Практикум по функциональной грамматике коммуникативно-прагматический аспект (на материале английского языка). Учебное пособие
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Глава 2. Языковые единицы и речь
ТЕМА 5.
РИТОРИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ РЕЧИ И ЕГО РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ В ДИКТЕМНОЙ СТРУКТУРЕ ТЕКСТА
Вопросы для самоконтроля
1.Что такое речевое воздействие в общении?
2.Как трактуется речевое воздействие в широком и узком смысле?
3.Что является предметом изучения риторики как раздела те- ории речевой коммуникации?
4.В чём заключается связь риторики с лингвистической пра- гматикой? Проиллюстрируйте это на примере рекламного текста.
5.В чём заключаются два подхода к риторическому описа- нию диктемы (высказывания)?
6.Как определяются два основных типа риторических отно- шений в общении – субординация и координация?
7.В чём заключается контактоустанавливающая функция речи? Каковы языковые средства её реализации?
8.Опишите риторическую модель общения.
9.Какие речевые параметры включает процесс речевого воз- действия коммуникантов?
10.Что включает этап диспозиции при порождении речи, т.е. потенциальный текст?
11.В чём заключается этап элокуции, или текстообразования?
12.Что подразумевает «форма выражения мысли» в риторике?
13.Каковы риторические формы общения?
14.Вчёмспецификамонологическойидиалогическойритори- ческой модели?
Практические задания Задание 1. Укажите, какие риторические приёмы ис-
пользованы в следующих идиоматических высказываниях. Прокомментируйте передаваемый смысл.
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1.Eric likes to play on his friends, but he makes sure that nobody is hurt by any of his pranks. A prank that hurts someone is a horse of a different color!
2.– Come on, Connie! Tell us what you think about our little ride down the repids yesterday.
–Well, uh…
–Wasn’t it exciting?
–I, uh…
–What’s the matter? Cat got your tongue?
3.Jim doesn’t play tennis very much, but he’s always shooting off his mouth about how good he is.
4.– That’s it, Greg! You’d better not come in after midnight again tonight!
–I know, dad. You don’t have to jump down my throat! I told you that I’d make it home around 11:30.
5.Mary, you always take such a long time to put on your makeup. Come on, shake a leg!
6.Just because he does not say very much is no reason to sell him short. Actually, he’s a profound thinker and a most talented writer.
7.– Hey, Bea. I need some help stacking these boxes. Would you please give me a hand?
–OK. And I need some help tidying up the house. How about your helping me out after that?
–OK. If you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.
8.– How was your date with Marty last night?
–Well, it started off OK, but he really turned me off when we went for a snack after the movies [17].
Задание 2. Какие риторические фигуры (тропы) использова- ны в следующих диктемах [39]?
1.‘My gdanddaughter. Fuve days old.’
‘Lovely: I smile. All babies look like current buns to me.’
2.‘I bet you never saw a grown man behave like an idiot before, huh?’
‘About four times a day I have to fish someone out of the men’s loos. And it’s usually down to fear of flying.’
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Глава 2. Языковые единицы и речь
3.Now I stand on the roof, staring out at London’s winking darkness below. Around me a million people are living, breathing, eating, arguing.’
4.Somewhere down there a lock-in is going in the White House, full of hipsters and East-Enders, and a couple are arguing outside, and across the city the general hospital is picking up the pieces of the sick and the injured and these who have just about scraped through another day.
5.‘You’re going too fast, Bernard.’
‘She’s hardly flipping Mo Farah. If she goes any slower we’ll be moonwalking.’
6.Those early months, it was as if I had lost a layer of skin – I felt everything more intensely.
Задание 3. Докажите, что следующие монологические дикте- мы имеют кумулемную риторическую структуру.
(1)[39: 38]. And then there it was, Will’s face, looking out from the grainy newspaper photograph. That slightly sardonic smile, the direct gaze. I felt, briefly, winded.
