Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:The Information Resonance in Social System. Monograph
.pdf
CHAPTER 11. INTEGRATION AS RESONATOR FORMATION 211
cybernetic interpretation of systems does not correspond to the
specificity of this integrative configuration and, especially,
information society that differs with brightly expressed
heterogeneity, dominated over the additivity of its group
subcultures’ components. In the postindustrial period it
becomes clear that the social system reacts not according to the
principle of subordination, direct and reverse communication
but according to the principle of interest coordination of a
number of centers, as well as the centers of social control and
power.
Society appears to be a system with «turned inside out»
functional dependence: society turns into the realization
function of life strategies and value samples, generated by the
virtual models of actors’ actions, autonomous social groups,
trans-active global nets of mass media means and competing
power centers. It means that the social system turns into the
heterogenic configuration not only in the social and cultural
treatment but in the integration mechanism as well – from
objects to the whole, not from the whole to the objects. Society
becomes integrating aggregate of autonomous objects, whose
links have nonlinear probabilistic character, the integration of
the whole represents а pulsate formation in the «assembling –
disassembling» of social links without the given variant of
integrity with the changing con-figuration of status, roles and
power spreading.
There should be revalued and filled with some new content
a base couple of general sociological categories: social action
and social interaction. Now for modeling and interpretation of
the information society there is not enough information about
characteristics of its basic elements to the social action
elements, stated by M.Weber [9] or elements of social actions
systems by T.Parsons [10] (what is drawn attention to in post
modernity). «Orientation at something different» saved, but
«something different» becomes principally different. Symbolic
(signed) intermediaries modify from interaction intermediaries
into objects of («Something different»), and the actor itself
PART III. GLOBAL AND HISTORICAL CONTENT 212
becomes acting and existing (for himself and the other)
virtually, i.e. it is conceived not only as a possibility but as
acting and already being in operation possibility (in this
connection there should be reunderstood a methodological
function of «Thomas’s Theorems» for modeling possible
change consequences of the character of social interaction for
the whole social system). This leads to the break-through
outside the space of the traditional forms of the social control
and the social control itself. The role normative net in society
becomes flexible and discontinuous localizes and locks itself in
the virtual space of actors and groups. The last can lead to the
splash of «new voluntarism» from the political elite side, again
to the hope for all-powerfulness of social engineering;
informative authoritarianism in the society, where the culture of
democratic participation became dominant long time ago. At
the same time social action virtualization based on information
technologies allows to extend the possibilities of personal
autonomy of an individual.
It is seen that the sociological model of an «acting person»
of the information epoch must be created not on the basis of
subsidiary principle or the repudiating one of the
«understanding sociology», the theory of social action by
Т.Parsons, symbolic interactionism and the theory of
communicative action, and on the basis of the synthesis of these
classical sociological paradigms, united by the society model as
dichotomous social reality, including the system of actual and
virtual social action.
I might observe not just the crisis of the periodic paradigm
of theoretic sociology, but the crisis of the fundamental basis of
sociology as a field of social cognition. The holy of holies in
sociology is put to the test – the basic opinion of the
sociological paradigm: «society is a system». The present
coming appears through the presentation of such phenomena as:
network society (M.Castells) [11], virtual social reality
(D.V.Ivanov) [12], un-organization social system (S.Lash) [13],
individualized society (Z.Bauman) [14], liquid modernity (
CHAPTER 11. INTEGRATION AS RESONATOR FORMATION 213
Z.Bauman) [15], runaway world (A.Giddens) [16] etc. These
phenomena happen to be with classical and subjected to the
overall tests set of methodological positions, formed in
sociology mainly in the first part of XX c.: attribution to values,
orientation at another, AGIL (by T.Parsons) [17], «mirror I»
and «meaningful another» [18] etc.
In sociology social phenomena always transform, somehow
or other, with open recognition or latently, indirectly or directly
into the research object of the same quality– system. The social
world is always interpreted as a system world, i.e. well-ordered,
organized and hierarchic and that is why clear, predictable,
dependent on modeling, planning and calculation. The social
system has been understood mainly as bearing itself hierarchy
and order self-reproduced by the system itself. Thus there are
chances to be hypostasirte and reification of social system
structure for empirical objects– participants of interaction.
