Основы теории и практики научно-технического перевода и научного общения. Учебное пособие

3. Translate the sentences with Gerund into Russian paying attention to its different forms.

A. Reading English technical magazines is important for an engineer.

1.He remembers having added some water to the mixture.

2.They finished installing the apparatus only on Saturday.

3.They began making the experiment in May.

4.After failing his examination in January he had to take it again in February.

6After graduating from the Institute he worked in the Far

North.

7.At the meeting they discussed different ways of improving their

work.

8.There are different ways of obtaining the substance.

9.The organizers of the conference were informed of his refusing to take part in it.

10.I remember his having been interested in languages in his

childhood.

B. 1. I know of his having been sent to work to the Far East

2.What is the reason for his having left our city so suddenly?

3.We heard of the experiment having been started last week.

4.He improved his report by changing the end.

5.They objected to his staying at home.

6.Instead of restoring the old theatre they decided to build a new one in the centre of the town.

7.New possibilities for applying atomic energy open up.

8.It is possible to set up power stations based on utilizing the heat of the Sun.

9.The idea of creating a multi-stage rocket belongs to Tsiolkovsky.

10.Before being sent up the balloon was filled with a special gas.

11.What apparatus do we use for measuring air pressure?

12.Science requires experimenting.

13.Speaking foreign languages is important for every educated man.

14.There is no use arguing about this approach.

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15. In spite of having quite a lot of difficulties, he managed to complete his research paper on time.

4. Give Russian equivalents of the sentences.

1. Mendeleev's having established a periodic law of nature has entered his name into the history book of the world science. 2. Success in science often results from the scientist's confining his attention to one problem for many a year. 3. The results of the experiment depended upon his having applied the proper technique. 4. The idea of scientists' being responsible for most ills of the present day situation is unfortunately quite popular. 5. A brain-storming session consists in everybody's proposing as many, and as wild, ideas as possible, without being concerned as to whether they are workable. 6. Science is sometimes humorously defined as a practice of the scientist's satisfying his curiosity at the expense of the Government.

Модальные глаголы

1.Translate the sentences with Modal Verbs into Russian.

1.The management of the company can hardly have agreed with the demands of the workers on strike.

2.The agreement signed cannot be revised by one party only.

3.The energy crisis could lead to serious negative developments in the national economy over the rest of the year.

4.They could not possibly agree to the terms put forward during the talks.

5.They at least might have helped by sending their experts to provide technical assistance.

6.Their decision might have been caused by very urgent circumstances.

7.The employees may not use the Internet for their personal needs unless they stay after work.

8.They might want us to take this exam later this year.

9.The students need not photocopy the article for the seminar since it can be found in their economic text-book.

10.I think you should have joined them in their work, as it would have saved them time.

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11.I can’t understand why he should have made this mistake.

12.The employers on strike would not talk to the representatives of the company management without the labor unions being part of the talks to back them up.

13.He needn’t have gone that far in his efforts to bring the matter back for discussion.

14.It could be argued that this measure of overcoming the crisis is the only reasonable one.

15.The recent statistic data on households should be of great importance for their conclusions.

16.Every dollar counts, and your contribution might become crucial for the whole project.

2.Read the beginning of the sentences, and translate them into Russian choosing the proper Russian equivalents of the modal verbs from the list below.

1.It has to be admitted that. . . 2. One can conclude that. 3. It will be remembered that. . . 4. It is to be stated that. 5. It should be stressed that. . . 6. One would expect that 7. It must be borne in mind that. . . 8. One may think that…

можно, необходимо, естественно, есть основания, приходится, следует, нужно.

3.Choose the proper Russian equivalents of modal verbs with negation from the list below.

1.The method is not to be recommended. 2. It may or may not

be the case. 3. You must not criticise your ideas while inventing them. 4. They need not be counted. 5. One does not have to accept this viewpoint. 6. The fact cannot be denied. 7. The instrument should not be relied upon. 8. The calculation won't agree with the observation. 9. The theory might not be valid for these conditions.

возможно и не, нельзя, необязательно, возможно не, не следует, упорно не, (никак не), не надо ничто не вынуждает, нет оснований.

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4.Use the proper verb basing on the arguments in brackets. There. . . be a mistake in the calculation (because the author cannot think of any other explanation of the result obtained) 2. Any creature from an outer civilization . . . appear alien to us (because this is the author's personal viewpoint). 3. There were no universities in Greece at all, there were schools. A philosopher . . have a school and a few men

. . . come and listen to his lectures (because such was the tradition, the pattern of behaviour). 4. They knew that the project ... be abandoned in a few months (because such was the decision taken or agreement made). 5. At that time it was not certain that the problem of overload

... be overcome at all (because t was not possible to produce necessary conditions). 6. A single good idea . . . sometimes give rise to a series of hypotheses (because here is a chance that this will be so). 7. Most scientists believe hat to make contacts with outer intelligent beings man not leave the Earth (because there are other possible ways of making contacts than travelling). 8. As soon as these results were published the theory ... be revised (because it could not account for the new effect observed).

