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Файл:The Information Resonance in Social System. Monograph
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PREFACE
11
information, as one of the most important artifacts. She began
her new life in the history of civilization, intruding into all
social structures. The information explosion has caused the
spread of resonance in the entire social system. Fluctuations are
in the flow of information, both within social structures. I will
consider the special case of fluctuations - changes in social
structures, caused by impacts of information flows. Why it is
necessary to take into account resonance processes in the study
of social change?
Social interactions that underlie the existence of social
system, cause fluctuations in all elements of the social structure:
social action, norms, institutions. Fluctuations occur when
performing social roles. Fluctuate status position of individuals
and communities. As a result these fluctuations take place
changes in the structures. They are constantly changing.
Changing and social system as a whole. So the fluctuation
factor necessary for explanation of function processes and
changes in the social system. The most important factor in the
occurrence of fluctuations is the increase of intensity in the flow
of information. Resonance is born as in information flows and
social structures, as information is a mediator in social
interactions. In the proposed study I rely on interpretation of
resonance as the universal synergetic effect.
Resonance is a phenomenon of forced fluctuation amplitude
upsurge, which occur when the frequency of exposure to
resonant frequencies. The essence of the resonance
phenomenon is that some frequencies increasing force
fluctuation system is particularly responsive. Resonance is a
synonym of synergy. Resonance occurs when a specific type of
interaction when the effectiveness of the combined activities of
interacting subjets is higher than the efficiency of each of them.
Resonance occurs when the custom forms system fluctuations
close to or multiples of frequency revolted influence. Resonant
interaction leads to the selection and increase parameters of
appropriate wave frequencies, wave lengths and size structures,
which are near to resonance interacting objects.
PREFACE 12
Mental case and entered the sustained resonance, provoking
the exponential growth of information. Under the influence of
informational resonance transformed all the elements of the
social system: roles and statuses, community and institutions,
norms and hierarchies. Resonance touched the base "cage"
structure of social systems: social action and its system matrix
is social interaction. Its mutation changed places in the primary
and secondary purposes and motives of human actions, rebuilds
the reproduction mechanism of social order. Paradox, but the
system became transformed into "non-system", preserving
social properties. In the flesh, as a phenomenon, was abstraction
N. Luhmann: "communications are society", while remaining
abstraction dominated reality of total domination of its content information.
Information flows, information explosion – it is a boiler
with the late 20th century a new volcano erupting boils and
substrate carrying a new substance. The society became a
project and not natural living organism, individuals develop
from body-spiritual foundation of social life in the emanations
of the design. Live in a modern society cannot be otherwise
than by participating in the development of information flows.
Information does not give the choice, they dictate the rules:
design new, product only new, submit to the temptation of
information. Himself become the body and mind, the
embodiment of the endless possibilities that provide
information.
Modernity is the individual VS social, definition without
being defined, instead of network structures, streamline
structure. A growing number of alternative social worlds. The
identity of the multiply and do not recognize each other as
dominant.
The author offers to interpret contemporary social phenomena
and processes as the break of social space; as the splitting of
social action; as "disperse" two "layers" social – social actuality
and social reality; as the transformation virtual from facilitator
and form into the only form and content.
PREFACE
13
The author draws attention to the chaotic attempts to
reconstruct the configuration of global and local, the
unsuccessful search for ways to connect incompatible –
individual and social identities. All this, according to the author,
there are modes of expanding space expansion information as
new substances.
Ultimately, the purpose of this monograph: hypothesis
testing on restructuring the bases of social and way his
organization-social system. The author would be happy to take
the criticism and comments of all those readers who met with
the content of this book.
PART 1. METHODOLOGY
AND THEORETICAL PRECONDITIONS
Chapter 1. Introduction
to the general theory of information society
What is the information? Author’s conception
ore and more researchers pose the question as to the
M
scientific and philosophic status of information. The
definition of information propose eliminates the contradiction
between the attributive and functional conceptions. Information
is treated as self-reflection of the universe partially given to a
subject in the act of reflection. It is clarified that it is more
correct to interpret information as a substance of self-reflection
of the universe rather than self-reflection. Any object can be
characterized by external and internal information.
External information is given in acts of reflection. Selfreflection of the universe is identical to internal information on
its whole content both revealed and unrevealed. Self-reflection
of the universe as a fundamental object in social theory and
philosophy is both the result and the process, therefore
information cannot be static. It exists as an informational
process in which traditionally it is only a set of discrete
fragments of this process. Such an interpretation of the
substance of self-reflection results from an understanding of the
universe as a dynamic object. Correspondingly its adequate
reflection is also a process.
PART 1. METHODOLOGY AND THEORETICAL PRECONDITIONS 16
The universe is discrete, so reflection is both self-reflection
in its certain parts and reflection as a connection between them,
they are linked, act through each other and interact. By me
information properties in the interaction process of objects of
reality are studied and an interpretation of information as an
integral feature of the interaction process of objects of reality is
proposed. Information is introspectively inherent in any object
that is a potential source of information. It partly manifests
itself in acts of reflection of an object by a subject. It implies
that information can be internal and external. Partial
manifestation of internal information in informational processes
is caused by objective space-time finiteness of users” features
and by the interference of the communication medium. In
general, reflection of a source in an information user is always
incomplete and inaccurate. A qualitative measure of internal
and external information depends on the diversity
of possibilities which an information source possesses. The
more possibilities a source possesses, the more potentially
informative it is.
Thus, internal information of a system is quantitatively
related to the diversity of its possibilities – the greater is this
diversity, the greater is its information awareness. The notions
of information and an informational process as information
interaction are invariant to the nature of sources and users. In
particular, these can be material and ideal, rational and
irrational information sources and users in acts of cognition
and self-organization. By my opinion information is treated as
an isomorph of another, as a side through which a subject
interacts with another. An isomorph is understood as an
external structure of an object that realizes interaction.