Excessive enthusiasm by society «image» as system generated
the paradox of «nonbeing» in the community system. Instead of
the opinion: society is both a system (system-oriented), and not
a system (nonsystematic-oriented), It happened to formulate
only: social system exists and…no exists. But these are not
questions of sociological nominalism and realism but logical
absurdity and a dead end. An attempt to find a way out from the
dead end has been repeatedly made, the brightest examples are
the theory of structuration by A. Giddens [19] and autopoiesis
by N.Luhmann [20]. It might seem the way out was found: at
the structuration the actors create models of interaction
themselves at the micro level (interaction); or at the
«introspection» (self reference) society through the individuals
generated the whole blocks of its structure. However, it was not
the way out, as far as individuals bearing society … did not
generate this system, but «constructed» from the ready system
fragments of the same system.
Evidently, the system-defined approach in its traditional
interpretation exhausted itself in sociology. A new paradigm on
the basis of reinterpretation «Social» is necessary. A thought
PART III. GLOBAL AND HISTORICAL CONTENT 214
searches for the way out from the dead out: social is not a
system (social). But what is it? It is seen that it is required not a
reification of social system ideas and its transformation into the
research object but other objects research– not systems but
commonality as real, empirical data (empirical in the meaning
of exactly acting) of individual societies (not taxons but
denotats, i.e. real bearers of the quality «social»). Essentially,
such an aspect exists in social understanding in some cases but
occupies peripheral and weakly noticed positions. Symbols
«society», «society as the whole», «social system» dominate.
However, the real social world (as the world of social objects) is
given by the genetically conditional and hierarchical and
coordinative co organized commonalities aggregates. Statuses
and roles emerge from genesis and interaction; they presuppose
actors’ interaction «face to face». Actors react as communities
and societies. In this perspective stucturation and autopoiesis act
as metaphors, fixing the image of one of the moments of socially
conditional actor interaction. This original «assembling disassembling» from «details» of the construction, is made with
the reinfectioned metaphor (image) of the «community»,
«social system». Only in this case both the interaction «face to
face» and the interaction itself are possible. It is presupposed
that the «face» (other) either is given peculiarly or is presented
by the mediator, a socialized community (social system). The
regular global civilized shift, connected with the birth of
information civilization, on the boundary of XX–XXI centuries,
generates inevitably a deep paradigmatic shift in sociology.
Resources change – objects and symbols (norms) – had in
the pre-modern epoch predominantly the object-material
content and to a lesser extend the ideal-symbolic (knowledge).
In the epoch when knowledge and information become the main
resource and there appears a new transmission and information
production technology, interaction «face to face» through the
society is changed by cyber-interface, indirectly not by society
(system) but a community (communities), supposed by actors
themselves. Orientation for the other as the society and as an
CHAPTER 11. INTEGRATION AS RESONATOR FORMATION 215
outsider, different, strange, uncontrolled is changed for
orientation and expectation «for yourself and your-self» are
expressed in the creation of the interaction with others as
«yours», «for yourself». In the absence of a developed «net»,
first of all, on the basis of the Internet and media, Mass Media
Means orientation for the other as «for yourself» had a latent
non dominative local character. When mass media and the
Internet became widely spread, there appeared a «social
network» as a specific social community and began dominance
transitory for social network supremacy as a type of social
system and social community simultaneously. «Network» is
both a social system and a social community. If the traditional
society as a system was based on the reification, the network
one is on the identification. «Network» participants are special
actors. They are not socialized in the traditional interpretation
of this term, i.e. not included in the system of social roles,
prescribed for them outside, but constantly create and
reconstruct the interaction samples themselves.