(2)[39: 46]. ‘He knew he wanted to do it before I met him. I tried to change his mind and I couldn’t. So I went along with it, because I loved him, and it seemed to make sense at the time. And now it makes a lot less sense.
(3)[39: 56]. Mostly this anonymity suited me. I had come here, after all, to escape my history, from feeling as if everyone knew every thing there was to know about me. And the city had begun to alter me.
(4)[39: 64]. I sat very still on my sofa, trying to digest what had just happened for the best part of an hour, Lily’s voice ringing in my ears. Had I heard her correctly? I went over and over what she had told me, trying to recall it through the buzz in my ears.
(5)[39: 76]. We sat in silence for a while longer. I kept thinking about things I should say, but I was so out of practice at being alone with a man – while sober at least – that I kept losing my nerve, my mouth opening and closing like that of a goldfish.
(6)[39: 77]. I pulled up in the car park, and let out a breath I felt as if I’d been holding all the way from the bar. I glanced over at
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the corner shop, then back at my flat, and decided I didn’t want to be sensible.
Задание 4. Объясните, как реализуется оккурсемная ритори- ческая связь в следующих диктемах.
(1)[39: 4]. ‘You know, I think I hear them calling year flight.’ ‘You reckon I’ll be okay?’
‘You’ll be okay. It’s a very safe airline. And it’s just a couple of hours out of your life. <…>’
(2)[39: 34]. ‘You know what I’m going to say, don’t you?’ ‘I do. And don’t.’
‘Well, you know what Will would have said. You had a deal. You can’t back out of it.’
‘Okay. That’s it, Treen. We’re done with this conversation.’
(3)[39: 52]. ‘I’m sorry about your mum.’
‘You can’t say that. It’s like prison – you can’t ask someone what they’re in for.’
‘Really? Oh, I’m sorry. I didn’t –‘ ‘I’m joking. See you next week.
(4)[39: 58]. ‘Am I the only one? Still missing him?’ ‘Nah. He was a good bloke. The best.’
‘Anyway. I don’t think I’ll go back. I’m not sure it’s my thing.’ ‘Give it a go, Lou. You can’t judge anything from one session.’ ‘You sound like my dad.’
‘Well, he always was a sensible fella.’
(5)[39: 62–63]. ‘So did he not say anything about me at all?’ ‘How old are you, Lily?’
‘Sixteen. Do I at least look like him? I saw a picture on Google images, but I was thinking maybe, you had a photograph.’ <…> ‘Are all your photographs in boxes?’
‘Um, Lily. This is all…quite a lot to take in. <…>’
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Глава 2. Языковые единицы и речь
ТЕМА 6. СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ ВЫСКАЗЫВАНИЯ
В ДИКТЕМНОЙ СТРУКТУРЕ ТЕКСТА
Вопросы для самоконтроля
1.Что предполагает стилистический аспект высказывания? Как его принято называть в коммуникативной лингвис- тике?
2.Что такое стилевая организация высказывания?
3.Что по М.Я. Блоху включает функциональная классифика- ция стилизаций в тексте?
4.Какие принципы классификации отражают языковую при- роду высказывания, а какие признаки иллюстрируют его неязыковую природу?
5.Что является дополнительным условием стилистической характеристики высказывания?
6.На чём базируется классификация регистровой диф- ференциации речи по Г.А. Золотовой, Н.К. Онипенко, М.Ю. Сидоровой?
7.Что такое «репродуктивный» (изобразительный) регистр речи? Каков его маркирующий дейксис?
8.Чтотакое«информативный» регистрречи? Каковыегодей- ктические маркеры?
9.Что такое «генеративный» регистр речи, или вневременное высказывание?
10.Какие регистры характеризуют диалогическую речь как та- ковую?
11.Какиеречевыезакономерностидаютполноепредставление о стилистическом аспекте высказывания?
Практические задания Задание1. Определитеколичестворегистровыхдифференци-
аций в следующих диктемах. Аргументируйте свой выбор [39].