5.Read the text. Substitute the proper English modal verbs for the Russian words in brackets.

Those who wish to become students at the university (обязаны) take their entrance examinations. Recruitment of students to the university follows certain procedures which no one (разрешено) ignore. If a perspective student is ill and (не в состоянии) appear before the examination board he (надлежит) present a medical certificate to this effect, in which case the examination (приходится) be postponed. Another rule is that no student (не должен) be late for his examination. Also, students (не должны) argue with the examination board, although this is not a regular rule, but rather wise advice. However, whether they strictly observe the rules or not, there are always people who (могут) fail in their examinations and those who (обычно) succeed. This (всегда была и будет) be the situation at all times.

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6. Grammar in proverbs. Translate these sentences into Russian and suggest Russian sayings of similar meaning.

1. Friends may meet, but mountains never. 2. A fool may ask more questions than a wise man can answer. 3. Who seeks blows shall perish by blows. 4. He who would search for pearls must dive below. 5. What can't be cured must be endured. 6. What's done cannot be undone. 7. If we can't as we would, we must do as we can. 8. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. 9. The beggar may sing before the thief. 10. None so deaf as those who won't hear. 11. You may lead a horse to water but you can't make it drink. 12. Bad seed must produce bad corn. 13. Accidents will happen. 14. It would make even a cat laugh. 15. The cat would eat fish but would not wet her feet.

Сослагательное наклонение

1. Translate the sentences with Subjunctive Mood into Russian.

1.If there were only one exchange rate, it would be easier to perform all export-import transactions.

2.It is essential that all the parties involved to be treated

equally.

3.It is unlikely that the trend should continue in these circum-

stances.

4.This would most probably result in another recession.

5.The market behaves as if no interventions had been made on the part of the Central bank.

6.If he were to make this decision, he would not hesitate.

7.If they hadn’t been warned, nobody would have had any ob-

jections.

8.Unless a technical assistance had been provided, they wouldn’t have been able to make this report based on updated methodology.

9.If it hadn’t been for their help, I wouldn’t have been able to arrive on time.

10.Should the works be finished sooner than planned, there would be always someone to pay you right away.

11.The situation would have worsened had it not been for the timely assistance.

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12.In order that the prices should not go up, the local producers were encouraged by the government.

13.It is natural that everybody should get equal chances in the preparation period.

14.Unless their candidate were their, we might suggest one for

them.

15.Had the news reached us earlier, we would have given a proper response.

2. Translate the sentences with if-clauses into Russian.

1.If I come home early, I'll be able to write my report today.

2.If he were at the Institute now, he would help us to translate the article.

3.If you had come to the meeting yesterday, you would have met with a well-known English writer.

4.You will get good results if you apply this method of calculation.

5.If he had taken a taxi, he would have come on time.

6.If the speed of the body were 16 km per second, it would leave the solar system.

7.If it had not been so cold, I would have gone to the country.

8.If the air were composed only of nitrogen, burning would be impossible.

9.If you press the button, the device will start working.

10.The design would have been ready by the end of the year if they had supplied us with all the necessary equipment.

11.Any postgraduate student would achieve good results if he worked hard.

12.If their joint efforts were not so efficient, the results might have been less impressive.

13.Had I not been so busy at that time, I would have joined that scientific society.

14.I wish the article were more informative.

15.I wish I could have talked to my supervisor yesterday.

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3.Analyze the following sentences and say which meaning they express (possible actions in future, unreal actions at present and in future).

А. 1. If you find the exact meaning of this word, you will understand the sentence.

2.If he works hard at his English he will pass his exam well.

3.If I get a good dictionary, I shall translate this text.

4.If you go to a library, you will find there all the books you need.

5.If we receive the documents tomorrow, we shall start loading the lorries on Monday.

6.If the student observes the rules, he will not make mistakes.

7.If you help me, I shall repair the engine in an hour.

8.If they receive all me necessary equipment, they will be able to carry out their experiment.

9.If we drive at such a speed all the time, we shall arrive at the village before night.

10.If they change some details, they will be able to improve

the design.

B. 1. If you traveled by plane, you'd come in time for the conference.

2.If I took a taxi I would catch the last train.

3.If the builders hadn't worked overtime, the canal wouldn't have been opened in time.

4.If the satellite's speed were less than required, it would drop and enter the atmosphere.

5.If the students had been more careful, they wouldn't have broken the new apparatus.

6.If the driver had been more careful, the accident would not have happened.

7.If I were you, I wouldn't worry about it.

