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Файл:Английский язык для неязыковых факультетов. Учебник
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Full of wise saws and modern instances;
And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slipper’d pantaloon
With spectacles on nose well and pouch on side,
His youthful hose well sav’d a world too wide
For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,
That ends his strange eventful history,
In second childishness and mere oblivion
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.
Translation:
Весь мир – театр.
В нём женщины, мужчины – все актеры.
У них свои есть выходы, уходы,
И каждый не одну играет роль.
Семь действий в пьесе той. Сперва младенец,
Ревущий громко на руках у мамки...
Потом плаксивый школьник с книжкой сумкой,
С лицом румяным, нехотя, улиткой
Ползущий в школу. А затем любовник,
Вздыхающий, как печь, с балладой грустной
В честь брови милой. А затем солдат,
Чья речь всегда проклятьями полна,
Обросший бородой, как леопард,
Ревнивый к чести, забияка в ссоре,
Готовый славу бренную искать
Хоть в пушечном жерле. Затем судья
С брюшком округлым, где каплун запрятан,
Со строгим взором, стриженой бородкой,
Шаблонных правил и сентенций кладезь,–
Так он играет роль. Шестой же возраст –
Уж это будет тощий Панталоне,
В очках, в туфлях, у пояса – кошель,
В штанах, что с юности берег, широких
Для ног иссохших; мужественный голос
Сменяется опять дискантом детским:
Пищит, как флейта... А последний акт,
Конец всей этой странной, сложной пьесы –
Второе детство, полузабытье:
Без глаз, без чувств, без вкуса, без всего.
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UNIT 4. ILLNESSES AND THEIR TREATMENT
A day's wait
He came into the room to shut the windows while we were still in bed and
I saw he looked ill. He was shivering, his face was white, and he walked slowly
as though it ached to move. "What's the matter, Schatz?"
"I've got a headache."
"You'd better go back to bed."
"No, I'm all right."
"You go to bed. I'll see you when I'm dressed."
But when I came downstairs he was dressed, sitting by the fire, looking a
very sick and miserable boy of nine years. When I put my hand on his forehead I
knew he had a fever.
"You go up to bed," I said, "you're sick."
"I'm all right," he said.
When the doctor came he took the boy's temperature.
"What is it?" I asked him.
"One hundred and two."
Downstairs, the doctor left three different medicines in different colored
capsules with instructions for giving them. One was to bring down the fever,
another a purgative, the third to overcome an acid condition. The germs of
influenza can only exist in an acid condition, he explained. He seemed to know
all about influenza and said there was nothing to worry about if the fever did not
go above one hundred and four degrees. This was a light epidemic of flu and
there was no danger if you avoided pneumonia.
Back in the room I wrote the boy's temperature down and made a note of
the time to give the various capsules.
"Do you want me to read to you?"
"All right, if you want to," said the boy. His face was very white and there
were dark areas under his eyes. He lay still in the bed and seemed very detached
from what was going on.
I read aloud from Howard Pyle'si Book of Pirates, but I could see he was
not following what I was reading.
"How do you feel, Schatz?" I asked him.
"Just the same, so far," he said.
I sat at the foot of the bed and read to myself while I waited for it to be
time to give another capsule. It would have been natural for him to go to sleep,
but when I looked up he was looking at the foot of the bed, looking very
strangely.
"Why don't you try to go to sleep? I'll wake you up for the medicine."
"I'd rather stay awake."
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After a while he said to me, "You don't have to stay in here with me, Papa, if it bothers you."
"It doesn't bother me."
"No, I mean you don't have to stay if it's going to bother you."
I thought perhaps he was a little light-headed and after giving him the
prescribed capsules at eleven o'clock I went out for a while.
It was a bright, cold day, the ground covered with a sleet that had frozen
so that it seemed as if all the bare trees, the bushes, the cut brush and all the
grass and the bare ground had been varnished with ice. I took the young Irish
setter for a little walk up the road and along a frozen creek.
At the house they said the boy had refused to let any one come into the
room.
"You can't come in," he said. "You mustn't get what I have." I went up to
him and found him in exactly the position I had left him, white-faced, but with
the tops of his cheeks flushed by the fever, staring still, as he had stared, at the
foot of the bed. I took his temperature.
