Практикум по функциональной грамматике коммуникативно-прагматический аспект (на материале английского языка). Учебное пособие
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Глава 2. Языковые единицы и речь
(2)– Oh, by the way, I forgot to ask you for a loan.
–How much?
(3)– Don’t turn round, Poppy!
–Oh, why not?
(4)– Mr.Taylor, you haven’t heard all my ideas yet.
–You’ve thirty seconds.
(5)– You drink a lot of coffee.
–It helps me think.
(6)– Wow, that worked fast.
–What?
(7)– The computer says you were just recalled.
–Correct.
(8)– You haven’t met her yet?
–Is she here?
(9)– Can I see her?
–Visiting hours are over.
(10)– Our boys must have missed him at the hotel.
–Nothing to worry about.
Задание 3. Определите, какие из следующих предложений можно рассматривать как констативные и перформативные выска- зывания и почему.
1.Sorry for the delay!
2.My dad was a Marine.
3.I’ll tell you later.
4.There’s a problem with that.
5.Unfortunately that’s not a problem I’m talking about.
6.Are you kidding?
7.I was trying to be democratic.
8.We need to have a discussion.
9.I’m afraid you just missed them.
10.The waiter would call the cops.
11.He wanted to know where else you could be.
12.I appreciate you’ve come.
Задание4. Докажите, чтоследующиевысказыванияявляются фактуально-информативными, укажите перформативный дейкти- ческий маркер для каждого высказывания.
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Л. В. Кваскова. ПРАКТИКУМПОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙГРАММАТИКЕ: КОММУНИКАТИВНО-ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЙАСПЕКТ(наматериалеанглийскогоязыка)
1.You and I will meet at least once a week for the next six weeks to go through the materials.
2.He hasn’t yet made the decision to cooperate.
3.Your compassion is overwhelming.
4.I won’t be home for a while.
5.The deal is worth eighty million, and we’ll rake off two hundred grand in fees.
6.I finished in June of this year and went to work for Bendini, Lambert and Locke.
7.I’ll be waiting next to the street.
8.I think you may have met him once – a very nice guy, real cleancut, good student.
9.Everything I know about a client is strictly confidential.
10.There was snow in Kentucky, but the roads were clear.
11.This was not what he wanted.
12.The fisherman spoke with the sharp, precise words of those from the North.
Задание 5. Закончите следующие диалогические единства, добавив реагирующую реплику. Обоснуйте структурно-коммуни- кативную связь реплик.
1.– Are you putting this visit in the official record?
–<…>
2.– This interview is not about Major Turner.
–<…>
3.– You’re in trouble, Reacher.
–<…>
4.– So you’re not offering voluntary cooperation?
–<…>
5.– Do you know why I’m back?
–<…>
6.– Nothing to worry about.
–<…>
7.– It’s supposed to be the other way around.
–<…>
8.– I don’t know your current financial situation, obviously.
–<…>
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Глава 2. Языковые единицы и речь
9.– But you don’t even know where your guys are supposed to be.
–<…>
10.– Who the hell were they?
–<…>
11.– So what’s the story?
–<…>
12.– Look on the bright side. Your problem ain’t exactly brain surjery [15].
Задание 6. Дополните возможную стимулирующую реплику согласно следующим реакциям. Опишите речевой контекст.
1.– <…>
–No, not really.
2.– <…>
–OK. Whatever. Let’s go take a look.
3.– <…>
–What kind?
4.– <…>
–I didn’t see him.
5.– <…>
–In case you needed help.
6.– <…>
–No, by taxi.
7.– <…>
–I’ll tell you later.
8.– <…>
–Much earlier. For a completely different reason.
9.– <…>
–Are you kidding? Why would I?
10.– <…>
–I sincerely hope so.
11.– <…>
–No question.
12.– <…>
–We need to find our friends first [15].
