Практикум по функциональной грамматике коммуникативно-прагматический аспект (на материале английского языка). Учебное пособие

Глава 4. Основы анализа дискурса

That might lead some fans to worry about a conflict of interest or that Motsi will feel obliged to judge her sister more severely that other contestants.

But the good news is that for two years the pair worked together smoothly on the German vision of Strictly, called Let’s Dance, where they had the same roles [19: 30].

(2)The National Institute of Economic and Social Research said there is a one in four chance the economy is already in recession. In a gloomy assessment, the think-tank said the chances of No Deal have doubted in the last three months to 30 per cent. It warned that the value of the pound could fail by ten per cent and inflation could rise to 4.1 per cent [19: 5].

(3)Summer holiday plans for millions of British Airways passengers were thrown into chaos last night after the airline’s pilots voted to strike over pay.

With families across the UK preparing to head abroad for a break, the British Airline Pilots’ Association said its members had overwhelmingly backed a mass walk-out [19: 6].

(4)Public Health England is urging people to cover their windows to keep rooms cool, and not to go out between 11 am and 3 pm if vulnerable to the heat.

Other advice includes drinking plenty of fluids, avoiding excess alcohol and wearing loose, cool clothing [19: 7].

(5)The watchdog this year launched a crackdown on the schools favoured by parents who prefer less rigid education.

They follow the philosophy of Austrian-born Rudolf Steiner, which emphasizes child creativity and the importance of rearing free-spirited individuals.

However, following inspectations of 26 Steiner schools <…> found ‘serious issues’ in some. Although, six were rated good, 13 were judged as ‘inadequate’ and seven were judged to ‘require improvement’ [19: 16].

(6)Home Secretary Sajid Javid’s crackdown on migrants crossing the Channel in small boats was branded a failure after he admitted yesterday that soaring numbers had reached Britain.

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So far this year, 725 men, women and children have arrived after making the previous journey from northern France to Kent – more than double the number for the whole of 2018 [19: 16].

Задание4. Определитесодержательноеипрагматическоезна- чения в следующих высказываниях. Выделите средства их выра- жения.

(1)Now I know my being a carer so long isn’t necessarily because they think I’m fantastic at what I do [59: 3].

(2)I’d hardly ever been to the Kingsfield in those days, so Ruth and I had to consult the map a number of times on the way and we still arrived several minutes late [59: 214].

(3)Bur the fact was, I suppose, there were powerful tides tugging us apart by then, and it only needed something like that to finish the task [59: 194].

(4)‘Who is it you go to?’ <…> ‘Who did they say you had to go to if you wanted, you know, to apply?’ [59: 152].

(5)Mind you, though I say I never go looking for Hailsham, what

I find is that sometimes, when I’m driving around, I suddenly think I’ve spotted some bit of it [59: 280].

Задание 5. Определите основные и комментирующие марке- ры в следующих высказываниях [53].

(1)“So you’re considering it?”

(2)“It wasn’t you, and in some way, it wasn’t even your mom anymore – or at least the one I used to know.”

(3)Other than that, she was pleased with how she looked.

(4)“No. You can go in the main entrance, around the corner. <…>”

(5)“But how many of you went out on the ladder?”

(6)“Hey, listen, about last night … thanks for everything.”

(7)“Well, after that, we just kept trying new words, one at a time, until he got those, too.”

(8)“I doubt if he’d understand what you’re saying.”

(9)“Maybe, but remember, my mother went through the same things your mom did.”

(10)“Like I said, I’m not going to be able to make it.”

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Задание 6. Определите и опишите типы дискурсивных мар-

керов в следующих примерах (topic markers, discourse activity markers, message relationship markers).

(1)“That goes without saying,” he said. “So, swallowing my nervousness, I wandered over and proceeded to use every ounce of charm I had at my disposal.” [51: 86].

(2)“Hey, kids,” he said, putting their sandwiches on plates. “I have an idea. Let’s do something for Miss Katie.”

“Okay!” Kristen agreed [51: 62].

(3)“<…> He used to hit her, and in the beginning, she told him that if it ever happened again, she would leave him. He swore that it wouldn’t and she believed him. But it only got worse after that, <…>” [51: 70].

(4)“All right. How about this?” <…> “I’ve met a lot of people, and over time I’ve developed instincts that I’ve learned to trust. As we both know, Alex is a great guy, and once I got to know you, I felt the same about you. <…> [51: 106].

