- •Contents
- •Foreword to the English translation
- •Preface
- •1 Introduction
- •1.1 Historical review
- •1.2 The birth of the concept of crystal growth
- •1.3 Morphology, perfection, and homogeneity
- •1.4 Complicated and complex systems
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •2 Crystal forms
- •2.1 Morphology of crystals – the problems
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •3 Crystal growth
- •3.1 Equilibrium thermodynamics versus kinetic thermodynamics
- •3.2 Driving force
- •3.3 Heat and mass transfer
- •3.4 Examples of mass transfer
- •3.6 Nucleation
- •3.7 Lattice defects
- •3.8 Interfaces
- •3.9 Spiral growth
- •3.10 Growth mechanism and morphology of crystals
- •3.11 Morphological instability
- •3.12 Driving force and morphology of crystals
- •3.13 Morphodroms
- •3.14 Element partitioning
- •3.15 Inclusions
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •4 Factors determining the morphology of polyhedral crystals
- •4.1 Forms of polyhedral crystals
- •4.2 Structural form
- •4.3 Equilibrium form
- •4.4 Growth forms
- •4.4.1 Logical route for analysis
- •4.4.2 Anisotropy involved in the ambient phase
- •4.4.3 Whiskers
- •MAJOR FACTORS
- •METHODOLOGY
- •IMPURITIES
- •AMBIENT PHASES AND SOLVENT COMPONENTS
- •4.4.7 Factors controlling growth forms
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •5 Surface microtopography of crystal faces
- •5.1 The three types of crystal faces
- •5.2 Methods of observation
- •5.3 Spiral steps
- •5.4 Circular and polygonal spirals
- •5.5 Interlaced patterns
- •5.6 Step separation
- •5.7 Formation of hollow cores
- •5.8 Composite spirals
- •5.9 Bunching
- •5.10 Etching
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •6 Perfection and homogeneity of single crystals
- •6.1 Imperfections and inhomogeneities seen in single crystals
- •6.2 Formation of growth banding and growth sectors
- •6.3 Origin and spatial distribution of dislocations
- •References
- •7 Regular intergrowth of crystals
- •7.1 Regular intergrowth relations
- •7.2 Twinning
- •7.2.1 Types of twinning
- •7.2.2 Energetic considerations
- •7.2.4 Penetration twins and contact twins
- •7.2.5 Transformation twin
- •7.2.6 Secondary twins
- •7.3 Parallel growth and other intergrowth
- •7.4 Epitaxy
- •7.5 Exsolution, precipitation, and spinodal decomposition
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •8 Forms and textures of polycrystalline aggregates
- •8.1 Geometrical selection
- •8.2 Formation of banding
- •8.3 Spherulites
- •8.4 Framboidal polycrystalline aggregation
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •9 Diamond
- •9.1 Structure, properties, and use
- •9.2 Growth versus dissolution
- •9.3 Single crystals and polycrystals
- •9.4 Morphology of single crystals
- •9.4.1 Structural form
- •9.4.2 Characteristics of {111}, {110}, and {100} faces
- •9.4.3 Textures seen inside a single crystal
- •9.4.4 Different solvents (synthetic diamond)
- •9.4.5 Twins
- •9.4.6 Coated diamond and cuboid form
- •9.4.7 Origin of seed crystals
- •9.4.8 Type II crystals showing irregular forms
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •10 Rock-crystal (quartz)
- •10.1 Silica minerals
- •10.2 Structural form
- •10.3 Growth forms
- •10.4 Striated faces
- •10.5 Growth forms of single crystals
- •10.5.1 Seed crystals and forms
- •10.5.2 Effect of impurities
- •10.5.3 Tapered crystals
- •10.6 Twins
- •10.6.1 Types of twins
- •10.6.2 Japanese twins
- •10.6.3 Brazil twins
- •10.7 Scepter quartz
- •10.8 Thin platy crystals and curved crystals
- •10.9 Agate
- •References
- •11 Pyrite and calcite
- •11.1 Pyrite
- •11.1.2 Characteristics of surface microtopographs