Separate social organisms as the subjects
of world history: born in integrative resonance
The specificity of the object and the research subject of the
historical process integrity are analyzed on the basis of author’s
proved conception about the integral objects. The author
supposes that the matter concerns the going out to the special
level of social cognition, where a special object is kept an eye
on – a system of separate societies - «separate social
organisms». A subject of this field of knowledge is the
aggregate of laws, regulating the state of this system integrityan integrative quality. The last discovers itself in the cognition
as the aggregate of relations, appearing by the interaction of
separate social organisms. However, these relations description
is the clarification of only outer display of integrative quality.
From their cognition it is necessary to move to the revelation of
PART III. GLOBAL AND HISTORICAL CONTENT 216
inner bases of integrative quality, as interaction relations appear
in the structures of separate social organisms.
The creation of the theoretical knowledge system, revealing
the interaction system, should happen in the process of
«unfolding» for the description of the initial interactive quality.
The integrative quality should be searched exactly in the inner
development modifications of separate social organisms and in
the modification of their special features. Therefore, its
cognition is the clarification of changes that happened in the
specificity of the inner structure of separate social organisms as
a result of the interaction. But there simultaneously appears one
more viewpoint for this interactive quality search: interactions
are consequences of modifications, occurring in separate social
organisms.
The study peculiarity of historical process integrity from
this standpoint lies in the fact that not a system itself is in the
study focus but the inner specificity structure of separate social
organisms, being under modification. Being a characteristic
feature of relations between separate social organisms, integrity
is a product of their relations but not something primarily
inherent. This is some original integrative integrity. The
integrative quality in the quantity of its forms becomes a
common property for interaction participants. This new
common something is not in line with generally special
something in separate social organisms but with their new
special some-thing, which the author denotes as «secondary
special». In every separate social organism community
components acquire specific forms, becoming «special». Thus,
«primarily special» appears. At the same time the integrative
quality acquires the specific form in the social organisms as
well. By its nature it is something differently special. Hence,
there occur the modifications in the structure of the special
social organism that are stimulated by the specific existence
form of the latest, as well as the modifications, given by its
special form – the interaction system of separate social
organisms. At entering the mature phase this outer environment
CHAPTER 11. INTEGRATION AS RESONATOR FORMATION 217
becomes the organic inner one for the social organism. But then
the environment of separate social organisms itself operates as a
compound part of their system environment. The inner
environment of social organisms and their primarily special not
disappearing, they are modified under the interactive quality
influence. The elements of this new whole lose their selfdependence more and more, taking the given whole for their
existence. Now the difference of these elements itself comes
from the given system. Their difference becomes a condition for
the existence of its integrity. Hence, the research subject of the
integrity of the process of world-wide significance, examine in
the light of integrative approach, is the theoretical
reconstruction of «deviation moments» of the personal – allsufficient – development of separate social or- ganisms at their
interaction with each other. It is the author’s opinion that as the
result of this research there appears an original secondary
«inlaid» aspect of «hidden» world history that can be observed
only with the help of theoretical means developed in this article.
The research method diagram of integrity process of worldwide significance includes three stages (levels). Some theoretic
models of separate social organisms are constructed at the first
level; at the second one – models of local (regional) systems of
separate social organisms that describe the integrative quality,
appearing as a result of interaction; and, at last, at the third
one – models of «secondary special», i.e. the consequences of
the integrative quality influence on the specificity of every
separate social organism.
The notion «a social organism» as a general sociological
category to need analyzed. The solution of the content problem
for the social substance looks in a new light at the level of
integrative approach to the society. From the limitedly abstract
(including the indication for its materiality and specific view –
material production) the social substance notion enriches
through the idea about a complicated organic structure of allsufficient basis for social life reproduction. It is the author’s
opinion that the substance and system-based approaches
PART III. GLOBAL AND HISTORICAL CONTENT 218
application for revealing the heart of the social substance leads
to its understanding as a social organism, thus producing an
effect of the integrative approach to the society analysis. Social
life organisminess is in the fact that the structural level of the
social material is formed on the synthesis basis of natural and
public processes. A community as an organism has two
substructures: social (public production) and natural (production
of the human being itself and its habitat). The author states that
the way of synthesis in the public life of social processes –
inorganic, organic and social matter – is something that can be
marked as «a social organism». A social organism itself
operates in a real social life – exact history – as its substance,
i.e. as an exact form of social life all-sufficiency. Exactly in and
from the social organism there happen to be all social matter
modifications, operating as inner indifference of its compound
parts and structure complication that finally leads to the
modification into the next historical type of the social organism.