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Л. В. Кваскова. ПРАКТИКУМПОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙГРАММАТИКЕ: КОММУНИКАТИВНО-ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЙАСПЕКТ(наматериалеанглийскогоязыка)
Задание 7. Определите перформативную функцию выделен- ных интродукторных фраз и прагматический тип аргументативно- го высказывания, образованного этой конструкцией.
(1)– Martha, I see that you don’t know your class surely enough. First you say that there are no bad learners for a teacher, now you say that your students deserve any form of punishment for low grades.
(2)– You see, dad, teaching is not my cup of tea. If you want to know, I always thought of a military career.
(3)– My point is that this lesson failed not because of the volume of various language materials. I must admit that the variety being gone, the interest of the lesson has gone as well <…>.
(4)– I can’t agree that written examinations are more efficient than oral ones. Suppose that each student must be examined in written English by me. Imagine two hundred papers that I have to correct.
(5)– I put competence before attractive personal qualities in good teaching. I want you to figure out that practical results will be demonstrated by the learners of a competent but strict teacher and a kind-hearted but low-graded one. The first will be much higher, I’m sure.
(6)– Success in study depends not only on ability and hard work, but also on effective methods of study. Let’s note that there are
several effective methods of learning from textbooks <…>.
Задание 8. Определите, к какому прагматическому типу апеллятивной группы относятся следующие высказывания. Аргументируйте свой выбор.
1.Make your mind up, soldier.
2.That’s convenient. Isn’t it?
3.Should that make a difference?
4.Show me your hands.
5.In the meantime you come with me.
6.But you can come over and talk to him any time you want.
7.I’ll pass on the message.
8.I need to see the duty captain, as soon as possible.
9.How many customers do you have today?
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Глава 2. Языковые единицы и речь
10.You’ll know that soon enough.
11.You swear an oath to uphold the Constitution.
Задание 9. Определите перформативный дейксис в следую- щих высказываниях. Обоснуйте свой выбор [43: 343].
1.There’s nothing to talk about.
2.I want to help people. Is there anything so wrong with it?
3.A nurse came in and asked me a lot of questions.
4.Don’t you want to see her? You could come in and say hello.
5.Your honor, years ago I recognized my kinship with all living beings, and I made up my mind that I was not one bit better than the nearest on earth.
6.Turn the power switch on now. The red button right on the front.
7.But what if she had given me away, too? She’ll be all alone now.
8.Someone else makes the coffee? I would have started sleeping late years ago.
9.I’ll make you some tea and honey. You don’t drink coffee, do you?
10.She’s having surgery now. And when she wakes up I’ll go and see her.
11.We used to live in Roxbury when I was little. What difference does it make where we live?
12.I don’t go overnight. My mom doesn’t like me to go.
Задание 10. Докажите, что следующие высказывания являют- ся фактуально-информативными. Определите их типы.
1.He took his foot off the brake and drove away.
2.‘Jack Reacher for Major Turner’ he said.
3.The guy named Morgan said, ‘Sit down, Mr Reacher.’
4.‘You’re unemployed, is that correct?’
5.‘You’ll be provided with a lawyer.’
6.‘Will I be required to wear a uniform?’
7.‘I was ordered to report before 08.00 hours.’
8.‘You may speak freely, sergeant.’
9.‘Politicians will do anything to save a buck.’
10.They couldn’t find you before. They won’t find you now.
11.Her car was behind her, a dark-green domestic sedan.
12.‘You’ve been assigned to represent me?’
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Л. В. Кваскова. ПРАКТИКУМПОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙГРАММАТИКЕ: КОММУНИКАТИВНО-ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЙАСПЕКТ(наматериалеанглийскогоязыка)
13.‘Are we going to have trouble with you?’
14.Hope for the best, plan for the worst.
15.‘We’re all good now. Thank you, captain.’
16.‘Massage from Sergeant Leach, over at your HQ.’
Задание 11. Выделите фатические высказывания в следую- щих диалогах. Определите их прагматическую функцию.
1.(P. Shaffer. Five Finger Exercise) Louise. <…> What time did you get in? Clive. Midnight.
Louise. Of course, he wanted to know where you were. Clive. And did you tell him?
