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Файл:The Information Resonance in Social System. Monograph
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Chapter 12. The fate of "informationalism":
world experience and lessons for Russia
wenty years ago, one of the biggest social theorists of
T
contemporary society, Manuel Castells completing its
fundamental three-volume work "Information Age", made one
of the most significant discoveries in social cognition of the
20th century, creating the theory of "informational manner of
development” [1]. The significance of this theory we can
perhaps compare with the creation in the nineteenth century by
K. Marx's theory of surplus value ("capital"). In fact,
M. Castells was able to prove that emerging and developed "on
the body” the capitalist mode of production, the so-called
"information society" was not simply a superstructure over it,
but transformed his substantial grounds. The global network
economy, like politics, and culture, have become a holistic,
unified electronic networks, body operating synchronously in a
single mode of global time. This means that no country, no their
regional commonalities more not only unable to evolve, but
survive not being included in this global social organism and,
therefore, not obeying the principles of its organization. Russia,
undergoing a major overhaul in those years all the foundations
of social life, opening the chance to take advantage of the
resources of the global system of informationalism.
In this regard, have noted that Russian political and
scientific elite at the turn of 1980-1990 ignored the fact that the
entry into force of our society in the completion of crucial late
stage of industrial development and the possibility of
occurrence of it in the postindustrial information society,
PART III. GLOBAL AND HISTORICAL CONTENT 232
continue to think in terms of diminishing the "socialism" and
"capitalism" or the industrial era. This, in our view, and so far,
one of the main reasons for the inability of the representatives
of politics, science and education to formulate a strategy for re
forms, adequate specificity of modern Russian State. It
explaines and fluctuations in the past three decades between
liberal and administrative-command methods its Reformation.
But not only the political class continue to think by category
leaving the stage. In the popular consciousness of the mentality
of industrial and traditional eras still widely circulated, and the
subject of postindustrialism did not acquire the character of a
meaningful reflection of the specifics of its new social role and
status. The few attempts setting by some scientists to draw
attention to the need to take account of the special laws
information society go unnoticed and unused.
Even before the fundamental works of M. Castells much has
been known about the specifics of the information society. Of
particular interest is the book A.Toffler "The third wave",
which were formulated in considerable appreciation of
information society and disclosed the contents of his socio
cultural code [2]. Paradox, but in open information about space
Russia 1990, the idea of a "third wave" as a possible new
paradigm of domestic social thinking and modernization of
times a barrier or thrashed misunderstanding or indifference.
This pair of dock was understandable back in the early 1990 ,
when the first post-communist transformation tasks were, but
not in the first decade of the twenty-first century, than
informatization of Russia acquired significant proportions.
Information technology has infiltrated large sectors and most
areas of social worker productivity of Russian society. And it's
not about the extent of penetration, and the appearance in
Russia of an extensive network of business and interpersonal
communications on the basis of information techno technology.
But even more important is the rapid change of mentality,
adapting to the new image and style of life. This applies not
only to the population of megacities, but most cities in Russia.
CHAPTER 12. THE FATE OF "INFORMATIONALISM" 233
Telecommunications networks, satellite systems we Russian
and international communication, data banks of many branches
of scientific and practical activities-all this twenty years ago
seemed a distant future. The rate of spread of the culture of the
postmodernity surprising. Liberal self-organizing, many stile
way of life, individual and group local self-sufficiency diverse
subcultures became a reality of everyday life of millions of
Russians. And on this background is clearly unsatisfactory
attempts to look for domestic social researchers to discuss
topical issues and new paradigma kernel development relying
on outdated approaches the era of industrial civilization,
offering a special unique path of development based on
conservatism, on archaic forms of social life.