The social organism generates itself not just as a type given for
all but as a constantly developing one by modifying its
inorganic «body» - civilization. Civilization is defined in the
way of organizing the process of the community production as a
material organic formation. This society production process is
taken from the part of its organization as structures aggregate.
Civilization is a special- social –substance that includes human
being production, means of his existence and his habitat,
communication (social structure), social and political
coordination of communication production (a state and
generally a political system). Perception does not form a special
structure in this case but is included in different production
types and their structures. Intellectual production forms a
special structure.
The author considers that historical development
regularities are located not in the formation but in the civilized
structures they are based on. The very civilized structures
variants, potentially located in them, become apparent in the
historical development as interactions of inner and outer
CHAPTER 11. INTEGRATION AS RESONATOR FORMATION 219
character; interactions of civilized structures inside social
organisms and theirs with other social organisms. It is the
author’s opinion that the interaction type, with the help of
which the ratio type between different components of
community construction is held on, performs as a formation.
The type defines the limits, coming out of which breaks the
development conformity of one community structure by the
other. Therefore, by this approach a formation is not the
aggregate of relations but a relation between relations, i.e. a
functional link. The civilization acts as the aggregate of material
prerequisites and social institutions, presenting the social
organism substance. By the genesis of the civilization as the
society substance its elements arise from each other,
complicating the civilization structure. But having arisen, the
substance elements enter into coordinative and functional
relations with other elements. Their interaction generates the
integration effect and interactive quality, forms a definite type
of the correlation of civilization components. At the genetic
examination of the shown process formation as a sys-tem, the
aggregate of relations between social organism spheres
increases, becomes as integrity, develops, forming its missing
«organs». At the integral approach, when the social organism is
taken in the substance and functions unity, there appears a
picture not of the growing but the integration through the
interaction of civilization different components and appearance
in result formative relations as derivatives from relations inside
civilization components. In this case the formation content is
only sides, relation parts of the civilization structural
components, representing relatively independent social
phenomena.
Grounds of integrity of historical process
There are some pre-supposes to reveal of deep reasons for
the existence of social local representatives in their persistent
interdependence.
PART III. GLOBAL AND HISTORICAL CONTENT 220
The author proceeds from the fact that the ground, being the
sufficient and necessary existence condition, operates
simultaneously as a state and as a process. Therefore, its
description includes the research both of structures (stable,
invariant) and of genesis, transfer from one qualitative structure
state to another. Genesis as a ground is a formation process of
reasons for the existence of this phenomenon.
The integrity of the process of world-wide history has some
grounds [21]. Discontinuity of the historical process existence is
a substantial ground that that is expressed in the coexistence of
a quantity separate societies at all historical stages – separate
social organisms. Inasmuch as interaction is an overall material
ground of causal links, insomuch as the existence of the process
of world-wide significance as an integral social organism is
primarily discretely. Therefore, integrity determination is
discontinuity determination as an immanent feature of the world
history. The search for the substantial integrity ground of the
world history presupposes the explanation of the social structure
discontinuity as a planet formation as an aggregate of separate
social organisms. For organizing social life as a separate social
organism there should not be any additional form of a social
organization, as all sociality prerequisites are formed in the
frame-works of a separate society. But sociality prerequisites on
a humanity scale are formed in the frameworks of a number of
separate social organisms. Thus, the substantial ground of the
history integrity is one in two being –one and a lot. However, at
first, there genetically prevails the separate, independent and
isolated. The substantial ground of the integrity is initially given
as a separate social organism and only as historically developed
there increases the significance of the separate communities
aggregate for the formation of historical integrity.
Another ground for historical process integrity is an
integrative ground. The last is the realization, an existence way
for a substantial ground, which is based itself on the general
links (as the substance). Separate social organ-isms as
integrative objects are inwardly determined not only by their
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]