Практикум по функциональной грамматике коммуникативно-прагматический аспект (на материале английского языка). Учебное пособие
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Глава 2. Языковые единицы и речь
in her forehead? I don’t think it’s going to make any difference though. It’s far up it’s almost in her hair.
Teddy didn’t follow her line of reasoning but he didn’t t6hink it mattered. “It won’t make any difference.” [43: 75].
3.That was how he came to be so close to his great-uncle, Father Sullivan. It turned out the priest had stories stacked up like dinner napkins. Father Sullivan said that they belonged to Teddy, hundreds of stories waiting to be unfolded. They all started simply, beautifully, “When your mother was nine she got a yellow dress for her birthday. I was at the party. Everything she asked for that year was yellow. She wanted a canary and a lemon cake…” [43: 84].
4.“This is your wife?”
Doyle looked at the pictures of his wife. “That’s her.” “She’s so pretty.”
“She was,” Doyle said.
“And this is her, too?” Kenya touched her fingertip ever so lightly to the Virgin. “This is her after she died?”
“Yes,” Doyle said. “That’s her, too.” [43: 103].
5.I looked again at the photo of my parents, and was hit with a strange and disturbing thought.
I’m an orphan.
Then I shook it away again. Orphans were little waifs, dependent minors. I was a grown man whose parents were both dead. Lots of adults fell into that category. Granted, most were older than me [31: 36].
6.The bottom line is this: even if I’d known enough to try to get the water out of his lungs, I would never have succeeded. There
was no way I could have bent him forward and even if I could have, it just would have put his head right back under the water again. I couldn’t have done it.
But I didn’t even try. I never even thought to try [31: 101].
Задание 3. Дайте краткую структурную (синтаксис предло- жений и тип связи между ними), тематическую (topic) и стили- стическую (устный – письменный, формальный – неформальный,
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Л. В. Кваскова. ПРАКТИКУМПОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙГРАММАТИКЕ: КОММУНИКАТИВНО-ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЙАСПЕКТ(наматериалеанглийскогоязыка)
нейтральный – эмоциональный) характеристику следующих дик- тем (примеры взяты из книги [27]).
1.(P. 14) He ceremoniously dipped chow mein from the container onto both plates, then open the tiny packages of soy sauce. She waited for an answer. He opened another container and began dividing the egg fooyung. He sipped his wine and smacked his lips.
2.(P. 36) ‘Any questions?’
‘Yes. The large firms are infamous for being sweatshop where the associates are flooded with tedious research and locked away in some library for the first three years. I want no part of that. I don’t mind doing my share of research and I realize I will be the low man on the pole. But I don’t want to research and write briefs for the entire firm. I’d like to work with real clients and their real problems.’
3.(P. 42) ‘What’s your opinion of this guy?’
‘Very good, very decent young man. Also very ambitious. I think he’s driven and he won’t quit until he’s at the top. He’ll take some chances, bend some rules if necessary.’
Ollie smiled. ‘That’s what I wanted to hear.’
4.(P. 74) ‘Good morning, Ollie,’ he said quietly while ignoring the other partner.
‘What’s the latest?’ Locke snapped in De Vasher’s direction without looking at him.
‘From where?’ De Vasher asked calmly. ‘Chicago.’
‘They’re very anxious up there, Nat. Regardless of what you believe, they don’t like to get their hands dirty. And, frankly, they just don’t understand why they have to.’
‘What do you mean?’ <…>
5.(P. 195) There was snow in Kentucky, but the roads were clear. Abby called her parents early Christmas morning after she packed. She was coming, she said, but she wouldn’t be alone. They were disappointed, they said, and suggeste3d that perhaps she should stay if it was causing trouble. She insisted. It was a
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Глава 2. Языковые единицы и речь
ten-hour drive. Traffic would be light, and she would be there by dark.
6.(P. 288) ‘Do you believe Tarrance?” Abby asked. ‘In what way?’
‘Let’s suppose you do nothing. Do you believe one day they’ll eventually infiltrate the firm?’
‘I’m afraid not to believe.’
‘So we take the money and run?”