1.Afterwards, I couldn’t believe I had been manipulated by a sixteen-year-old. But Lily was like the cool girl in class, the one you found yourself trying to impress. Before she could say
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anything else, I took it from her and had a tentative drag, trying not to cough when it hit the back of my throat.
2.My mouth worked silently around words I couldn’t find. How could I explain to this girl what Will and I had been to each other, the way I felt that no person in the world had ever understood me like he did or ever would again? How could she understand that losing him was like having a hole shot straight through me, a painful, constant reminder, an absence I could never fill?
3.She sat in companionable silence for a while, listening to the squawks of the birdcalls, Granddad whistling, and next door’s dog yelping to be let in. I felt happy to be home.
4.At ten, exhausted, I told her I was turning in. She was still watching television, sitting cross-legged on the sofa, and messaging someone on her little laptop. ‘Don’t stay up too late, okay?’ It sounded fake on my lips, like someone pretending to be an adult.
5.Oh, but it was such a relief to have someone to talk to. I was so unused to people who actually listened – as opposed to those, at the bar, who only wanted to hear the sound of their own voices – that talking to Sam was a revelation. He didn’t interrupt, or tell me what he thought, or what I should do. He listened, and nodded, and topped up my wine and said, finally, when it was long dark outside, ‘It’s quite a responsibility you’ve taken on.’
6.I pointed out that, given Lily was barely at home, and Tania had changed the locks to the front door, it would be pretty hard for Lily to exhaust anyone unless she was tapping at their window and singing a lament. There was a short silence.
Задание2. Проанализируйтеидокажите, чтоследующиедик- темы иллюстрируют спонтанную стилизацию [39].
(1)‘You can do what you want, sir. Tell you what, you could charge her for cleaning the blood off your balcony while you’re at it. How about that?’
(2)‘You’re all right. Pain is good. I can say for sure, but I don’t think there’s any spinal injury. You’ve done your hip, and a few other bits besides.’
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Глава 2. Языковые единицы и речь
(3)‘I’m just laying down a marker, Louise. I’m not one of those managers who turn a blind eye. I know that in many companies time off is pretty much considered a staff perk. But not in companies where I work.’
(4)‘It’s like all this stuff about sugar. You got to watch the sugar. No point buying the low-fat stuff if it’s full of sugar, right? There’s your empty colories. Right there. And them chemical sugars are the worst. They stick to your gut.’
(5)‘She didn’t even bother turning up for her exams. We’ve done everything possible for her. Counsellors, the best schools, private tutors. Francis has treated her as if she were his own. And she just throws it all back in our faces. <…>’
(6)‘My life is eventful. I mean, falling off a roof isn’t exactly humdrum. That’s quite a lot of excitement for one year!’
(7)‘She’s a mother, plainly still grieving her son. We had just given
her an enormous shock. And you went off at her like a rocket. Could you not have been quiet and let her digest it all? Why do you have to push everyone away?’
Задание3. Проанализируйтеидокажите, чтоследующиедик- темы иллюстрируют подготовленную стилизацию [57].
(1)A few days later, Murray is in a car travelling from a photoshoot in Parson’s Green to Chelsea hotel, where he is staying for the weekend’s Devis Cup tie with France. He has just had a haircut and shave.
(2)It is only when you meet them “off air”, in the green room, perhaps, or on the street that you realize that it is an act. There is almost no correlation between their on-screen personas and their off-screen personalities.
(3)‘I feel fine just now but I am tired in general because it has been a long couple of months,’ Murray said. ‘I will have a couple of weeks to have a good rest after this weekend. The important thing is to win this tie.’
(4)‘Leading is tough,’ Danny Willett said too long ago. Like many players in the formative stages of their career, Willett found himself confronted by a different type of pressure when he
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walked around a golf course and looked up at the leaderboard to see his name at the top.
