Практикум по функциональной грамматике коммуникативно-прагматический аспект (на материале английского языка). Учебное пособие
.pdfГЛАВА 3. ЯЗЫКОВЫЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ
РЕГУЛЯЦИИ РЕЧИ
ТЕМА 1. РЕГУЛЯЦИОННАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ОБЩЕНИЯ
Вопросы для самоконтроля
1.Что такое регуляция общения, какова роль адресации речи в ней?
2.Какиеспособыпроцессарегуляцииречивыделяютсявтео- рии коммуникации?
3.Какие составные компоненты входят в регуляционную мо- дель общения?
4.Что такое «целевое содержание речи»?
5.Как определяется личностный статус говорящего?
6.Чем отличается личностный статус слушающего от лич- ностного статуса говорящего?
7.Что такое фактор «экстракоммуниканта»?
8.В чём заключаются свойства канала связи в общении?
9.Какова роль пресуппозиции в регуляции речи?
10.Что такое постсуппозиция?
11.Что составляет основу механизма регуляции речи в целом?
12.Какие пресуппозиции и постсуппозиции считаются про- дуктивными, а какие непродуктивными?
Практические задания Задание 1. Опишите средства выражения целевого содержа-
ния регуляции речи в следующих диалогических фрагментах [53].
(1)[53: 59] “Can you at least tell me how she’s doing?” Judy interrupted.
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The lady shrugged wearily. “It says she was taken in for an X-ray, but that’s all I know. I’m sure more information will be available once things begin to settle down.”
“What time do visiting hours start?”
“Eight o’clock.” The lady was already reaching for another file.
(2)[53: 71] “Here, let me help,” Judy offered <…>.
Studying Denis’s expression, Judy asked, “Would you like me to get a nurse?”
Denis didn’t answer.
<…> “Would you like me to leave so that you can rest?” <…>
“I don’t think I’ll be able to sleep,” she said finally.
(3)[53: 81] “Mom, what are you doing here?” he asked incredulously. “I just spent the evening with Denis Holton – you know, the child’s mother? I thought she might need some support.” “And you just decided to come down? Without even knowing her?”
They hugged each other. “Of course.”
(4)[53: 83] “Knock, knock.”
Denis turned towards the door as Judy McAden peeked inside. “I hope I’m not coming at a bad time. I called the hospital, and they said you both were up.”
Denis sat up, <…>. “No, of course not. We’re just watching TV. C’mon in.”
“Are you sure?”
“Please. I can only take so many hours of cartoons without a break.” <…>
(5)[53: 126] “So you like her, huh?” she said, not holding her curiosity.
Before Taylor had a chance to answer, Mitch cut into the conversation.
“What did he say? That he liked her?” “I didn’t say that,” Taylor said quickly.
“You didn’t have to. I could see it in your face, and besides, you wouldn’t have dropped her groceries off if you didn’t.” Melissa turned to hert5 husband. “Yeah, he likes her.”
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Глава 3. Языковые механизмы регуляции речи
Задание 2. Опишите «языковую личность» говорящих в сле- дующихдиалогическихфрагментах. Подтвердитесвойвыводлин- гвистическими средствами.
(1)At lunchtime Phillipson spoke to his secretary. ‘No word from Mr Baines yet?’
‘Nothing. Do you think we should give him a ring?’ Phillipson considered for a moment. ‘Perhaps we should. What do you thing?’
‘Not like him to be away, is it?’ ‘No, it isn’t. Give him a ring now.’
Mrs Webb rang Baine’s Oxford number and the distant burring seemed to echo in a vaulted, ominous silence.
‘There’s no answer,’ she said [20: 170–171].
(2)He went to the canteen for a cup of tea and sat down by Constable Dickson.
‘Solved the murder yet, sir?’ ‘What murder?’
Dickson grinned. ‘Now don’t tell me they’ve put old Morse on a missing persons case, ‘cause I shan’t believe you. Come on, sarge, spill the beans.’
‘No beans to spill,’ said Lewis.
‘Come off it! I was on the Taylor business, too, you know. Searched everywhere we did – even dragged the reservoir.’ ‘Well, you didn’t find the body. And if you don’t have the body, Dickson boy, you don’t have a murder, do you?’ [20: 128–129].
(3)‘Mummy?’ Alison managed a very important frown upon her pretty little face as her mother tucked her early into bed at 8 p.m.
‘Yes, darling?’
‘Will the policemen be coming to see Daddy again when he gets back?’
‘I don’t think so, darling. Don’t start worrying your little head about that.’
‘He’s not gone away to prison or anything like that, has he?’
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‘Of course he hasn’t, you silly little thing! He’ll be back tonight, you know that, and I’ll tell him to come in and give you a big kiss – I promise.’ [20: 322].
(4)‘You here already, Lewis?’
‘Half an hour ago, sir. The Super called me. They’re shot-staffed at St. Aldate’s – ‘
‘Must be!’
‘I’ve already been upstairs.’ ‘No problems?’
‘I’m- I’m not quite sure, sir.’ ‘Well – “Lead on, Macduff!”