‘It’s easier for me to take money and run, Abby. <…>’
Задание 4. Прокомментируйте «диктум» и «модус» в комму- никативном содержании следующих высказываний.
1.‘I don’t imagine Western Kentucky is much of an academic school.” [27: 7].
2.‘I guess that came out wrong,’ Lamar apologized [27: 7].
3.She was a small town girl, much like Abby [27: 25].
4.The dining room, as it was simply called, covered the west end of the fifth floor above Riverside Drive and high above the river in the distance [27: 28].
5.‘Does he realize how permanent this place is?’ [27: 41].
6.‘Good. Let’s meet at eight in the morning to see where we are.’ [27: 82].
7.‘I asked him if he wanted some of my tea. He declined.’[27: 123].
8.‘Oh, it would be a foolish move, but then he is a fool. He’s very anxious about the situation down here.’ [27: 126].
9.‘That’s how I bought this building. That’s where the money is.’ [27: 137].
10.‘Do you wonna dance.’ ‘No.’
‘Good. Neither do I.’ [27: 149].
11.‘I cooked it for dinner last night, and I suggest you eat it.’ [27: 95].
12.‘I’ve always wanted to work with the post office. I had an uncle once who was a rural mail carrier.’ [27: 287].
Задание 5. Укажите языковые единицы и их фатическую функцию в следующих диалогических фрагментах.
(1) ‘Hi,’ I said, nervously clearing my throat <…>
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Л. В. Кваскова. ПРАКТИКУМПОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙГРАММАТИКЕ: КОММУНИКАТИВНО-ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЙАСПЕКТ(наматериалеанглийскогоязыка)
‘Hi,’ the boy replied, fixing the fireman back onto the ladder <…>
‘What’s your name?’ I asked, kicking my foot against the wall on front of me <…>
Finally he spoke. ‘My name’s Luke. What’s yours?” <…> Without looking at him I said, ‘Ivan.’
‘Hi, Ivan,’ he smiled. <…> ‘Hi, Luke,’ I smiled back. <…>
‘I like your fire engine. My besmy old best friend Parry used to have one just like it and we used to play with it all the time. <…> [4: 5–6].
(2)‘Elizabeth,’ said the stern formal voice, <…> ‘I just returned to find your sister lying on my kitchen floor. I gave her a boot but I can’t figure out whether she’s dead or not.’ Elizabeth sighed. ‘That’s not funny, and my sister is your daughter, you know.’ ‘Oh, don’t give me that,’ he said dismissively. ‘I went to know what you’re going to do with her. She can’t stay here. <…> [4: 40].
(3)‘Mitchell McDeere?’ he asked with a huge smile and a hand thrust forward.
‘Yes.’ They shook hands violently.
‘Nice to meet you, Mitchell. I’m Lamar Quin.’
‘My pleasure. Please call me Mitch.’ He stepped inside and quickly surveyed the spacious room.
‘Sure, Mitch.’ Lamar grabbed his shoulder and led him across the suite, <…> [27: 3].
(4)‘May I ask a question?’ Mitch asked. ‘Certainly.’
‘Sure.’
‘Anything.’
‘Why are we interviewing in this hotel room? The other firms interview on campus through the placement office.’
‘Good question.’ They all nodded and looked at each other and agreed it was a good question [27: 4].
(5)‘What’s the matter, Mitch?’
He laid his hand on hers and frowned. ‘Abby, we gotta talk.’
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Глава 2. Языковые единицы и речь
Her hand flinched slightly and she stopped smiling. ‘About what?’
He lowered his voice. ‘About something very serious.’
She exhaled deeply and said, ‘Can we wait for the wine? I might need it.’
Mitch looked again at the face behind the menu. ‘We can’t talk here.’
‘Then why are we here?’
‘Look, Abby, you know where the rest rooms are? Down the hall over there, to your right?’
‘Yes, I know.’
‘There’s a rear entrance at the end of the hall. It goes out to the side street behind the restaurant. I want you to go to the rest room, then out the door. I’ll be waiting next to the street.’
She said nothing. <…> [27: 189].
Задание 6. Опишите средства связи выделенных высказыва- ний с приведённым речевым контекстом и речевой ситуацией.