(5)Make it a memorable escape with a stay in a lighthouse keeper’s cottage on dramatic North Ronald say, made famous by the writing of Robert Louis Stevenson. The close community welcomes visitors to gatherings and parties, and can organize
birdwatching and walking tours.
Задание 4. Определите регистровую принадлежность следу- ющих диктем.
(1)As they looked over the notes and flowers, the Queen made a special point of chatting with her grandchildren. Prince Philip, who also wore kilts, pointed a particular note out to William. It read, “William and Harry, I hope God gives you the strength to get through the rest of your lives. Your mum will always watch over you both.” [6: 32].
(2)When they are shopping, dining out, or otherwise using the services of clerks, waiters, or other service people, Americans tend to show their respect for the ideas of equality and individual dignity. They treat clerks and others as more or less equal to themselves, not as people who are clearly subordinate or inferior [5: 81].
(3)Double gasp – apart from Opal, when eyes twinkled back at me knowingly. I felt better when I saw that because I knew that Opal would know what to do. She always did and I wouldn’t have to feel so confused any more [4: 138].
(4)President Nicolas Sarkozy began his term in 2007 aiming to shake up the judicial system. But overturning the regime established by Napoleon was never going to be simple and 18 months later the effort seems stalled [32: 1].
(5)I liked the kitchen, though. It was warm from the sun and because it was surrounded by glass, it felt like we were sitting in the garden. Kind of like a picnic. I noticed the table was set for two people so I waited until told where to sit. <…> [4: 31].
Задание 5. Дайте грамматическую трансформацию следую- щих диктем, придав им «официальность». Аргументируйте свой вариант.
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Глава 2. Языковые единицы и речь
(1)“Aw, c’mon, Mum!”
“If you keep it up, you’ll get a swat. We don’t have time for this.”
“But I’m hungry.”
“Then you should have eaten your hot dog.’ “I didn’t want a hot dog.’ [53: 5].
(2)“Even though we’re outside, we still have to work, okay?.. you have to say what I tell you to, or we go back to the living room, to your chair. You don’t want to do that, do you?’ [53: 20].
(3)“Listen, don’t try to talk. You’re pretty banged up. My name is Taylor McAden, and I’m with the fire department. I’ve got a radio in my car. I’m gonna get you help [53: 29].
(4)“Have faith, Miss Holton. <…> I mean, I know these guys. Kids have been lost around here before, and they always find ‘em.”
“And you’ll be okay, too. In a couple of days, you’ll be on your feet again.” [53: 46].
(5)“Hey, Mike. <…> No, I’m fine, but that’s not why I called. I’m here with Denise Holton, the one whose boy’s in the swamp. I’m at the hospital, and It seems that no one’s told her what’s happening out there. <…> [53: 67].
(6)Another hour and the volunteer center began feeling like a family picnic. A few of my old friends dripped to say hello, introduce their kids. One of my mom’s best friends, Vicky, came by with three of her granddaughters, bashful tweens in
pink [24: 102].
Задание 6. Дайте грамматическую трансформацию следую- щих диктем, придав им «разговорность». Аргументируйте свой вариант.
(1)Until very recently the divorce rate in the United States increased slowly and steadily for many decades. There are signs that the rate may have diminished [5: 48].
(2)For this visitor, “truth” came not from facts he observed, but from a theory he believed. Americans in some theories, of course, but in general they are suspicions of theory and generalizations and more at ease with specific facts [5: 33].
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(3)Most businesses will exchange a buyer’s purchases for alternative items if the original one proves unsatisfactory. Some businesses will give cash funds; others will not. Unless the buyer has the receipt, though, the business may give neither [5: 109].
(4)“You can always tell when a car is being driven by a foreign student.” Said Midwestern chief of police. “You don’t have to be able to see the driver. They just don’t drive the same way we do.” [5: 100].
(5)So it is not possible to describe here the behavior foreign visitors will see in the area of male-female relationships. Nevertheless, a few general comments might give visitors some con text in which to understand what they see [5: 88].
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