Louise. I didn’t know. I suppose you were still in London. Clive. (resentfully) I was out. Just plain out.
Louise. Yes, dear. Clive. O-U-T
Louise. (turning to Clive) All right, dear. Could you manage your egg I did one quickly? The pan’s still hot.
Clive. No, thanks [45: 38–39].
2.(D. Storey. The Restoration of Arnold Middleton)
Hanson (raised voice). My dear Joan, I wouldn’t believe a word of it.
Joan (heard). It was absolutely nothing at all. Hanson. Absolutely.
Joan. We were drunk. Hanson. Of course.
Joan (heard). We’d all had too much. Hanson. Naturally.
(Joan appears in the door.)
Joan. So whatever he’s told you…
Hanson. My dear china, he’s told me nothing. All we’ve heard are hints from you.
Joan. You never know… [45: 193].
3.(E. Bond. Narrow Road to the Deep North)
Shogo (to a boy). Who was your mummy and daddy? (To another boy). Were you brought up in a palace? D’you remember soldiers and lots of toys? (To another boy). Have you seen me
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Глава 2. Языковые единицы и речь
before? You remember me’ don’t you? Don’t you? (He shakes the boy.) Answer when you’re told! – Which one of you’s the Emperor’s son? Please! D’you want to make me do something terrible? (Shouts). Basho! Basho! Help me! Help me! Help me! (a long complete silence.)
Shogo. All right. Let’s go on. I don’t know who’s the Emperor’s son so I kill them all.
Georgina. Monster.
Sogo. Then help me! Tell me – Georgina. I don’t know <…> [45: 326].
4.(H. Pinter. Old Times)
Lights up on Deeley and Kate, smoking cigarettes. Kate (reflectively). Dark.
Deeley. Fat or thin?
Kate. Fuller than me I think. (Pause.)
Deeley. She was then? Kate. I think so.
Deeley. She may not be now. (Pause.)
Was she your best friend? Kate. Oh, what does that mean? Deeley. What?
Kate. The word friend… when you look back … all that time. Deeley. Can’t you remember what you felt?
(Pause.)
Kate. It’s a very long time. <…> [45: 338].
5.(J. Osborne. West to Suez) Edward. Thank you. That’s fine. (Leroi stares at the glass, hesitates.)
Fine. Thanks. (To Frederica). Sure you won’t have a proper drink?
Frederica. Sure. Alcohol and me before lunchtime in this climate just don’t go.
(Leroi goes).
It does something to women, anyway.
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Л. В. Кваскова. ПРАКТИКУМПОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙГРАММАТИКЕ: КОММУНИКАТИВНО-ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЙАСПЕКТ(наматериалеанглийскогоязыка)
Edward. Well, there are misfortunes all sides. Nothing else, thanks, Leroi.
Frederica. He’s gone. Not that he’d hear you. Edward. They really do stand and stare. Frederica. The’re not waiters for nothing.
Edward. Yes. A sort of ethnic group. While they last. Frederica. We last, you mean. It’s an odd mixture. Edward. What?
Frederica. Them. Lethargy and hysteria.
Edward. Oh yes. I’ve noticed. Perhaps it’s been a small island [41: 384–385].
Задание12. Определитепрагматическийтипследующихдиа- логов, исходя из прагматического типа каждой реплики. Укажите прямые и косвенные высказывания-реплики.
(1)[C. Ahen. If You Could See Me Now]
‘Is she here?’ Kathleen demanded, without a hello <…> ‘Sshh,’ Brendan said, ‘I don’t want you waking Elizabeth.’ ‘As if she’s not already awake with all that screaming. What have you done to the poor child?’ she asked incredulously. ‘The child wants her mother,’ he raised his voice, ‘Like us all.’ <…>
‘Give her to me,’ Kathleen said.
‘You’re wet,’ Brendan stepped away from her <…>
‘Is she here?’ Kathleen asked again, her voice still angry, <…> ‘Of course, she’s not here.’ Brendan bounced, trying to calm her. ‘I thought you’d taken her to that magical place that would cure her for ever, he said angrily.