"What is it?"
"Something like a hundred," I said. It was one hundred and two and four
tenths.
"It was a hundred and two," he said.
"Who said so?"
"The doctor."
"Your temperature is all right," I said. "It's nothing to worry about."
"I don't worry," he said, "but I can't keep from thinking."
"Don't think," I said. "Just take it easy."
"I'm taking it easy," he said and looked worried about something.
"Take this with water."
"Do you think it will do any good?"
"Of course, it will,"
I sat down and opened the Pirate Book and commenced to read but I could
see he was not following, so I stopped.
"About what time do you think I'm going to die?" he asked.
"What?"
"About how long will it be before I die?"
"You aren't going to die. What's the matter with you?"
"Oh, yes, I am. I heard him say a hundred and two."
"People don't die with a fever of one hundred and two. That's a silly way
to talk!"
"I know they do. At school in France the boys told me you can't live with
forty-four degrees. I've got a hundred and two."
He had been waiting to die all day, ever since nine o'clock in the morning.
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"You poor Schatz," I said. "Poor old Schatz, it's like miles and kilometers.
You aren't going to die. That's a diflerent thermometer. On that thermometer
thirty-seven is normal. On this kind it's ninety-eight."
"Are you sure?"
"Absolutely," I said. "It's like miles and kilometers. You know, like how
many kilometers we make when we do seventy miles in the car?"
"Oh," he said.
But his gaze at the foot of the bed relaxed slowly. The hold over himself
relaxed too, finally, and the next day it was very slack and he cried very easily at
little things that were of no importance.
by Ernest Hemingway
VOCABULARY NOTES
to shiver [ˈʃɪvə] дрожать
ache [eɪk] болеть
medicine [ˈmedsɪn] медицина
лекарство
condition [kənˈdɪʃən] условие
состояние
prescribe [prɪsˈkraɪb] предписывать
прописывать
refuse [rɪ'fjuːz] отказываться
отвергать
avoid [əˈvɔɪd] избегать
аннулировать
miserable [ˈmɪzərəbl] несчастный
бедный
жалкий
flue [flu:] грипп
вытяжная труба
epidemic [ˌepɪˈdemɪk] эпидемия
fever [ˈfi:və] лихорадка
to have (got) a headache иметь головную боль
to give smth. up дать что-то
temperature [ˈtemprɪtʃə] температура
to bring down the fever Сбить температуру
flushed by the fever Покрасневший от
лихорадки
Exercise 1. Read and translate the text
Exercise 2. Read and learn the vocabulary
Exercise 3. Answer the questions on the text
What happened with the boy?
What were the symptoms of the boy's illness?
Did the doctor know all about influenza?
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What worried the boy?
Do you like the boy's behaviour?
Why did the boy prefer to stay awake?
How does it characterize him?
Why didn’t he tell to his father about his fears?
Do you think you would have behaved in the same way in the boy's place?
Exercise 4. Make 10 questions to the TEXT and ask your groupmates.
Exercise 5. Make a dialogue on the following points:
Children are often ill
My visit to the doctor
Wrong diagnose
Exercise 6. Make sentences, using all the vocabulary given to the text
Exercise 7. Give a short summary of the text.
Exercise 8. Work in groups. Make a project: illnesses and their
treatment
Follow the plan:
Choose any disease
Follow and comment historical development of the disease
Follow and comment the development of the disease and ways of treatment in
different countries
Give a short review of the possible remedies
Show and explain any modern medicine of the disease
Make your project as more interesting as you can.
GRAMMAR
PAST SIMPLE TENSE
Past simple tense – простое прошедшее время, которое употребляется
для обозначения действия, случившегося когда-то в прошлом, произошедшего однократно либо как факт.
Past Simple употребляется для обозначения:
1. Простых единичных действий, которые произошли в прошлом,
или фактов, относящихся к прошлому.
Last summer I was in Moscow.
2. Нескольких последовательных действий в прошлом.
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Luke got up, put on his ridiculous hat and left. – Люк встал, надел свою нелепую шляпу и вышел.