8.If you knew the design of the motor, you would be able to operate it properly.

4. Give Russian equivalents of the sentences.

1. If they needed the equipment urgently, we could transport it by

plane.

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2.The accident would not have happened, if they had been more careful.

3.If I were in his place, I would refuse to stop the experiment.

4.If the goods are shipped in April, they will arrive before the expedition starts.

5.The sputnik will keep to its orbit provided it travels at the uniform speed of 8 kilometres per second.

6.It would have been impossible to send up sputniks unless the laws governing the motion of planets had been studied.

7.If the Earth were stationary, the movement of the atmosphere would be controlled almost entirely by temperature differences.

8.If it were not for the earth's gravitation, the satellites would move through airless space in a straight line and at a uniform speed.

9.The problem of environment is not to be treated as if it were of local concern for this or that country.

10.Even if such an apparatus should be developed, this would not solve the problem of travelling beyond the solar system.

Перевод эмфатических конструкций

1.Translate the sentences with Emphatic Constructions into

Russian.

1.The problem does exist, whatever you think about it.

2.Not only does the government support the needy population, but it also subsidizers all the agricultural sector.

3.Related to the market reforms are the issues of privatizations and entrepreneurship.

4.Nor should there be distortions in social policies of the local governments.

5.Included in the report are the latest figures submitted by the statistic board.

6.Whoever the author of this project may have been he should have coordinated his actions with the executive bodies.

7.This option is not improbable in the present situation.

8.It was not until mid-90ies that some progress was observed.

9.It is these factors that drew our special attention.

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10.No sooner the committee started operating than the first positive results could be seen.

11.It was L. Balcerowicz who introduced a ‘shock therapy” economic policy in Poland in the early 90-ies.

12.As early as in 1953 the first tractor “Belarus” was assembled in Minsk.

13.Strange as it may seem, they were reluctant to learn from native speakers of English.

14.The economic growth reached as much as 5 percent last year against 1.1 percent two years ago.

15.Never was there a greater surplus of the U.S. budget than in 1999.

16.No two international problems are alike.

17.No food at all is better than unwholesome food.

18.The article is by a not unknown military correspondent.

19.No matter where you go, you can't escape from youгself.

20.Whatever I say, I seem to say the wrong thing.

21.Few mistakes, if any, might be said to have arisen from the application of this theory.

22.When a hearing is finished, the committee decides what report, if any, it will make to the House on the measure.

23.He spoke firmly though pleasantly.

24.He drove quickly yet safely.

25.Whatever on earth caused the accident, nobody knows.

26.I did think you had already discussed the results of the ex-

periment.

27.I do hope you will make the right decision.

28.Hard as it is to admit but the chance has been missed.

29.Relevant for this theory was the following point.

30.It is these results of the research that are most important

for us.

2.Give Russian equivalents of the sentences.

1.Although most of the detailed history consists of a series of

blanks, we do have a time scale that seems sensible. 2. It was first thought that the air flow did not affect the measurements. But later it was found that it did cause errors. 3. There is ample proof that aesthetics and engineering can and do influence each other. 4. The alpha particles do not pass through the aluminium. The beta rays which do pass

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through the aluminium do not ionize gas as profusely as do the alpha particles. 5. This does not, mean that chance has no role in the inventing process. Chance does act. 6. For a long time scientists did not believe the validity of the geographical data of the ancient authors. However, the archaeologists did find a number of ancient cities with the help of these data. 7. The fact that the incoming solar radiation drops off more rapidly towards the winter pole than the outgoing terrestrial radiation does mean that there is an excess in radiational heating in summer and a deficit near the winter pole.

3. Remember a few word groups which can be regarded as reduced adverbial clauses.

if any — если хоть сколько-нибудь… (чего-нибудь);

if at all — если данное действие происходит вообще. . .

if ever — если хоть когда-нибудь. . .

if not — если это не так. . .

if so — если это так. . .

few, if any, little – практически ничего (дословно “мало, если вообще хоть сколько-нибудь”).

4. Identify the structures and give Russian equivalents of the sentence.

1. The 2nd industrial revolution, as contrasted to the 1st one, aims at liberating the human mind. 2. If properly treated, these raw materials can provide us with all necessary substances. 3. Once started, the process is difficult to stop. 4. Unless otherwise stated, the pressure is atmospheric. 5. When faced with true discovery, we are not likely to respond this way. 6. When at last the patient is allowed to sleep he will probably wake after some twelve hours and show little, if any, ill-effect. 7. The accuracy of the millivoltmeter, while inferior to that of other instruments, is satisfactory for a great many industrial applications. 8. The answer, according to Ryle, is a definite «yes». If so, then the steady-state theory must be either modified or else abandoned. 9. All materials, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous, normally

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