It appears that a new paradigm is defined but the person the
object of sociological knowledge. This object becomes a postindustrial development or, in my adopted terminology,
informational society. Just as the industrial phase demanded a
new type of scientific reflection that originated the socio logic
"style" modeling and explanations of phenomena of this reality
and the information society implies a particular "style" of
reflection with fixing the specific object, object, method, and
the problematic field of post-industrial socio. In the "focus"
sociological analysis hits "man of action" struck (A. Touraine),
becoming the central subject of research studies not only the
perspective of post-industrial society, but also of contemporary
sociology.
It seems necessary to make changes to the interpretation of
the specificity of the modern social system. Obviously, its
understanding, measured from enhanced disturbing science,
technological and cybernetic interpretations systems does not
match at all the specifics of the integrity system and particularly
of the information society, to which different pronounced
heterogeneity, dominated suitable additive belonging to its
group of subcultures. In the postindustrial period, it became
evident that social system works on the principle of not so much
subordination, forward and reverse, how many harmonizing the
PART III. GLOBAL AND HISTORICAL CONTENT 234
interests of many prices that refugees, including centres for
social control and authority.
Society appears as a system with "turned inside out"
functional dependency: the society increasingly becomes a
function of the realization of life strategies and valuable images
generated by the virtual actor action models, autonomy social
groups, transactive global media networks and competing
centres of power. Thus social system appears as heterogeneous
formation not only in socio-cultural terms, but also on the
integration of actors in a, rather than from the Centre to the
logo. Society becomes more integrated total fully autonomous
entities, the relationships between them are a inlinear
probabilistic nature, and integrating the whole representing a
pulsating formation "the assembly-disassembly» social
relations without specified version of integrity changing the
distribution configuration statuses and roles of power.
These transformations lead to a breakthrough beyond the
space of traditional forms with special controls and, in General,
the social control. The role of normative social network
becomes plastic, broken, localized and closes in the virtual
space actors and groups. Most can lead to an upsurge of "new
voluntarizm" on the part of the political elite, to revive hope for
the omnipotence of social engineering and information
auctoritarizm in societies where seemingly culture of
participatory democracy has become dominant. At the same
time, virtualization of social action theory based on information
technologies, can dramatically enhance the ability of individual
autonomy of individual.
The information society, as a new type of civilization, and is
built on the basis of the new code of civilization. According to
A. Toffler, the principles underlying the code of industrial
civilization, changing to the opposite: 1) standardization – to
individualize; 2) specialization is on versatility; 3) timing – on
asynchrony; 4) concentration – on scattering; 5) maximizing –
on optimization; 6) centralization-decentralization [3].
CHAPTER 12. THE FATE OF "INFORMATIONALISM" 235
Information technologies give rise to different socioeconomic basis of information civilization-a new organization
structure. The main role in this economy has played deep
processing of resources if you are using the latest technology.
In the modern economy developed countries now grew
powerful sector (intersectoral complex) for the production of
information equipment and the goods and provide various
information services from the sector of high technology. These
industries occupied a large part of the economically active
population.
The most important difference of information technology
from traditional performance is its ability to implement along
with sociogen also culturogen and gnoseogen functions.
Information technology penetrates into all mechanisms of mass
communications, education, (culturogen function). At the same
time it increases the cognitive capable of people, and it will
become in the near future the most powerful factor for progress
(gnoseogen function).
In the sector of the information economy generated crosscutting occupations that are used on a large scale in all other
sectors of the economy. It is first and foremost engineers and
technicians in the fields of electronics and telecommunications,
computer and systems analysts, programmers and operators
com personal and terminal devices. In addition to the primary
information economics includes other traditional sectors
engaged in processing, accumulation and dissemination of
information. This "outer belt" information economy includes
primarily professional (legal, medical, engineering and others),
as well as financial and other services. It includes also
education (delivery knowledge), research and development
(creation of new information), booking, the publication
of newspapers, magazines, television, radio, film, artwork,
of telephone, telegraph, mail. The spread of information
technology changes the established principles of the Organization throughout the economy, brings to life new organizational structures.