3. Действий, событий или процессов, которые происходили в определенный момент прошлого с глаголами, которые не имеют формы
Continuous.
Austin didn’t understand what Jennifer was talking about. – Остин не
понимал, о чем говорила Дженифер.
4. Будущих действий в условных предложениях I типа, переданных в
косвенной речи.
Sean said Madeline would come if nothing unexpected happened.
ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ PAST SIMPLE
Утвердительные предложения в Past Simple образуются по
следующей формуле:
Ved
(правильные глаголы)
(неправильные глаголы)
V2
где V2– вторая форма неправильных глаголов (см. таблицу в приложении),
а правильные образуют вторую форму путем прибавления окончания – ed.
Обязательно ознакомьтесь с основными правилами прибавления
окончания – ed.
Для образования вопросительной и отрицательной форм
предложений используется вспомогательный глагол DID
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Формула Ved
Вспомогательный
глагол
Пример
утвердительного
предложения
Пример
вопросительного
предложения
Пример
отрицательного
предложения
(правильные глаголы)
We walked yesterday We wrote a test yesterday
Did we walk yesterday? Did we write a test yesterday?
We did not walk yesterday We did not write a test yesterday
(неправильные глаголы)
Did
V2
Обратите внимание, что при появлении вспомогательного глагола
did в предложении (вопросительного и отрицательного типа), смысловой
глагол возвращается в первую форму (инфинитив).
Маркерами – показателями этого английского времени будут высту-
пать Yesterday – вчера
Last… – прошлый
Ago – назад (несколько дней назад)
Exercise 9. Выучите правила образования и использования Past
Simple Tense
Exercise 10. Выучите следующие неправильные глаголы:
Перевод Verb Past Simple Past Participle
1
2
3 Становиться become [bi:kʌm]
4 Начинать begin [bi'gin] began [bi'gæn] begun [bi'gʌn]
5 Кровоточить bleed [bli:d] bled [bled] bled [bled]
6
7
8 Приносить bring [briŋ] brought [brɔ:t] brought [brɔ:t]
9
10
11 Разразиться
12 Покупать buy [bai] bought [bɔ:t] bought [bɔ:t]
13 Ловить,
Быть be [bi:] was [wɔz], were [wз:] been [bi:n]
Бить beat [bi:t] beat [bi:t] beaten ['bi:tn]
became [bi:keim] become[bi:kʌm]
Дуть blow [blou] blew [blu:] blown [bloun]
Ломать break [breik] broke [brouk] broken ['brouk(e)n]
Строить build [bild] built [bilt] built [bilt]
Гореть burn [bз:n] burnt [bз:nt] burnt [bз:nt]
burst [bз:st] burst [bз:st] burst [bз:st]
хватать,
catch [kætʃ] caught [kɔ:t] caught [kɔ:t]
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успеть
14 Выбирать choose [tʃu:z] chose [ʃəuz] chosen [tʃəuz(ə)n]
15 Приходить come [kʌm] came [keim] come [kʌm]
Exercise 11. Complete the sentences
Last night I ……………… (go) to my favorite restaurant in West Street. I
…………….. (leave) the restaurant at about 11 o’clock. It …………….. (be) a
warm evening and I ……………….. (decide) to walk along the beach.
Suddenly, I ………………… (hear) a noise. I ……………….. (turn) and
……………… (see) three boys aged about eighteen. One boy ………………
(come) up to me and ……………….. (ask) me the time. When I ……………….
(look) down at my watch, he ……………… (hit) me and I ………………
(fall) to the ground. Another boy ………………. (take) my wallet. I
……………….. (shout) for help. Then they ………………(run) away.
Exercise 12. Make negative sentences (x) or questions (?) using the Past
Tense:
Example: he / stay (x) in a hotel
He didn’t stay in a hotel.
you / learn (?) speak Italian when you were in Italy.
Did you learn to speak Italian when you were in Italy?
she / like (x) the film
I / use / (x) the school computer yesterday
they / arrive (?) home late yesterday
you / ask (?) her for Caroline’s address
he / enjoy (x) the concert in the park
we / talk (x) about school at all
Exercise 13. Read the text. Write the questions below about Tamsin’s
holiday:
Last September Tamsin went to Bali. She went by plane and stayed in a
big hotel. It was very hot, so she swam every day. In the evenings she went to
different restaurants, the food was very good. She met some nice people and
every night she danced with them at the disco. She was happy because she
wasn’t alone.