‘It was supposed to be the best place, Brendan – better than the other ones, anyhow. Anyway, she’s gone.’
‘Gone? What do you mean, gone?’
‘She was missing this morning from her room. Nobody’s seen her.’ [4: 354–355].
(2)[I. Shaw. Lucy Crown]
‘Now look, Lucy, you must remember where you put it,’ Oliver was saying over the phone, <…>. ‘Think hard.’
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Глава 2. Языковые единицы и речь
‘I am thinking hard,’ Lucy said, <…> ‘I’m sure I left all the bills in ny desk.’ <…>
‘Lucy, darling,’ Oliver’s voice now compounding both the weariness and the patience, ‘I’ve looked twice in your desk. It’s not there. You’ve got bills from 1932 there and recipes for fish soup and an invitation to the wedding of two people who were divorced three years ago – but the bill from the garage is not there.’ <…> All she could say was , ‘I’m sure I paid it. I’m absolutely sure!’
‘Jenkins says no,’ Oliver said <…>
‘Whose word are you going to take?’ Lucy asked. ‘Jenkins or mine?’
‘Well, it’s not in the cheque book,’ Oliver said, <…> ‘and I can’t find the receiped bill and he was most obnoxious about it today when I stopped in for gas. It’s very embarrassing, Lucy, to have a man come up to you and say you’ve owned him seventy dollars for three months, when you’ve thought you’ve paid it,’ ‘We have paid it,’ Lucy said stubbornly, <…>
‘Lucy, I repeat,’ Oliver said, ‘we must have the bill.’ [46: 53–54].
(3)[I. Shaw. The Top of the Hill]
He told her about the plan for Saturday morning and she frowned. ‘Jumping out of airplanes,’ she said. ‘Isn’t that for kids?’
‘They’re all men, about my own age.’ ‘What do you do it for?’
‘Fun,’ he said <…> ‘Haven’t you ever had a feeling you’d like to fly?’
‘Not that I remember.’
‘One of the mythical longings of the race,’ he said. ‘Remember Icarus.’
‘Not such a happy example,’ Tracy said, laughing.
‘Anyway, you could try it, too. Not free fall, at least not at first. Just attached to a line that opens your parachute automatically. The earth never looks quite that beautiful again. A lot of girls do it.’
‘Not this girl,’ Tracy said decisively.
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Л. В. Кваскова. ПРАКТИКУМПОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙГРАММАТИКЕ: КОММУНИКАТИВНО-ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЙАСПЕКТ(наматериалеанглийскогоязыка)
‘Still, will you come?’
‘Why not?’ She shrugged. ‘If my husband’s crazy I might as well find out what he’s crazy about. Anyway, I have nothing else to do on Saturday morning.’ [47: 8–9].
Задание 13. Определите коммуникативно-прагматический тип следующих текстов, состоящих из одной диктемы. Опишите косвенный характер диктем как речевых актов.
(1)Диктема – Текст
Everyone appreciates the good work that has gone into building the infrastructure in Dubai, but I think it is unfair to add Salik toll gates (платная дорога) without ensuring there is a proper public transportation system in place … The Salik gates in these new areas will be a financial burden to all who do not have the opinion of switching to public transport. Let Dubai Metro be more introduced in these areas and then consider putting up more gates. At least we, people living in Ghusias, will then have an alternative [28: 24].
(2)Диктема – Текст
Easy to use and lightweight, you can even use it whilst reading and watching TV. Within just 5–10 minutes you will feel blessed relief and improved flexibly to carry on working, walking, jogging, running, playing golf, tennis, gardening, all the activities that you love doing [18: 60].
(3)Диктема – Текст
Thirteen of the original 16 Donnelly brothers and sisters are still hale and hearty, with the eldest being Sean at 93, while the youngest Leo is a springtly 71. This touching documentary follows this extraordinary family over the course of several months as they attempt to prove that they are the oldest group of living siblings on the planet [18: 50].
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