PART III. GLOBAL AND HISTORICAL CONTENT 236
The predominant becomes concentric plan, package type, in
which around your own about industrial production, its small
core formed powerful servicing infrastructure. Material
substrate of the new economy begins to permeate all of society.
As a result, and also as a result of growing diversification of
economic activities by companies from the traditional division
of industrial production on the industry loses its economic
sense. Industry replaced economic complex, integrated for final
consumption. Economic activity itself define all is no longer
purely productive activities, and a set of economic functions
that form how would surround the rear of primary production.
The structure of the new economy seriously affected and the
nature of public relations. This is particularly true of financial
and banking spheres, where speed and quality in operations
have increased substantially as a result of outside introduction
expert systems. Branching operations heading system allows
you to concentrate in one place to solve a problem that
intellectual resources scattered worldwide. The growing role of
information leads to a change in the nature of capital
accumulation. When nesting accent displace with moveable
capital physical capital per person. Raises the economy of
intellectual products and services, which includes: 1) the
process of creating new information, which is, basically, HA
nature individual activities; 2) incarnation of new information in
specific products or services; 3) process fattening products and
services, containing new information.
Reality is not unmanned production and production
technology, production based on high intellectual human
participation in the labour process. Information technology
inherently aimed at ousting people from its production process,
and to create conditions for more efficient use of their labour.
Progressive save time is facing now is not so much to increase
free time to enrich the worker-fixed capital of modern
production, because it is the medium and the fount of
knowledge, the highest form of information that today one
CHAPTER 12. THE FATE OF "INFORMATIONALISM" 237
hundred with generator economic development. In developed
countries, expenditure to national income going structural turn
in the direction of increasing funds for education and science
that have become a major part of the production. So in the
information society raises double sectors economics, consisting
of the market sector of production material goods and
nonmarket impacts on "human production".
One of the most important socio-economic impact of
informatization of economy is changing the social function of
economics as a social institution, which is reflected in the
transformation of the enterprise (as an element of social
Institute) in multisectoral social institution. This involves
modifying the objectives of enterprises. Not previously known
type of organization of economic life when the company Pres
rotates in a social institution, responsible not just for profit so
that heat radiation and production, but also for solving eco
logical, political, moral and social problems that A. Toffler
marked as a "multi-purpose social institutes" [4]. This company
has more resources than the industry operate in the official
society. One of his most important goals becomes education by
employer .
A new social structure, which is based on the possession of
information join to intellectual and communication technologies. Segment of the population, with information,
knowledge, received in Western sociology name cognitariat.
This layer acts as a structural determinant of the future, i.e.
basic social entity.
Of particular value is the information accumulated people
themselves because it has the ability to continuously
selfincrease. Unequal access to information lead to rise to
monopolies and on the strengthening of the estate of the
property differentation. Control over information and its wear
becomes the new important condition to segregate social
groups. Strengthens the position of highly skilled specialists and
all those busy processing and receipt of information, i.e. hard
substrates having a creative character. They all belong to the
PART III. GLOBAL AND HISTORICAL CONTENT 238
middle class, who lives at the expense of wages and salaries.
Hard class type of social differentiation, spatial properties,
industrial society, gradually gives way to more mobile social
and functional differentiation. In order to scrap the same
informational society, being polimorfic, assumes a variety of
forms of ownership, rather than domination by any one form.
New mechanism of regulation of relations between
economic agents with metal ones become so-called networking.
This is because pure market incentives are starting to post foam
to give way to or be supplemented by incentives nonmarket
nature (protection from the threat of government sanctions, the
normal orientation, cultural values, etc.), and they require
partnerships, desks. This is a different type of relationship,
involving organizational structures is not hierarchical and
network (horizontal) type. Division of labour in conditions of
network organization in a centralized manner is not defined and
is not supported. The principle of formation of such structures self-organization of its participants who depend according to
changing situation vary their communication. Cooperative
communication technology combined with active competition
participants for effective partnerships; under networking
improves chances for competition with other firms.
