F).
1.
A report says all fish will shrink by 24 per cent by within decades.
T / F
2.
Researchers did tests on more than 600 different types of fish.
T / F
3.
Scientists say fish sizes will change most will be in the polar regions.
T / F
4.
The research predicts many fish will relocate outside of tropical areas.
T / F
5.
The head researcher was not surprised at the figures in his research.
T / F
6.
The researcher said marine fish do respond to changes in temperature.
T / F
7.
He suggested human activities are not helping make things better.
T / F
8.
He suggested humans needed to change the way they fish.
T / F
1)
shrinking
a)
relocate
2)
coming
b)
probable
3)
extensive
c)
approaching
4)
likely
d)
problem
5)
migrate
e)
diminishing
6)
decrease
f)
react
7)
respond
g)
worrying
8)
puzzle
h)
large-scale
9)
concerning
i)
strategies
10)
policies
j)
drop
IX. Listening: Global warming to shrink fish by 24 %
1. Before listening
1.1 True / False. Read the headline. Guess if a-h below are true (T) or
1.2 Synonym match. Match the following synonyms from the article.
1.3 Phrase match. Match the following phrases from the article
(Sometimes more than one choice is possible).
109
1)
in the coming
a)
of fish
2)
The research team conducted
b)
policies
3)
over 600 species
c)
outside the tropics
4)
fish cannot grow at
d)
of the puzzle
5)
migrate to cooler waters
e)
decades
6)
fish are generally known to respond
f)
will worsen the
problem
7)
missing a big piece
g)
these changes
8)
overfishing and pollution
h)
the rate they should
9)
develop better fish management
i)
to climate change
10)
adapt to
j)
extensive tests
2. Listen and fill in the gaps
The size of fish (1) ______________________ shrinking. A new report
from the University of British Columbia in Canada states fish may shrink by as much
as a quarter (2) ______________________ because of global warming. The research
team conducted (3) ______________________ the effect of rising ocean
temperatures on the size and number of over 600 species of fish around the world.
They (4) ______________________ fish are likely to shrink in size by 14-24 per cent
by the year 2050. The biggest changes will be (5) ______________________. The
scientists said there is less oxygen in warmer water so fish cannot grow at the rate
they should. They added that many fish will (6) ______________________ waters
outside the tropics.
Lead researcher Professor William Cheung said: "We were surprised to see
(7) ______________________ in fish size. Marine fish are generally known to
respond to climate change through changing distribution and seasonality. But (8)
______________________ effect that climate change could have on body size
suggests that we may be missing a big (9) __________________ of understanding
climate change effects in the ocean." He added that human activities (10)
______________________ and pollution will worsen the problem: "Our work shows
a very (11) ______________________ the oceans and so it is very important to
110
reduce greenhouse gas emissions and develop better fish management policies (12)
1.
What did you think when you read the headline?
2.
What springs to mind when you hear the word 'fish'?
3.
What do you think about what you read?
4.
How big a problem is it if fish shrink by a quarter?
5.
How important are fish in your life?
6.
How would the world change if fish got smaller in size and number?
7.
Why are fish in the oceans getting smaller?
8.
If the fish migrate to cooler waters, will that mean the fish will grow to their
regular size and there'll be no problem?
9.
What might the situation be like in the year 2100?
10.
Do things like this worry you?
1.
Did you like reading this article?
2.
Why do you think the lead researcher was so surprised?
3.
How do you respond to climate size?
4.
Do you think shrinking fish will change the portions on your plate or things like
sushi?
5.
Do you think climate change could change our body size?
6.
What should we do about overfishing and pollution?
7.
What other human activities are affecting climate change?
8.
What did you do today that added to greenhouse gasses or that helped the
climate?
9.
Will countries adapt to these changes? Why (not)?
10.
What questions would you like to ask professor William Cheung?
______________________ changes," he said.
3. Discussion.
3.1 STUDENT A's QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student B)
3.2 STUDENT B's QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student A)
4. Translate the text into Russian in a written form.
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