‘That should be “Lay on Macduff!”, sir. So our English teacher-…’
‘Thank you, Lewis.’
‘The lift’s just along here -…’
‘Lift? We’re climbing the Empire State Building!’ ‘Quite a few stairs, sir,’ said Lewis quietly, <…>
‘Look! Don’t you worry too much about me, Lewis. If by any chance things become a bit too strenuous in the ascent, I shall stop periodically and pant, all right?’ [21: 31].
(5)It was over lunch that Sheila <…> became quite needlessly cruel.
‘Were you an undergraduate here – at Arksford, Mr Downes?’ ‘I was here, yes. At Jesus – one of the less fashionable colleges, Mrs Roscoe. Welsh, you know. Founded in 1571.’
‘I thought Jesus was at Cambridge.’
Sheila found the opening irresistible: ‘No, no, Mrs Roscoe! Jesus went to Bethlehem Tech.’
It was a harmless enough joke, and certainly Phil Aldrich laughed openly. But not Janet Roscoe.
‘Is that what they mean by the English sense of humour, Mrs Williams?’
‘Where else would he go to do carpentry?’ continued Sheila, <…> laughing stridently [21: 98–99].
Задание 3. Определите степень влияния слушающего по шка- ле «минимальное – максимальное» в диалогах задания 2.
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Глава 3. Языковые механизмы регуляции речи
Задание 4. Определите тип и роль экстракоммуниканта в сле- дующих сценах.
(1)Two of the secretaries walked over to Mitch and handed him thick expanded files.
‘Can you handle it?’ Avery asked, almost with a sneer. The secretaries looked at him.
Mitch grabbed the files and headed for the door. ‘Of course I can handle it. Is that all?’
‘It’s enough. I don’t want you to work on anything but that file between now and Saturday, understand?’ [27: 86].
(2)‘What the hell?’ Mitch said, panting.
‘Didn’t they tell you?’ she demanded, grabbing the manual and placing it back in its place. <…>
‘Obviously not. What’s the deal?’
‘We have a new copying system,’ she lectured downward through her nose. ‘It was installed the day after Christmas. You must code in the file number before the machine will copy. Your secretary was supposed to tell you.’
<…> ’What about copies in general, with no particular file?’ ‘Can’t be done. Mr. Lambert says we lose too much money on unbilled copies. <…>’
‘What about personal copies?’
Lela shook her head in total frustration. ‘I can’t believe your secretary didn’t tell you all this.’ [27: 208–209].
(3)‘I saw her, Elizabeth.’
<…>’Saw who?’ But she knew who.
‘Grainne, your mother. I saw her. At least I think I did. It’s been so long since I’ve seen her that I wasn’t sure. <…>’
Elizabeth gulped. ‘Where did you see her, Dad?’
His voice was higher pitched and slightly bewildered. ‘In a field.’
‘A field? What field?’
‘A field of magic.’ His eyes glistened, seeing it all over again. ‘A field of dreams, as they say. She looked so happy, dancing and laughing just like she always did. She hasn’t aged a day.’
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He looked confused. ‘But she should have, shouldn’t she? She should be older, like me.’ [4: 247–248].
(4)‘Thank you, Elizabeth.’ ‘You’re very welcome, Like.’
‘Huh?’ Luke said, poking his head around the corner of the kitchen.
‘Luke, I told you before, it’s pardon, not huh.’ ‘Pardon?’
‘I said you’re very welcome.’ ‘But I haven’t said thank you yet.’
Elizabeth slid the dishes into the dishwasher and stretched her back. <…> ‘Yes you did. You said, “Thank you, Elizabeth.” ‘No, I didn’t,’ Luke frowned.
Elizabeth felt her temper rising, ‘Luke, stop playing games now, OK? <…>’
‘No. That was Ivan who said thank you,’ he said angrily.
A shiver ran through her body. She didn’t think it was funny [4: 43–44].
(5)‘Who told you that, Tony?’ he asked. ‘Susan,’ Tony said.
‘Who’s Susan?’
‘She’s here with her mother at the hotel. Susan Nickerson. She’s fourteen years old. She has three fathers. Her mother was divorced twice. She knows a lot of things.’
‘Is that why you asked me to come up here, Tony?’ Oliver asked.
‘Is that the only reason?’ Tony paused. ‘Yes,’ he said.
‘Tony,’ Oliver said, choosing his words meticulously, ‘in a place like this in the summertime there are often idle women, women of bad character, women who <…> make up stories about their neighbours, stories that a decent person mustn’t even listen to. <…>’
‘I hit her,’ Tony said. ‘I hit Susan when she told me.’ Oliver smiled. ‘I don’t think you should have hit her. But I don’t think you should have listened to her either. <…>’ [47: 98].
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Глава 3. Языковые механизмы регуляции речи
(6)Anna. I’m so delighted to be here.
Deeley. It’s nice I know for Katey to see you. She hsn’t many friends.
Anna. She has you.
Deeley. She hsn’t made many friends, although there’s been every opportunity for her to do so.
Anna. Perhaps she has all she wants. Deeley. She lacks curiosity.
