- •Contents
- •Foreword to the English translation
- •Preface
- •1 Introduction
- •1.1 Historical review
- •1.2 The birth of the concept of crystal growth
- •1.3 Morphology, perfection, and homogeneity
- •1.4 Complicated and complex systems
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •2 Crystal forms
- •2.1 Morphology of crystals – the problems
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •3 Crystal growth
- •3.1 Equilibrium thermodynamics versus kinetic thermodynamics
- •3.2 Driving force
- •3.3 Heat and mass transfer
- •3.4 Examples of mass transfer
- •3.6 Nucleation
- •3.7 Lattice defects
- •3.8 Interfaces
- •3.9 Spiral growth
- •3.10 Growth mechanism and morphology of crystals
- •3.11 Morphological instability
- •3.12 Driving force and morphology of crystals
- •3.13 Morphodroms
- •3.14 Element partitioning
- •3.15 Inclusions
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •4 Factors determining the morphology of polyhedral crystals
- •4.1 Forms of polyhedral crystals
- •4.2 Structural form
- •4.3 Equilibrium form
- •4.4 Growth forms
- •4.4.1 Logical route for analysis
- •4.4.2 Anisotropy involved in the ambient phase
- •4.4.3 Whiskers
- •MAJOR FACTORS
- •METHODOLOGY
- •IMPURITIES
- •AMBIENT PHASES AND SOLVENT COMPONENTS
- •4.4.7 Factors controlling growth forms
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •5 Surface microtopography of crystal faces
- •5.1 The three types of crystal faces
- •5.2 Methods of observation
- •5.3 Spiral steps
- •5.4 Circular and polygonal spirals
- •5.5 Interlaced patterns
- •5.6 Step separation
- •5.7 Formation of hollow cores
- •5.8 Composite spirals
- •5.9 Bunching
- •5.10 Etching
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •6 Perfection and homogeneity of single crystals
- •6.1 Imperfections and inhomogeneities seen in single crystals
- •6.2 Formation of growth banding and growth sectors
- •6.3 Origin and spatial distribution of dislocations
- •References
- •7 Regular intergrowth of crystals
- •7.1 Regular intergrowth relations
- •7.2 Twinning
- •7.2.1 Types of twinning
- •7.2.2 Energetic considerations
- •7.2.4 Penetration twins and contact twins
- •7.2.5 Transformation twin
- •7.2.6 Secondary twins
- •7.3 Parallel growth and other intergrowth
- •7.4 Epitaxy
- •7.5 Exsolution, precipitation, and spinodal decomposition
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •8 Forms and textures of polycrystalline aggregates
- •8.1 Geometrical selection
- •8.2 Formation of banding
- •8.3 Spherulites
- •8.4 Framboidal polycrystalline aggregation
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •9 Diamond
- •9.1 Structure, properties, and use
- •9.2 Growth versus dissolution
- •9.3 Single crystals and polycrystals
- •9.4 Morphology of single crystals
- •9.4.1 Structural form
- •9.4.2 Characteristics of {111}, {110}, and {100} faces
- •9.4.3 Textures seen inside a single crystal
- •9.4.4 Different solvents (synthetic diamond)
- •9.4.5 Twins
- •9.4.6 Coated diamond and cuboid form
- •9.4.7 Origin of seed crystals
- •9.4.8 Type II crystals showing irregular forms
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •10 Rock-crystal (quartz)
- •10.1 Silica minerals
- •10.2 Structural form
- •10.3 Growth forms
- •10.4 Striated faces
- •10.5 Growth forms of single crystals
- •10.5.1 Seed crystals and forms
- •10.5.2 Effect of impurities
- •10.5.3 Tapered crystals
- •10.6 Twins
- •10.6.1 Types of twins
- •10.6.2 Japanese twins
- •10.6.3 Brazil twins
- •10.7 Scepter quartz
- •10.8 Thin platy crystals and curved crystals
- •10.9 Agate
- •References
- •11 Pyrite and calcite
- •11.1 Pyrite
- •11.1.2 Characteristics of surface microtopographs
- •11.1.4 Polycrystalline aggregates
- •11.2 Calcite
- •11.2.1 Habitus
- •11.2.2 Surface microtopography
- •References
- •12 Minerals formed by vapor growth
- •12.1 Crystal growth in pegmatite
- •12.3 Hematite and phlogopite in druses of volcanic rocks
- •References
- •13 Crystals formed by metasomatism and metamorphism
- •13.1 Kaolin group minerals formed by hydrothermal replacement (metasomatism)
- •13.2 Trapiche emerald and trapiche ruby
- •13.3 Muscovite formed by regional metamorphism
- •References
- •14 Crystals formed through biological activity