(5)In Philadelphia, she’d used a phony name and phony social security number, but that couldn’t last forever unless she was willing to keep on living in cheap hotels and changing jobs every few weeks. To this point, though, she hadn’t used her own social security number. <…> [51: 227].

Задание 7. Определите, какую прагматическую функцию вы- полняет союз ‘and’ в следующих нарративных высказываниях.

(1)“I don’t think it’s going to slow down today,” Ricky commented. He was blond and lanky, perhaps a year or two younger than her, and still lived with her parents [51: 3].

(2)“When did you move in?”

“Yesterday afternoon. And then, joy of joy, I pretty much spent all night sneezing. I think Benson collected as much dust as he possibly could and stored it at my place. You wouldn’t believe what it’s like in there” [51: 9].

(3)Then again, she knew that living in a small town meant that her self-imposed isolation couldn’t last forever. She had to work and shop and walk around town; some of the customers at the

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restaurant already recognized her. And besides, she had to admit she’d enjoyed chatting with Jo. <…> [51: 14].

(4)He thought of her often, and he missed the companionship they’d once shared and the friendship that had been the bedrock of their marriage at its best. And when he was honest with himself, he knew he wanted those things again. <…> [51: 21].

(5)That night, he wanted for the wave of self-reproach and regret to come, but strangely, it didn’t. Nor did it feel wrong. Instead, it felt …okay. Not affirming, not exhilarating, but okay, and he somehow knew it meant he was finally beginning to heal. That didn’t mean, of course, that he was ready to rush headlong into

the single life. If it happened, it happened. And if it didn’t? He figured he’d cross that bridge when he came to it <…> [51: 21].

Задание 8. Определите роль прямой номинации персонажа как связующего элемента повествования в следующих примерах.

(1)He especially liked to look at the trees and their reflections in the river. North Carolina trees are beautiful in deep autumn: greens, yellows, reds, oranges, every shade in between. Their dazzling colors glow with the sun, and for the hundredth time, Noah Calhoun wondered if the original owners of the house had spent their evenings thinking the same things [52: 7].

(2)His best friend these days was Gus, a seventy-year-old black man who lived down the road. They had met a couple of weeks after Noah bought the house, when Gus had shown up with some homemade liquor and Brunswick stew, and the two had spent their first evening together getting drunk and telling stories [52: 11].

(3)He thought about what Gus had said. Gus was right, of course. New Bern was haunted now. Haunted by the ghost of her memory <…> [52: 15].

(4)“How’s your daddy doing?” she asked.

Noah took a couple of steps before answering. “He passed on earlier this year, right after I get back.”

“I’m sorry,” she said softly, knowing how much he had meant to Noah [52: 44].

(5)“You mean to tell me no one has ever told you that before?”

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Глава 4. Основы анализа дискурса

“My professor did,” she finally said, “ but I guess I didn’t believe him.”

He knew there was more. Allie looked away before continuing. <…> [52: 64].

(6)Allie had followed him into the kitchen and cleared her throat. “Can I get the table ready?”

Noah used the bread knife as a pointer. “Sure, plates are over there. Utensils and napkins there. Make sure you get plenty – crabs can be messy, so we’ll need ‘em’” [52: 66].

(7)“Here we are,” Noah said as he guided the canoe toward some trees near the bank.

(8)Allie looked around, not seeing anything. “Where is it?”

“Here,” he said again, pointing the canoe at an old tree that had fallen over, obscuring an opening almost completely hidden from view [52: 106].

Задание 9. Определите референциальную функцию место- имений ‘it’, ‘this’, ‘that’ в следующих текстовых фрагментах.

(1)Antropologists are trained to use a research method known as “participant observation”, which essentially means participating in the life and culture of the people one is studying, to gain a true insider’s perspective on their customs and behavior, <…> Well, that’s the theory. On practice IT often feels rather like that children’s game where you try to pat your head and rub your tummy at the same time [25: 3].

(2)But whatever the motives, <…> the ritual chapter agonizing over the role of the participant observer tends to be mind-numbingly tedious, so I will forgo whatever pre-emptive absolution might be gained by THIS, and simply say that while participant observation has its limitations, this rather uneasy combination of involvement and detachment is still the best method we have for exploring the complexities of human cultures, so IT will have to do [25: 4].

(3)Often, exceptions and deviations may help to ‘prove’ <…> a rule, in THAT the degree of surprise or outrage provoked by the deviation provides an indication of its importance, and the ‘normality’ of the behavior IT prescribes <…> [25: 10].