(1)‘You will tell me, won’t you,’ she said anxiously, ‘the first moment that you don’t feel well?’ I smiled. ‘Of course I shall be all right,’ I assured her. ‘I hope so too,’ she said. ‘But don’t forget last year, and how ill you were.’
Last year, the year 1899, had been a disastrous year. In January my father died after a brief illness and in the summer I had a diphtheria, <…> [29: 28].
(2)<…> She looked formidable then, almost as formidable as her mother. A moment later she opened her eyes – I remember the sudden burst of blue – and her face lit up.
So that is what it is to be beautiful, I thought, and for a time my idea of her as a person was confused and even eclipsed by the abstract idea of beauty that she represented. <…> [29: 37].
(3)‘Of course you did,’ she said. ‘And I remember it all perfectly. But I have so many things to think about, it slipped out of my mind. I am so sorry.’
I had never heard her apologize to anyone before, and it gave me a strange feeling of sweetness and power; but I didn’t know what to say next, and fell to looking at her, <…> [29: 65].
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Л. В. Кваскова. ПРАКТИКУМПОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙГРАММАТИКЕ: КОММУНИКАТИВНО-ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЙАСПЕКТ(наматериалеанглийскогоязыка)
(4)Not Adam and Eve, after eating the apple, could have been more upset than I was.
I felt utterly deflated and let down: so deep my disappointment and dis illusion go that I lost all sense of where I was, and when I came to it was like waking from a dream.
They were in love! Marian and Ted Burgess were in love! Of all the possible explanations, it was the only one that had never crossed my mind. <…> [29: 111].
(5)<…> I walked in at the open door as if it had been eleven in the morning, not eleven at night.
And now the skies were grey: that was one reason why I felt strange. We had had cloudy days before, but not dull days,
threatening rain. <…> [29: 244].
Задание 7. Определите вербальную «подсказку» (слово, кон- струкция, интонация и т.п.) в следующих высказываниях, согласно пресуппозициям в скобках.
1.John was late for the bus again.
(John had been late for the bus before)
2.Teacher is a better human profession than doctor. (Doctor is a human profession)
3.It was Pete whom she broke the news. (She broke the news to someone)
4.Their room had a sea view in the hotel. (A. Their room, not ours)
(B. Their room is very pleasant to stay)
5.The cat is drinking the water greedily. (A. The cat is not splashing the water) (B. The cat is thirsty)
6.Never before could they have caught in such a situation. (They could catch in this situation now)
7.The girl likes to play with the dog. (A. The girl’s family has a dog)
(B. The girl prefers to deal with animals)
Задание 8. Приведите возможные пресуппозиции следующих высказываний.
1.Her mother had been gone for exactly three weeks this time.
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Глава 2. Языковые единицы и речь
2.Democracy must be restored in Surinam.
3.He still drinks a lot.
4.Business has been slow since the oil crisis.
5.That was all she seemed to wear.
6.The media represents a distorted image of the public’s opinion.
7.It took Elizabeth a moment to settle herself on a grass.
8.The silence was making me uncomfortable.
9.This feeling was so much better.
10.Life seemed dreary to me right then.
Задание 9. Какие критерии текстуальности нарушены в сле- дующих фрагментах. Восстановите текстуальность в них своими вариантами.
1.She was missing an important meeting right now. Right for her, for her interior design business.
2.The spotless kitchen gleamed, the black granite counter tops sparkled, the fittings mirrored the bright day. She headed straight to the espresso machine.
3.Once she had the baby she didn’t care much for naming him. Another wish. So Elizabeth named him Luke.
4.Luke’s cheeks flushed and his chest heaved faster. He stood in the centre of the room by his side, helpless.
5.The last thing she heard was the gate creaking before she slammed her car door shut. She couldn’t get away from the house fast enough...
6.Luke shuffled into the kitchen, already dressed in his Spiderman pyjamas. Elizabeth stared sadly at the table.
Задание 10. Какие типы когезии – лексические, грамматиче- ские – представлены в следующих текстовых фрагментах.