- •14.1 Crystal growth in living bodies
- •14.2 Inorganic crystals formed as indispensable components in biological activity
- •14.2.1 Hydroxyapatite
- •14.2.2 Polymorphic minerals of CaCO3
- •14.2.3 Magnetite
- •14.3 Crystals formed through excretion processes
- •14.4 Crystals acting as possible reservoirs for necessary components
- •14.5 Crystals whose functions are still unknown
- •References
- •Appendixes
- •A.1 Setting of crystallographic axes
- •A.2 The fourteen Bravais lattices and seven crystal systems
- •A.3 Indexing of crystal faces and zones
- •A.4 Symmetry elements and their symbols
- •Materials index
- •Subject index
114 Surface microtopography of crystal faces
References
1S. Ichikawa, Studies of etch figures of Japanese minerals, I, II, Am. J. Sci., Ser. 5, 6, 1923, 53–72, 137–56
2A. P. Honess, The Nature, Origin and Interpretation of the Etch Figures of Crystals, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1927
3 A. R. Verma, Crystal Growth and Dislocations, London, Butterworths, 1953
4W. Dekeyser and S. Amelinckx, Les Dislocations et la Croissance des Cristaux, Paris, Masson et Cie, 1955
5I. Sunagawa, Step height of spirals on natural hematite crystals, Am. Min., 46, 1961, 1216–26
6I. Sunagawa, Surface microtopography of crystal faces, in Morphology of Crystals, Part A, ed. I. Sunagawa, Dordrecht, D. Reidel, 1987, pp. 321–65
7I. Sunagawa and Y. Koshino, Growth spirals on kaolin group minerals, Am. Min., 60, 1975, 407–12
8J. J. De Yoreo, C. A. Orme, and T. A. Land, Using atomic force microscopy to investigate solution crystal growth, in Advances in Crystal Growth Researches, eds. K. Sato,
Y. Furukawa, and K. Nakajima, Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp. 361–80
9K. Onuma, T. Kameyama, and K. Tsukamoto, In situ study of surface phenomena by real time phase shift interferometry, J. Crystal Growth, 137, 1994, 610–22
10K. Maiwa, K. Tsukamoto, and I. Sunagawa, Direct observation of 2-D nucleation on a solution grown barium nitrate crystal, Proc. 4th Topical Meeting on Crystal Growth Mechanism, Tokyo, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 1991, pp. 67–70
11A. R. Verma and P. Krishna, Polymorphism and Polytypism in Crystals, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1966
12I. Sunagawa, Vapor growth and epitaxy of minerals and synthetic crystals, J. Crystal Growth, 45, 1978, 3–12
13I. Sunagawa, J. Narita, P. Bennema, and B. van der Hoek, Observation and interpretation of eccentric growth spirals, J. Crystal Growth, 42, 1977, 121–6
14N. Cabrera and M. M. Levine, On the dislocation theory of evaporation of crystals, Phil. Mag., VII, (1), 1956, pp. 450–8
15N. Cabrera and D. A. Vermilyea, The growth of crystals from solution, in Growth and Perfection of Crystals, eds. R. H. Doremus, B. W. Roberts, and V. Turnbull, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1958
16I. Sunagawa and P. Bennema, Observations of the influence of stress fields on the shape of growth and dissolution spirals, J. Crystal Growth, 53, 1981, 490–504
17F. C. Frank, On the kinetic theory of crystal growth and dissolution process, in Growth and Perfection of Crystals, eds. R. H. Doremus, B. W. Roberts, and V. Turnbull, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1958
18R. E. Schwoebel and E. J. Shipsey, Step motion on crystal surfaces, J. Appl. Phys., 37, 1966, 3682–6
19I. Sunagawa, Mechanism of natural etching of hematite crystals, Am. Min., 47, 1962, 1332–45
20K. Sangwal, Etching of Crystals – Theory, Experiment and Application, Defects in solid, 15, eds. S. Amelinckx and Nihoul, Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1987
References and suggested reading 115
Suggested reading
A. R. Verma, Crystal Growth and Dislocations, London, Butterworths, 1953
W. Dekeyser and S. Amelinckx, Les Dislocations et la Croissance des Cristaux, Paris, Masson et Cie, 1955
W. R. Wilcox (ed.), Preparation and Properties of Solid Materials, vol. 7, New York, Marcel Dekker Inc., 1982
K. Sangwal and R. Rodriguez-Clemente, Surface Morphology of Crystalline Solids, Zurich, Trans. Tech., 1991
I. Nakada, Crystal Growth Seen at Molecular Level, Tokyo, AGNE Technical Center (in Japanese)