Anna. Perhaps she’s happy. (Pause.)
Kate. Are you talking about me? Deeley. Yes.
Anna. She was always a dreamer.
Deeley. She likes taking long walks. All that. You know. Raincoat on. Off down the lane, hands deep in pockets. All that kind of thing.
(Anna turns to look at Kate.)
Anna. Yes [44: 346–347].
Задание 5. Определите, какой фактор регуляции общения – пресуппозиция говорящего или постсуппозиция слушающего, – привёл к конфликтному взаимодействию в следующих диалогах.
(1)‘Not a bad fellow, Strange, is he?’ suggested Lewis, <…>. ‘Not when you get to know him, I suppose,’ admitted Morse. ‘Would you say you’ve got to know him?’
Morse shook his head.
‘Well?’ said Lewis briskly. ‘How are things? What do they say’s the trouble?’
‘Trouble? No trouble! It’s just the case of mistaken identity.’ Lewis grinned. ‘Seriously, though?’
‘Seriously? Well they’ve put me on some great big round white pills that cost a couple of quid a time, so the nurses say. Do you realize you can get a very decent little bottle of claret for that price?’
‘What about the food – is that all right?’
‘Food? What food? Except for the pills they haven’t given me a thing.’
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‘No drink, either?’
‘Are you trying to set back my medical progress, Lewis?’
‘Is that what – what that means?’ Lewis jerked his eyes upwards to the fateful warning above the bed.
‘That’s just precautionary,’ said Morse, with unconvincing nonchalance [22: 15].
(2)“So you like her, huh?” she said, not hiding her curiosity. Before Taylor had a chance to answer, Mitch cut into the conversation.
“What did he say? That he liked her?” “I didn’t say that,” Taylor said quickly.
“You didn’t have to. I could see it in your face, and besides, you wouldn’t have dropped her groceries off if you didn’t.” Melissa turned to her husband. “Yeah, he likes her.”
“You’re putting words in my mouth,” Melissa smiled wryly. “So …is she pretty?” “What kind of question is that?”
Melissa turned to her husband again. “He thinks she’s pretty, too.”
Mitch nodded, convinced. “I thought he was kind of quiet when he arrived. So what’s next? You gonna ask her out?”
<…>
“I hadn’t planned on it.”
“You should. You need to get out of the house once a while.” “I’m out all day long. <…>”
“You know what I mean.” Mitch winked at him, enjoying his discomfort [53: 126–127].
(3)‘Marjoram tried to buy me,’ said Goodhew, <…> ‘Three-quarters of a million pounds.’
‘Oh, well he would,’ said Palfrey, quite unsurprised. ‘That’s what they do abroad. That’s what they do at home.’ <…> ‘Who are they, Harry?’
Palfrey wrinkled his nose, <…>
‘Just a few clever chaps. Good connections. You know.’ ‘I don’t know anything.’
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Глава 3. Языковые механизмы регуляции речи
‘Good case officers. Cold heads left over from the Cold War. Scared of being out of a job. You know, Rex.” <…>
Goodhew said nothing and Palfrey obligingly continued.
‘Not bad chaps, Rex. Mustn’t be too critical. <…> Well, nobodylikes a vacuum, do they? Not even you like a vacuum. Well, do you? Be honest. You hate it.’
‘By vacuum, you mean peace?’ Goodhew suggested, <…> ‘Boredom, really. Smallness. Never did anyone any good, did it? <…> Hard to stop running, once you’ve been wound up like that. You keep going. Natural.’
‘So what are they now?’
Palfrey rubbed his nose with the back of his hand, <…> ‘Just a fly on the wall, really, me.’ [12: 231–232].
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ТЕМА 2. СУБЪЕКТНО-ОБЪЕКТНЫЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ
В РЕЧЕВОМ ОБЩЕНИИ
Вопросы для самоконтроля
1.Что такое субъектно-объектная парадигма в регуляцион- ном механизме общения?
2.Как парадигма «я»-субъект – «ты»-объект эксплицирована
вструктуревысказыванияикаковоеёреальноесодержание
вобщении?
3.Что такое диалогичность в широком понимании?
4.Как реализуется роль субъекта речи в конструкционно пол- ном диалоге?
5.Какова роль субъекта речи в конструкционно редуцирован- ном диалоге?
6.Почему продуцирование письменного высказывания – это процесс саморегуляции речи?
7.Почему любое высказывание является авторизованным?
8.Как различаются «автор» высказывания и «посредник» вы- сказывания?
9.Что такое способ авторизации высказывания?
10.Какие коммуникативные тактики реализуются в процессе номинирования автора высказывания?
11.Что такое формально авторизованное и формально неавто- ризованное высказывание?
12.В чём заключается парадигматическая связь между фор- мальнонеавторизованнымииформальноавторизованными высказываниями?
13.Каковысубъектныеролитретьеголицаврегуляцииречево- го общения (субъект-наблюдатель, субъект-подслушиваю- щий, субъект – не участник речевой ситуации)?
14.В чём заключается роль так называемой «коммуникации
вскобках» в письменных формах общения?
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