1.A man was cutting the grass in his front garden, and a woman tending to the flowerbed with big mucky gloves on her hands. There was a lovely smell of freshly cut grass.
2.Luke stopped humming as soon as he saw his grandfather and brought his arm back into the car. Elizabeth pulled up, turned the engine off and jumped out.
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Л. В. Кваскова. ПРАКТИКУМПОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙГРАММАТИКЕ: КОММУНИКАТИВНО-ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЙАСПЕКТ(наматериалеанглийскогоязыка)
3.Elizabeth was woken up at 6.08 a.m. by the sun streaming through the bedroom window and onto her face. She always slept with the curtains open.
4.She picked up her coffee cup self-consciously and made her way into the kitchen. Ivan followed closely on her heel;
5.She squinted in the bright room and her head throbbed. She needed coffee, fast.
6.And finally she would hear that familiar sound, the squeak of the front gate. The rusting hinges acted as a welcoming band to the free spirit.
7.‘Look at those newspaper articles. The place is a goddamn goldmine. I want what they want. People don’t want some average hotel – it needs to be romantic, <…>’
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Глава 2. Языковые единицы и речь
ТЕМА 4. КОММУНИКАТИВНЫЕ ТИПЫ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЙ И ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЕ ТИПЫ ВЫСКАЗЫВАНИЙ
Вопросы для самоконтроля
1.Чтолежитвосновесистемыкоммуникативныхтиповпред- ложений согласно теории парадигматического синтаксиса?
2.Что представляют собой коммуникативные цели речевого общения в системном описании?
3.Что включает классификация коммуникативных типов ан- глийского предложения?
4.Каковы системные грамматические признаки каждого ком- муникативного типа предложения?
5.Что лежит в основе системы прагматических типов выска- зываний?
6.Как можно доказать отсутствие одно-однозначного соот- ветствия между формой предложения и характером речево- го акта, заложенного в ней?
7.Какие типы высказываний являются результатом несоот- ветствиямеждусинтаксическойформойпредложенияити- пом речевого акта?
8.Какие высказывания называются перформативными?
9.Какова исходная структура перформативного высказы- вания?
10.Что означает использовать исходную модель перформатива как дейксис?
11.Какие высказывания называются констативными?
12.Какова синтаксическая структура констативного высказы- вания?
13.Какие высказывания называются фактуально-информатив- ными и фактуально-неинформативными?
14.Что лежит в основе классификации фактуально-информа- тивных высказываний?
15.Что такое репрезентативные высказывания? Каков их пер- формативный дейксис?
16.Какие типы входят в группу апеллятивных высказываний?
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Л. В. Кваскова. ПРАКТИКУМПОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙГРАММАТИКЕ: КОММУНИКАТИВНО-ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЙАСПЕКТ(наматериалеанглийскогоязыка)
17.Чтообщегоивчёмразличиемеждупромисивнымиимена- сивными высказываниями?
18.Что общего и в чём различие между вопросительными и побудительными высказываниями?
19.Как характеризуются фактуально-неинформативные вы- сказывания?
20.Что такое фатическое общение?
21.Какие высказывания выражают «чистые эмоции»?
22.Докажите, что имплицитный речевой акт – это тип косвен- ного высказывания.
23.Что такое «косвенная диктема» как тип речевого акта?
Практические задания Задание 1. Распределите следующие высказывания по ком-
муникативным типам – кардинальным и промежуточным. Аргументируйте свой выбор.
1.How are we going to get the exact number of the house?
2.Sir, the sergeant requests that you stop by the desk.
3.It’s a personal number.
4.If in doubt, turn left.
5.And you’re taking my lawyer’s ID?
6.The afternoon light was fading.
7.Maybe we should have turned right.
8.Depends what that phone call is.
9.Don’t let them see your boots.
10.Still want me to burst out?
11.Back door or front door?
12.We need to find out friends first.
13.We all know what we’re signing up for.
14.Where can you go with thirty bucks.
15.But how did they know we’d get out of the bus here?
Задание 2. Определите коммуникативный тип стимулирую-
щих реплик по типу реакций в следующих диалогических един- ствах.
(1)– What’s that?
– I have no idea.
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