Основы теории и практики научно-технического перевода и научного общения. Учебное пособие

There is a certain rule to be used in this case. There are many options to choose from here. There has been recently developed a new approach to this. There seems to be another solution to the problem. There must be a new instrument to deal with this issue. There a few things I want to clear up.

Take it seriously. It might help. It is not at all easy to put it into practice. It is thought that this approach will be more helpful. In our case it is a usual procedure.

The suggestion was made that all the departments were represented on an equal basis. That the commercial would do no harm was obvious. The idea it is that we might reduce the time for this operation. The paper that was presented by a visiting lecturer from the UK aroused great interest.

The extent to which all the components are involved depends on the situation. Pierre and Marie Curie were mostly engaged in researching radioactive elements, in which field they made most essential discoveries. Factors are investigated which play an important role in the process under study. The way in which this was achieved is not exactly what we have in mind.

What I have tried to do is to give an analysis of the situation. What really matters is the attitude to the problem. What approach is the best should be decided in advance. We didn’t know what the nature of this phenomenon was. What was the formula you used in your calculation? The answer will depend on what you decide. If this is the norm, what about the other cases? What followed was the study of possible solutions.

2. Translate the following sentences with polyfunctional words into Russian.

In the short period since the collapse of the former USSR, there have been formed new relations in the region. The only legal place available for gambling is a casino. As the time passed, we were able to see the changes. It is difficult to believe it, for so many attempts have

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been made. It was their only chance to be involved in the project. As we are to take four exams in this coming session, I don’t think I’ll be able to join you. Both this countries have like tendencies of development. Macroeconomic stabilization is necessary, since it is the only way to market reforms.

3.Identify the function of one and give Russian equivalents of the italicized words.

1.Reading books enlarges one's horizons. 2. It takes one much time and effort to carry out calculation of this kind. 3. Your definition is somewhat different from the one mentioned above. 4 The choice of the critical concentration is an arbitrary one. 5. One accepts standards which are specifically biological. 6. The technique does not allow one to isolate each individual component. 7. One cannot be surprised if one is not accustomed to the situation which is nullified by the surprise.

4.Identify the function of this (these) and give Russian equivalents of the italicized words.

1.These outstanding discoveries were made by Russian scientists at the beginning of this century. 2. Usually a second alloy layer appears between the outer coating and the base metal, and it is probable that this consists of different compounds. 3. Two basic schemes of replica are possible, these are illustrated in Fig. 1. 4. The definition does not make any mention of the rates of adsorption. These may be quite different for different materials. 5. I do not remember who was the first at this laboratory to use this term.

5.Identify the function of that (those) and give Russian equivalents of the italicized words.

1.It will be better to say that fundamental research is that which may have no immediate practical value. 2. The task of theory is to enable one to calculate the result of an experiment in a shorter time than that required to perform the experiment. 4. Those interested in the problem are referred to a more recent and complete work by Dr. N.

5.The experimental results indicated the presence of some foreign species and that confirmed an earlier idea concerning the reaction mechanism.

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Перевод неологизмов

1. Translate the following sentences with new words into Russian, try to identify the type of their formation if necessary consult the Dictionary of New English Words.

1.She displayed wonders of horsemanship and horsemanwomanship.

2.The first generation of baby-boomers in Britain and the U.S. was born in late forties-earlier fifties.

3.We are the not-wanteds..

4.Capital flight is now becoming less accessible from foreign creditors.

5.A strong northerly wind found a few weary, half-skeletoned leaves to play with.

6.It was a dehumanized apartment.

7.The companies are now joining their forces because the potential synergy is evident.

8.If an insurance company wishes you a happy birthday, take it as a sure sign that they view as a target for a touch of cross-marketing. In other words, having sold to you once or twice before, they would like to do it over and over again.

2.Give Russian equivalents to the following new words.

Antiflash, to deglomerize, fall-out, hold-up, in-crowd, in-depth,

mini-car, play-in, paper-back, to re-equip, teach-in, stay-in, think tank, fact sheet, high profile, runaways, marginal man, overexposed, workin, foodoholic, quiz-master, ringmanship.

Передача имен собственных и названий

1. Write down in Russian the English names according to transcription and transliteration rules.

A. These names and surnames belong to the Presidents of the USA: James Madison, John Quincy Adams, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, Zachary Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Wil-

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liam McKinley, Woodrow Wilson, Calvin Coolidge, Dwight Eisenhower, William Howard Taft, Ronald Reagan

B. Walt Disney, Thomas Moore, John Galsworthy, Jane Eire, Margaret Thatcher, Somerset Maugham, Gabriel Fahrenheit, Oscar Wilde, Alexander the Great, Thomas Gainsborough, Hippocrates

2.Translate into Russian:

A) Periodicals:

Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Herald Tribune, Readers Digest, The Observer, Fortune, Journal of Psychology, Daily Mirror, U.S. News and World Report, Political Affairs

B) Airports and Stations:

Heathrow, Newark, Waterloo Station, Union Station, Gatwick, J.F. Kennedy Int’l, Paddington, Euston

C) Companies and Organizations:

General Motors Corporation, AT&T, The World Health Organization, British Petroleum Company, The UN General Assembly, The House of Commons, The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, British Broadcasting Corporation (CBS), Kentucky Fried Chicken Corp. (KFC), Singapore Airlines, Toshiba Corp., Thomson Consumer Electronics, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Motorola, Inc., American Astronomical Society, Federal Bureau of Investigation

D) Geographical Names:

Birmingham, Cardiff, Gulf of Mexico, Halifax, Hudson Bay, Mediterranean Sea, New Hampshire, Ivory Coast, Sutherland, Pacific Grove, Pebble Beach, Rode Island, New Jersey, Nova Scotia, Bath, Utah, Ulster, Middle East, Rivera, Pearl Harbour, New Jersey, Edinburgh, Canary Isles, Devonshire, Persian Gulf, Suez Canal, North Cape

E) Names of Streets and Squares:

Regent Street, Lincoln Square, Cromwell Road, Wigmore Street, Taft Avenue, Cherry Lane, Whitehall, Pall Mall, Wellington Terrace, Charing Cross Rd, Fleet Street, East Lake Drive

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Перевод словосочетаний. (Свободные словосочетания и фразеологизмы)

1. Translate the following free word groups into Russian.

Behind-the-scene-decision, no-more-war-actions-call, a new space satellite communications system, non-taxable income, the research program result, the temperature limit determination, the steam engine invention, the deep sea current measuring device, the car speed calculation, the London underground problem, the energy accumulation process, the thermoelectric generator development, a rocketpropelled five ton sputnik spaceship, transition period, consumption level, a five-time winner, anti-corruption measures, acceptance report, non-waste technology, national health standards, per capita food production, ozone-protection measures, information-driven society

2. Translate the following phraseological units into Russian.

a slip of the tongue, on the face of it, to go from one extreme to the other, a blind date, a burning question, Alpha and Omega, on the basis of, at any rate, on behalf of, by and large, with the exception of, as a matter of fact (= in fact), with/in reference to, by virtue of, on and on, off and off, in respect of, in return for, in accordance with.

Let's deal him in and give him a piece of the cake. [to deal smb. in -to include smb. in an activity or business] [to give smb. a piece of cake - to share or divide profits with another person].

The manager has put our project into cold storage, so it is still up in the air. [to put smth. (usu. a plan or a project) into a cold storage -to put off for consideration at a later date] [up in the air — unsettled].

All we understood from his double-dutch was that it was supposed to be a Dutch party, [double-dutch - speech (or writing) that sounds meaningless and cannot be understood] [a Dutch party = meal - the one at each everybody pays for himself].

The company has gone on the hook recently [to go on the hook -to start having debts].

3. Give Russian equivalents of the N'. . . N". . . N" groups and the hyphenated word groups.

1. A group of people working together to make an invention can be called a group inventor. 2. A research group produces a group envi-

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ronment for its individual members. 3. Science is a Janus-headed figure. 4. Scientific development is an avalanche-like process. 5. The lecturer tries to bring the audience up-to-date by giving them the latest information.

4. Give Russian equivalents of the following word combina-

tions.

1. to bear in mind (this should always be borne in mind); 2. to design the experiment (the experiment was not designed to measure this quantity); 3. to hold possibilities for (the problems hold possibilities for practical application); 4. to make strides (science is making greater strides every year); 5. to meet needs (to manufacture commodities to meet human needs); 6. to open the way to (one daring theory opens the way to the next); 7. to put to the fore (they say that nowadays the group inventor has been put to the fore and replaced the isolated scientist); 8. to take pictures (the black and white pictures of the process are taken regularly throughout the experiment); 9. to take time (it takes more than 10 years to do this).

5.Give Russian equivalents of the V-Adv. Groups.

1.All mistakes in your calculations will be immediately pointed out. 2. Every new idea is taken up and developed further. 3. It is not clear now how a solution to the problem can be worked out. 4. It is no easy matter to trace back the origin of this conception. 5. Not all measurements and readings push science forward. 6. The idea was put forward a few years ago.

Лексические трансформации при переводе

1. Translate the following sentences applying different lexical transphormations into Russian.

1) Добавления:

1. The flowers carpeted the hills and fields. 2. She has never travelled internationally. 3. Professionally, he can be completely relied on. 4. According to the company's president, the reorganization is inevita-

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ble. 5. There were no villagers nearby to ask the way. He stole a look at the girl.

2) Опущения:

1. He jumped to his feet and ran after them. 2. Why scratching your left ear with your right hand? 3. The invaders came to kill and murder civil population. 4. Working men and women deserve a better life. 5. We were sick and tired of waiting for hours and hours.

3) Kонтекстуaльные замены:

А) конкретизация:

1.Things look promising. 2. The meal was served at 6 p.m. 3. It will take me about an hour to drive there. 4. All the hotels in the city provide parking facilities. 5. It's sweet for you to see my patients go wrong and yours recover. 6. The painting was called 'Napoleon on his mount visiting the plague stricken in the streets of Jaffa'.