Where did she go? ………………………………………………. Bali.
……………………………………………………………… Last September.
…………………………………………………………………… By plane.
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………………………………………………………………… In a big hotel.
……………………………………………………………… It was very hot.
…………………………………………………………………… She swam.
…………………………………………………………… It was very good.
…………………………………………………………… Some nice people.
PAST CONTINUOUS
Past continuous – прошедшее длительное время. Действие происходило в процессе в определенный момент или период времени
в прошлом.
Для образования утвердительного предложения используется следующая формула:
Was (ед.ч.) |were (мн.ч) +V ing
Например:
We were reading. – Мы читали.
She was writing. – Она писала.
The Past Continuous Tense может выражать следующие действия:
Действие, которое происходило в определенный момент в прошлом.
From six to seven I was cooking dinner.
Действия, занимающего некоторый период времени в прошлом.
He told me that he was working at his diploma.
Негативная оценочная характеристика постоянных действий или
поведения человека в эмоционально окрашенной речи. В подобных
предложениях обычно используются такие наречия частотности, как
always, constantly, all the time.
He was always lying on the sofa and doing nothing.
His parents were quarrelling all the time.
Для выражения двух параллельных действий, происходящих в определенный момент в прошлом. Ни одно из параллельных действий
предложения не является фоновым для остальных.
The boy was reading, and the girl was playing the piano.
В настоящем длительном времени есть глаголы look, feel, understand
и др.), которые обычно не имеют длительной формы. То же правило к этим
глаголам применяется в прошедшем длительном времени.
Для выражения сильных эмоций или для подчеркивания важности
действия эти глаголы могут иметь длительную форму.
He couldn't believe in what he was seeing and hearing.
Маркерами – показателями этого английского времени будут выступать:
Now
At the moment
Listen!
Look!
49
Exercise 14. Complete the sentences
Alice hurt herself while she …………………………………………. (skate).
I met my neighbor while I …………………………. (walk) home from work.
Sally saw a friend while she ……………….. (ride) her bicycle along Park St.
Peter fell asleep while he …………………………………… (study).
Bob stepped on Jane’s feet while they …………………….. (dance) together.
I cut myself while I ……………………………………. (shave).
Mr. and Mrs. Brown burned themselves while they ………... (bake) cookies.
Tommy had a nightmare while he ……………… (sleep) at a friend’s house.
PAST CONTINUOUS VS PAST SIMPLE
Past Simple
(прошедшее простое время) выражает
законченное действие в прошлом (т.е. совершившийся в прошлом факт):
John did his homework yesterday.
Вчера Джон сделал свою домашнюю работу.
события в прошлом, наступавшие друг за другом:
John got up early, washed, and did his morning
exercises.
Джон встал рано, умылся и сделал зарядку.
(прошедшее длительное время)
длительное действие в прошлом,
начавшееся до определенного момента в прошлом и продолжавшееся
в тот момент:
John was doing his homework when his
mother came home.
Джон делал свою домашнюю работу,
когда его мама пришла домой.
условия, на фоне которых совершается действие:
When I got up yesterday, it was raining
and the wind was blowing.
Когда я вчера встал, шел дождь
и дул ветер.
Past Continuous
выражает
Exercise 15. Fill in the blanks with a correct form, the PAST SIMPLE
or the PAST CONTINUOUS:
He …………………………….. (talk) with Mary, when Mrs. Smith came in.
They ………………………………… (study) two hours last night.
Jane …………………………………. (sleep) when the telephone rang.
As I …………………………………. (walk) to the lab, I met my friend.
We ………………………………….. (watch) TV last night.
The customer…………… (pay) his cheque when he dropped his credit card.
The barber …………………………………. (cut) my hair yesterday.
She ………………………………. (dance) when she hurt her ankle.
It …………………………………. (rain) hard when I got up.
It …………………………………. (rain) hard last night.
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