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(4)My analysis of Englishness will focus on rules, as I believe this is the most direct route to the establishment of a ‘grammar’ of Englishness. But given the very broad sense in which I am using the term ‘rule’, my search for the rules of Englishness will effectively involve an attempt to understand and define English culture <…>.

I am not implying by THIS that I see English culture as a homogeneous entity <…> any more than I am suggesting that the ‘rules of Englishness’ are universally obeyed [25: 10].

(5)There is some lack of consensus on exactly what practices, etc. should be included in this category <…> For example, Robin Fox gives us the following:

Laws about property, rules about incest and marriage customs of taboo and avoidance, methods of settling disputes with a minimum of bloodshed, beliefs about the supernatural and practices relating to IT, <…> [25: 11].

(6)My own view, <…> is that the whole nature debate is a rather pointless exercise, in which we engage because, <…> the human mind likes to think in terms of binary oppositions <…>.

Why we do THIS is open in question, <…> [25: 11].

Задание10. Обоснуйтевыборивзаимосвязьвременныхформ глаголов в следующих ненарративных текстах.

(1)It’s also forgotten <…> that while Watson refuses to accept the legitimate result of the EU referendum in which ‘only’ 52 per cent voted Leave (and is leading demands for a second People’s Vote), he was elected Labour’s deputy leader with just a cigarette paper-slim 50, 7 per cent share of the vote.

(2)A source close to the family said that the booking had never been made in the first place. The source also added that it is now unclear whether Miss Ecclestone and her fiancé, former car salesman Sam Palmer, are still engaged.

(3)The country is angry, fractious, and deeply divided over Brexit – some because it hasn’t happened yet, others because it’s happening at all.

Teresa May tried valiantly to heal the schism, with a withdrawal deal that was both pragmatic and hornourable.

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Глава 4. Основы анализа дискурса

(4)It’s true that, by 1940, Churchill’s political career stretched back over four decades, whereas Boris’s has been much briefer, and so he has had less scope for political gaffers. Still, he managed to pack in quite a few during his two-year spell as Foreign Secretary.

(5)Sir Alan Duncan has tried to table an emergency Commons motion on whether Johnson should become Prime Minister. Fortunately, he was rebuffed by Speaker John Bercow, who was

sensible for once in his life.

Задание 11. Выделите и прокомментируйте «дискурсивные интродукторы» в следующих ненарративных фрагментах.

(1)But the move could be viewed as a snub to the US, which asked Britain to join a similar force just weeks ago.

It also follows a subsequent warning from Washington that it would not come to Britain’s aid in the Gulf in a sign of disagreement over how Iran should be tackled.

(2)It is understood that eight UK – flagged vessels are waiting to pass through the strait of Hormuz after Britain raised the threat level for ships sailing in the region.

(3)The two will shake hands and congratulate each other on their campaigns. There may be a vague pledge to split a bottle of something on evening – most likely this will never happen. The intriguing question on everybody else’s lips, however, will be: what’ll Boris do with the Foreign Secretary?

(4)A report by the charity Generic Alliance UK said this ‘cruel’ system means children miss out on life-saving treatment because their conditions are not detected until it is too late. It added that the lack of routine agreeing for diseases means ‘pathway to diagnosis and treatment … can be a fatal obstacle course.’

(5)Commenting on the research, Ian Harding, an orthopaedic consultant at North Bristol NHS Trust, said: “This is an interesting study of a technique to treat a specific group of patients with back pain and has shown some improvement in outcomes, which is good news.

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Задание 12. Выделите единицы широкозначных существи- тельных и определите их прагматические функции в следующих высказываниях.

(1)The Queen still saw no reason to wake the boys. Their mother was gone and there was nothing they could do about it now. Let them have this one last night of innocence.

Charles surrended on this point. He would break it to them first thing in the morning, though he could not imagine how he would find the strength to do it. <…> [6: 18].

(2)But Charles would soon find himself distracted by other issues – notably how the Royal Family would react to the news of Diana’s death and what role her ex-husband would play in the morning process [6: 18].

(3)The news blackout at Balmoral notwithstanding, Charles had already told the boys that their mother was being pursued at high speed by paparazzi at the time of the crash. Paris police fueled speculation on that the press had caused the fatal accident when they arrested six photographers at the scene [6: 22].