В) гeнерализация:

1.Two persons were reported shot. 2. The dog sniffed every inch of the ground. 3.A 120-voice choir was performing in the open air. 4. The five-minute meeting with reporters was over. 5. He was a thin, stoop-shouldered man not much under six feet tall.

С) антонимический перевод:

1.Their attitude was not unfriendly. 2. She had not left the reception until after her driver came to pick her up. 3. They had little to say to each other. 4. The permission is not given unless authorized by the dean. 5. Her name does not sound unfamiliar to me. 6. The potato crop has failed this year. 7. He hardly said anything at all.

D) целостное переосмысление:

1.It's easy to be wise after the event. 2. No gain without pain.

3.Black sheep. 4. Re-inventing the wheel. 5. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 6. Sleep on it, tomorrow is a new day! 7. Do as you would be done by.

2.Translate the following sentences applying different lexical transphormations into Russian.

1.They also have committed themselves to reforming the costly

agricultural policy.

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2.The EU newcomers must attract a new wave of foreign direct investment to remain competitive.

3.Decision-making in Brussels, already slow and complex, will be more difficult with 25 members at the table.

4.The one-minute shock was over, and all returned to their duties.

5.That's a 25 % jump over the year-earlier period.

6.The models of development are now struggling.

7.A year or two ago, the bank would have granted a loan with-

out a second thought.

8.Most of the company's output is sold domestically.

9.All of the company's offices around the world are staffed

with locals.

10.Two dozen countries that kiss the Caribbean Sea seem to be

a dream.

11.When it comes to the environment, big American companies like to appear green.

12.The UN Center for Economic and Social Information in Geneva publishes "Development Forum Business Edition", a biweekly newspaper.

13.Actually the decision had been taken hours before the Intel news went public.

14.It'll be a good thing if they are able to stabilize the situation.

15.I’ll take what you say as a compliment.

16.Take time to choose your business partners carefully.

17.It will take me about an hour to drive there.

18.His best things have been translated into more than 50 lan-

guages.

19.I like sweet things.

20.I tried to help them, but I think I just made things worse.

21.He was not unenthusiastic about science and technology.

22.He was coming to the meeting with few expectations but he was not coming totally unprepared.

23.He could hardly wait to tell them his good news.

24.The talks were conducted neatly and smartly.

25.The final result was a minor matter for him.

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2.2. ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ ВОПРОСЫ ПЕРЕВОДА

Перевод страдательного залога»

1. Identify the passive structures and the logical predicates, translate the sentences into Russian as shown in the following example:

E x a m p l e: More evidence was obtained to support the

idea.

”Evidence was obtained" is the passive structure, “more evidence. . . to support the idea" is the logical predicate. Были получены новые данные в поддержку этой идеи.

The problem was first recognized in the XIX century. Later an idea was suggested to apply it to practical things. Many possibilities for practical applications were analyzed. Some of these were tested by experiment. The experimental results were not generally accepted, and the idea was discarded. Then other consequences were deduced and a new model proposed. Recently the model has been modified and is now being used in many practical situations.

2. Identify passive structures and give Russian equivalents of the following sentences.

A.1. Some people are easily influenced by other people's opinions. 2. The distribution of plants is greatly affected by local conditions. 3. The seminar was attended by all the participants. 4. His lectures are always followed by heated discussions. 5. In several areas of research the efforts of scientists are joined by those of philosophers and sociologists. 6. At the university students are offered a curriculum of study which is followed by a test and the award of a degree. 7. The members of the laboratory were consulted prior to this successful operation.

B.1. This method has been referred to in an earlier paper. 2. I do not think this instrument can be relied upon. 3. The data cannot be аccounted for by the existing theory. 4. This theory has been referred to as the “big bang” theory. 5. The best treatment of this syndrome is

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generally agreed upon. 6. Rapid development of chemical technology has been called for by the needs of the national economy. 7. The prolongation of life may be thought of as a feat of endurance rather than a race against time.

3. Give English equivalents of the italicized part of the sentences, using passive structures and the verbs: to affect, to allow, to attend, to develop, to deal with, to face, to follow, to make use of, to refer to.

1. За докладом последовала бурная дискуссия. 2. На скорость реакции влияет множестводругих факторов. 3. Этот вопрос будет подробно рассмотрен в главе III 4. На этой стадии

мы столкнулись с новыми трудностями. 5. Ему не дали возмож-

ности закончить эту работу. 6. В последнее время эта теория

4.Translate into English.

1.Проблема была впервые поставлена (осознана) в XVIII веке. 2. Предполагается, что полученные расчетные данные были проверены экспериментально. 3. Теория была принята большинством после того, как были получены новые доказательства в ее поддержку. 4. (В статье) представлены новые данные относительно механизма этого процесса. 5. Это расхождение можно объяснить разными методиками измерения. 6. (В работе) использован новый метод расчета этого параметра и предложена новая модель этого процесса. 7. Особое внимание уделено сравнению экспериментально полученных результатов с результатами, предсказанными теоретически. 8. В лаборатории установлено новое оборудование.

Инфинитив

1. Translate the sentences with Infinitives into Russian.

1. The first step to be taken is to start negotiations.

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