Throughout the process of decentralizing the adoption
decision goes. Multi-level management hierarchy is replaced by
a bureaucratic cumbersome horizontal system of interconnected
autonomous cells-loops, which focused its main production and
business processes. In modern information economy becoming
more prevalent, small companies and enterprises. They are the
main economic agents in this economy. Ultimately, widespread
small-scale means building a version of the so-called productive
frequently property, which is characterized by the combination
of own statuses and employer and owner.
An important structural element of the network economy is
a holonikal type of Organization (from the greek "holos" - the
whole, "on"-part). Under such an arrangement, each structural
unit has enjoyed considerable autonomy in carrying out its
CHAPTER 12. THE FATE OF "INFORMATIONALISM" 239
purposes; at the same time, it focuses on the strategic objectives
of the system as a whole, part of which is. This is a completely
appropriate overall structural characteristic information
welcomed economy based on much less hierarchical and less
authoritarian system of governance. Such an economy was a
management companies which, as such, are often themselves
produce nothing and perform mainly coordinating information.
Thus, modern information economy emerges and develops a
new system of social relations, inappropriate relationship of
industrial civilization. These involve an employee from wearing
very different socio-psychological warehouse with another
discipline, with a different type of behavior. A "multidimensional person" that is different from the one third party
human employee of industrial civilization. Basis his social
existence is increasingly not work as one-dimensional mining
livelihoods and multidimensional activities corresponding to the
individual the very essence of duality. The transition from a
society of "labour" to the overall substance of "active" entails
reforming the system is valuable, ideological reorientation
within society. Rises behind the cottage replacement labour,
other social values. Values efficiency, social hierarchy, career
and authorities will be pushed out the values of participation,
environmental awareness, solidarity, quality of life, selfdetermination, creativity and personal development.
Informatization society provide new vision for Lane and
amateur development opportunities for broad segments of the
population in many areas of life. Accelerating the processes of
socialization. At the same time, information society appears
new categories values called by expressive. In accordance with
these values each success should not be based on the
accumulation of material wealth and be the result of his internal
self development (desire for independence and greater personal
freedom, decentralized ones person social structures, the
establishment of multiple communication links). On the Shih
industrial crisis of values is deployed eyes and begins gradual
transformation of "economic man" in the new version of "faust"
PART III. GLOBAL AND HISTORICAL CONTENT 240
type of person, not only acquired the conquest of science and
material progress, but absorbed himself cultural, ethical and
moral achievements of humanity.
Great spiritual values orientation leads to the social status of
the person is not so much his property and his hereditary rights,
as it was in the industrial society, how much his education,
knowledge (meritocracy). A new version of the social
stratification arised, based not on property and hereditary rights,
and on knowledge and intellect.
During the so-called demassification public consciousness
when splitting information flows and the disintegration of a
unified mass audience characteristic industry social society, the
cultural diversification of the society accompanied its
simultaneous movement toward more individulize. Increasing
foundation of the idea of "participatory democracy", which is
becoming increasingly "features a mosaic of democracy."
In conditions of glut of information flows from consumer
information requires the ability to differentiate it to suit your
tastes, needs and political aspirations. New technology of the
information society, it implies increased individual
responsibility would bear. In this sense it "asocial" since the bet
is not on groups of people, and the human factor of production
manifests itself increasingly individually, whether in the form
of autonomous labour to meet their own needs and for the needs
or in the form of different organizational forms, stimulate
initiative, creative work.
Occurrence of Russia in an information civilization inhibit
underdeveloped both in qualitative and in quantitative respect
behind technological component, the information society,
the preservation and the "Second Edition" technocratic
bureaucracy and overly centralized management model at the
stage of its modernization. Currently, technocracy and big
business with new nomenklatura as new postcommunist,
economically and politically dominant class and firmly devoted
to them. It is therefore of fundamental importance the formation
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