- •11.1.4 Polycrystalline aggregates
- •11.2 Calcite
- •11.2.1 Habitus
- •11.2.2 Surface microtopography
- •References
- •12 Minerals formed by vapor growth
- •12.1 Crystal growth in pegmatite
- •12.3 Hematite and phlogopite in druses of volcanic rocks
- •References
- •13 Crystals formed by metasomatism and metamorphism
- •13.1 Kaolin group minerals formed by hydrothermal replacement (metasomatism)
- •13.2 Trapiche emerald and trapiche ruby
- •13.3 Muscovite formed by regional metamorphism
- •References
- •14 Crystals formed through biological activity
- •14.1 Crystal growth in living bodies
- •14.2 Inorganic crystals formed as indispensable components in biological activity
- •14.2.1 Hydroxyapatite
- •14.2.2 Polymorphic minerals of CaCO3
- •14.2.3 Magnetite
- •14.3 Crystals formed through excretion processes
- •14.4 Crystals acting as possible reservoirs for necessary components
- •14.5 Crystals whose functions are still unknown
- •References
- •Appendixes
- •A.1 Setting of crystallographic axes
- •A.2 The fourteen Bravais lattices and seven crystal systems
- •A.3 Indexing of crystal faces and zones
- •A.4 Symmetry elements and their symbols
- •Materials index
- •Subject index
References and suggested reading 163
process of dissolution–precipitation. In this respect, the crystallization resembles crystal growth taking place in sintering with a minor amount of solvent components. Since H2O is released by reaction, Ostwald ripening has a significant effect. Actual examples will be analyzed in Chapter 13.
References
1 A. N. Kolmogorov, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 65, 1949, 681 (in Russian)
2D. P. Grigoriev, Ontogeny of Minerals, Jerusalem, Israel Program for Scientific Translation, 1961
3 G. G. Lemmlein, Morphology and Genesis of Crystals, Moscow, Nauk, 1973 (in Russian)
4K. V. Cashman, in Reviews in Mineralogy, vol. 24, Methods of Igneous Petrology, eds. J. Nicholls and J. K. Russell, Washington, Mineralogical Society of America, p. 259
Suggested reading
J. P. Bard, Microtextures of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks, Dordrecht, D. Reidel, 1986
R.Kretz, Metamorphic Crystallization, New York, John Wiley, 1994
S.Banno, M. Toriumi, M. Kobatake, and T. Nishiyama, Dynamics of Rock Formation, Tokyo, Tokyo University Press, 2000 (in Japanese)
PA R T I I A P P L I C A T I O N T O C O M P L I C A T E D A N D C O M P L E X S Y S T E M S ( C A S E S T U D I E S )
In this second part of the book, we will present an explanation, using real examples, of how we can solve the problems involved in complicated and complex systems, based on the fundamental concepts explained in Part I and using crystal morphology as the key. Chapters 9 to 13 cover mineral crystals, and Chapter 14 discusses crystals formed in physiological activities. In particular, we discuss diamonds in Chapter 9 and quartz in Chapter 10; these are examples of minerals whose crystal morphologies have attracted deep interest from the earliest times. In Chapter 11, pyrite and calcite are selected as representative examples of mineral crystals that show elaborately varied Habitus and Tracht. Chapter 12 focuses on crystals grown from the vapor phase in free space, and the analysis will be principally based on the observations of surface microtopographs of crystal faces, imperfections, and inhomogeneities in crystals. Crystals formed in pegmatites or druses in volcanic rocks will be used as examples. In Chapter 13 our discussion will be centered on how crystal growth proceeds in the processes of metasomatism or metamorphism. In Chapter 14, biomineralization will be considered from the standpoint of crystal growth.