(4)As plans for the funeral procession through the streets of London began to take shape, William insisted on one thing above all else: no matter what the length of the route or the conditions, he and Harry would march behind their mother’s coffin. The Queen, <…>, at first vetoed the idea [6: 30].

(5)That was not the only thing that would set this apart from all royal births that had gone before Diana had overruled the Queen, who wanted to follow tradition and have the future monarch’s birth take place within palace walls [6: 44].

(6)At Harry’s christening – another extravagant Royal Family affair, this time in St. George’s Chapel at Windsor Castle – Charles complained to Diana’s mother, <…> that Diana had not only

given birth to another boy, but one with “rusty” hair [6: 70].

Задание 13. Опишите формы и функции высказываний – prediction acts («предсказания») в следующих примерах.

(1)‘What are we wearing on our head, Kasper?’ ‘Hair, Madam.’

‘Whose hair, Kasper?’

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Глава 4. Основы анализа дискурса

‘It is mine,’ Herr Kasper replied with bearing [12: 5].

(2)Easy, he told himself, Roper has taken his time, you can do the same. So he sat upright again and, with the composed expression of someone taking his time, gave his attention to the letters on his desk [12: 8].

(3)‘Mr. Pine, do you know Richard Roper?’ ‘I’m afraid not.’

‘But you must. He is famous. He is beautiful. A fifty-year-old Apollo. He breeds horses, exactly as Freddy does <…> [12: 11].

(4)It never happened, Jonathan thought, watching each signal of the car’s approach. There is only the snow, racing over the forecourt. It’s a dream.

But Jonathan was not dreaming. The limousine was real, even if it was floating on a white void [12: 17].

(5)Now everything is in slow motion, everything is happening under water. The lift takes five at a time, the rest must wait. Roper strides in, drawing the woman after him. Roadean and

model school, Jonathan is thinking [12: 23].

Задание 14. Выделите и опишите формы и функции син- таксических повторов как средств связи в следующих текстовых фрагментах.

(1)If it is both wet and cold, or if you are just feeling grumpy, you can indulge what Jeremy Paxman calls ‘phenomental capacity for quiet moaning.’ This is a nice observation, and I would only add that these English ‘moaning rituals’ about the weather have an important social purpose, <…>. Moaning rituals involve displays of shared opinions <…> and generate a sense of solidarity against a common enemy <…> [25: 31].

(2)‘But why?’ asked another mystified foreigner – an Indian immigrant with whom I was discussing the ‘polite procrastination’ rituals. ‘You are right, this is exactly how they behave. It takes forever. It drives me crazy. But why do they do this? What is the matter with them? Why are they so reluctant to get down to business?’ [25: 186].

(3)Feeble and utterly irrational as they may sound, these indirect measures can often be remarkably effective. Yes, it is probably

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easier to get away with queue – jumping in England than anywhere else, but only if you can bear the humiliation of all these eyebrows, coughs, tutts and mutters – in other words, only you are not English [25: 156].

(4)Pamela. I know mother’s frightful to him about culture, and uses music and things to keep him out – which is terrible. But isn’t that just because he made her keep out of things when they were first married? You know he wouldn’t even let her go to concerts and theatres although she was dying to, <…> [45: 101].

(5)Deeley. We’re forcing her to think. We must see you often. You’re a healthy influence.

Anna. But she was always a charming companion. Deeley. Fun to live with?

Anna. Delightful.

Deely. Lovely to look at, delightful to know [44: 348].

(6)“But believe it or not, those are only part of my worries. Most of the time, I worry about the obvious things. Whether he’ll ever be able to talk warmly, whether he’ll go to a regular school, whether he’ll ever make friends, whether people will accept

him … whether I’ll have to work with him forever. Those are the things that keep me awake at night” [53: 190].

Задание 15. Прокомментируйте роль синтаксических повто- ров в формировании содержательной структуры в приведённых фрагментах.

(1)But now he was a man of thirty-nine lying in a hospital bed and contemplating death. He could not allow himself to know that he was sickened with his life. He was like someone who has lain in bed too long eating rich food; within his soul there was suddenly a yearning for tougher, stronger things, for ecstasies, for the thrill of goodness perfectly achieved, to see butterflies in doorways in Belize, to be part of the lightning dance, to quiver in terror before the cyclone [10: 18–19].

(2)And now they were worried about money. It was pathetic to listen to Joel talk about money. He did it like a petty cash clerk who is two cents out. He was so frightened of spending money

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