Such an interpretation of information focuses on the
moment of the process of self-reflection of the universe. Social
information is carried by material object but it is immaterial in
nature. The model of informational interaction – “a thing
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE GENERAL THEORY 17
relationship as a set relationship” information is proposed to
study the nature of social informational interaction. A thing is
isomorphic; it communicates a lot of information to another
thing in interaction. In this interaction a moment of identity
formation occurs in which the processes of reflection and
identity formation are interdependent.
Society as a product of symbolic interactions
I stress an interest in an information aspect of social
interaction revealed in theories of social interaction. The
analysis of interpretations of social information given in various
concepts made it possible to find proofs of an information
nature of social interaction. Social information can be defined
as knowledge used as a function of subjects” activity
organization. In the process of interaction of social subjects
their consciousness reproduces social being of each of them and
allows them to recognize themselves in interaction. This
recognition is manifested in recognizing different social being
of others expressed in values, goals and ways of achieving
them. This recognition is treating social information as an
isomorph of another, an aspect or property through which a
subject interacts with another.
I think that informational and functional as well as
informational and character-symbolic aspects of social
interaction are interrelated in the system of social interaction.
The structural and functional concept and the symbolic
interaction concept form a theoretical basis for the analysis of
social information interaction.
Society as a social system can be presented as a set of
interacting factors whose social activity is conditioned by the
availability of information necessary for function-al interaction.
Society is a product that is constructed by a set of charactersymbolic interaction processes as acts of communication but at
PART 1. METHODOLOGY AND THEORETICAL PRECONDITIONS 18
the same time acts as knowledge implicitly implying
information. People react to the environment depending on
what meanings-characters they attach to their surrounding.
These meanings are products of social interpersonal interaction
or communication. It is pointed out that propositions of
symbolic interaction can be relevant to the information theory if
we treat a person as an information subject. I emphasize that
communication is an act of conveying information on social
interaction of subjects and self-interaction.
This interpretation of communication as the core of selfobservation of a semantic system results from the social
communication theory proposed by J.Habermas and
N. Luhmann in which society is treated as a communication
system [1; 2]. Psychic and social systems whose content is
formed by meanings act as participants of communication.
Understanding of communication as a message, information and
comprehension supports the statement that information is an
inherent part of communication where information is treated as
the moment of self-reference of a system: different reference as
a side of another through which a participant of communication
interacts. Researchers of the information aspect of social
interaction in the light of system-structural and interaction
theories reveal fixation of one of the aspects of social
interaction, namely, knowledge movement in the notion of
information. The information aspect of the social is most
consistently studied in the works by N. Luhmann who interprets
self-reference of systems in the social communication theory in
terms of information interaction.
What is the social information interaction?
I propose my interpretation of social information
interaction. It is stated that the key components of social
information interaction are subjects and semantic units of this
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE GENERAL THEORY 19
interaction which are joined by the growth of interaction
intensity. It is pointed out that in-formation and communication
are related, in particular, by self-reference of a semantic system
where information acts as content while communication is a
form of the self-reference moment. I emphasize the affinity and
complementarity of the notions of communication and
information. Communication is established through synthesis
of three different selections, namely, information selection,
selection of a message of this information and selective
understanding or misunderstanding of a message or information.
Each of the three components can be presented as
information interaction: selection of information is conditioned
by information interaction of a system and the environment;
selection of a message of this information depends on the
interaction of a system and the environment in which the system
understands the difference between a message and information;
understanding is also possible only with information selection
and selection of a message of this information on the one hand,
and on the other hand, communication “grasps” the difference
between the information value of the content and reasons for
communicating this content.
I understand forms the autopoyezis of the system as a
consequence self-reference results from communication or
social information interaction. Self-reference of a system is the
moment of self-naming and at the same time naming another
and every time it is an understanding of its own reality relative
to another. “A second-order observation” as a disappearing
integrity of a system under conditions of social information
interaction also proves the information-communication
relationship as content and form of the moment of selfreference of a semantic system.
I view the world as integrity the observer discovers
differences in it and distinguishes himself from it by naming a
PART 1. METHODOLOGY AND THEORETICAL PRECONDITIONS 20
different thing and every time naming him-self. The observer is
therefore to pose the question of his place in the world and his
function as a self-observer who distances himself from the
world just to have a possibility to observe it and to live in this
world. Thus to observe itself a semantic system attributes itself
to another, identifies itself and another, self-limits itself and in
doing so it loses its integrity. These moments constitute the
content of social information interaction. They are revealed to
the observer as social communication. Hence self-reference of a
system, social information interaction takes the form of social
communication. Thus, social system is the information system
and social interaction at bottom is information interaction.
Form and content of social interaction
as information process.
“Another” and “name of a thing”
An interpretation of social interaction as an informational
process is proposed in this book based on my understanding of
form and content of social information interaction as self
reference of a semantic system. A semantic unit of social
information interaction – name of a thing – is used. Social
interaction is treated as an isomorph of another if the moment
of social interaction in society is regarded. According to
A.F. Losev, “the name of a thing” is what the outer world
communicates with it through; it is the conjugation of the
essence of another [3]. “The name of a thing” expresses selfreference of a semantic system implemented by the processes of
self reference and inoreference (N. Luhmann). The subject of
social information interaction generates its name by selfreferencing itself as a system and thus calls the name of another
as a result of inoreference. I claim that the growth of the
intensity of the social information interaction process is an
essential characteristic of a research object.
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