- •Contents
- •Foreword to the English translation
- •Preface
- •1 Introduction
- •1.1 Historical review
- •1.2 The birth of the concept of crystal growth
- •1.3 Morphology, perfection, and homogeneity
- •1.4 Complicated and complex systems
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •2 Crystal forms
- •2.1 Morphology of crystals – the problems
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •3 Crystal growth
- •3.1 Equilibrium thermodynamics versus kinetic thermodynamics
- •3.2 Driving force
- •3.3 Heat and mass transfer
- •3.4 Examples of mass transfer
- •3.6 Nucleation
- •3.7 Lattice defects
- •3.8 Interfaces
- •3.9 Spiral growth
- •3.10 Growth mechanism and morphology of crystals
- •3.11 Morphological instability
- •3.12 Driving force and morphology of crystals
- •3.13 Morphodroms
- •3.14 Element partitioning
- •3.15 Inclusions
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •4 Factors determining the morphology of polyhedral crystals
- •4.1 Forms of polyhedral crystals
- •4.2 Structural form
- •4.3 Equilibrium form
- •4.4 Growth forms
- •4.4.1 Logical route for analysis
- •4.4.2 Anisotropy involved in the ambient phase
- •4.4.3 Whiskers
- •MAJOR FACTORS
- •METHODOLOGY
- •IMPURITIES
- •AMBIENT PHASES AND SOLVENT COMPONENTS
- •4.4.7 Factors controlling growth forms
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •5 Surface microtopography of crystal faces
- •5.1 The three types of crystal faces
- •5.2 Methods of observation
- •5.3 Spiral steps
- •5.4 Circular and polygonal spirals
- •5.5 Interlaced patterns
- •5.6 Step separation
- •5.7 Formation of hollow cores
- •5.8 Composite spirals
- •5.9 Bunching
- •5.10 Etching
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •6 Perfection and homogeneity of single crystals
- •6.1 Imperfections and inhomogeneities seen in single crystals
- •6.2 Formation of growth banding and growth sectors
- •6.3 Origin and spatial distribution of dislocations
- •References
- •7 Regular intergrowth of crystals
- •7.1 Regular intergrowth relations
- •7.2 Twinning
- •7.2.1 Types of twinning
- •7.2.2 Energetic considerations
- •7.2.4 Penetration twins and contact twins
- •7.2.5 Transformation twin
- •7.2.6 Secondary twins
- •7.3 Parallel growth and other intergrowth
- •7.4 Epitaxy
- •7.5 Exsolution, precipitation, and spinodal decomposition
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •8 Forms and textures of polycrystalline aggregates
- •8.1 Geometrical selection
- •8.2 Formation of banding
- •8.3 Spherulites
- •8.4 Framboidal polycrystalline aggregation
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •9 Diamond
- •9.1 Structure, properties, and use
- •9.2 Growth versus dissolution
- •9.3 Single crystals and polycrystals
- •9.4 Morphology of single crystals
- •9.4.1 Structural form
- •9.4.2 Characteristics of {111}, {110}, and {100} faces
- •9.4.3 Textures seen inside a single crystal
- •9.4.4 Different solvents (synthetic diamond)
- •9.4.5 Twins
- •9.4.6 Coated diamond and cuboid form
- •9.4.7 Origin of seed crystals
- •9.4.8 Type II crystals showing irregular forms
- •References
- •Suggested reading
- •10 Rock-crystal (quartz)
- •10.1 Silica minerals
- •10.2 Structural form
- •10.3 Growth forms
- •10.4 Striated faces
- •10.5 Growth forms of single crystals
- •10.5.1 Seed crystals and forms
- •10.5.2 Effect of impurities
- •10.5.3 Tapered crystals
- •10.6 Twins
- •10.6.1 Types of twins
- •10.6.2 Japanese twins
- •10.6.3 Brazil twins
- •10.7 Scepter quartz
- •10.8 Thin platy crystals and curved crystals
- •10.9 Agate
- •References
- •11 Pyrite and calcite
- •11.1 Pyrite
- •11.1.2 Characteristics of surface microtopographs
- •11.1.4 Polycrystalline aggregates
- •11.2 Calcite
- •11.2.1 Habitus
- •11.2.2 Surface microtopography
- •References
- •12 Minerals formed by vapor growth
- •12.1 Crystal growth in pegmatite
- •12.3 Hematite and phlogopite in druses of volcanic rocks
- •References
- •13 Crystals formed by metasomatism and metamorphism
- •13.1 Kaolin group minerals formed by hydrothermal replacement (metasomatism)
- •13.2 Trapiche emerald and trapiche ruby
- •13.3 Muscovite formed by regional metamorphism
- •References
- •14 Crystals formed through biological activity
- •14.1 Crystal growth in living bodies
- •14.2 Inorganic crystals formed as indispensable components in biological activity
- •14.2.1 Hydroxyapatite
- •14.2.2 Polymorphic minerals of CaCO3
- •14.2.3 Magnetite
- •14.3 Crystals formed through excretion processes
- •14.4 Crystals acting as possible reservoirs for necessary components
- •14.5 Crystals whose functions are still unknown
- •References
- •Appendixes
- •A.1 Setting of crystallographic axes
- •A.2 The fourteen Bravais lattices and seven crystal systems
- •A.3 Indexing of crystal faces and zones
- •A.4 Symmetry elements and their symbols
- •Materials index
- •Subject index
References and suggested reading 149
for example, unchanged. The term “topotaxy” is used to refer to this phenomenon; the term “syntaxy” is used to discuss the origin of the process.
References
1 Y. Takano, Classification of Twins – Twin Groupoids, Tokyo, Kokinshoin, 1973 (in Japanese)
2 G. Friedel, Lecons de Cristallographie, Paris, Berger-Lvzaült, 1926
3M. L. Kronberg and F. H. Wilson, Secondary recrystallization in copper, Trans. AIME, 185, 501–14
4W. L. Bragg and G. F. Claringbull, Crystal Structure of Minerals, London, G. Bell & Sons, 1965
5 M. J. Buerger, The genesis of twin crystals, Am. Min., 30, 1945, 469–82
6 R. S. Wagner, On the growth of germanium dendrites, Acta. Metall., 8, 1960, 57–60 7 P. Hartman, On the morphology of growth twins, Z. Krist., 107, 1956, 225–37
8M. Kitamura, S. Hosoya, and I. Sunagawa, Re-investigation of the re-entrant corner effect in twinned crystals, J. Crystal Growth, 47, 1979, 93–9
9Nai-ben Ming, K. Tsukamoto, I. Sunagawa, and A. A. Chernov, Stacking faults as selfperpetuating step sources, J. Crystal Growth, 91, 1988, 11–19
10Y. Aoki, Morphology of crystals grown from highly supersaturated solutions, Mem. Sci., Kyushu Univ., Ser. D., 24, 1979, 75–108
11K. Maiwa, K. Tsukamoto, and I. Sunagawa, Activities of spiral growth hillocks on the (111) faces of barium nitrate crystals growing in an aqueous solution, J. Crystal Growth,
102, 1990, 43–53
12L. Royer, Recherches expermentales sur l’epitaxie ou orientation mutuelle de cristaux d’especes differents, Bull. Soc. Franc. Min. Cristalle, 51, 1928, 7–159
13P. Hartman, Epitaxial aspects of the atacamite twin, Cursillos y Conferencias, C.S.I.C. (Espania), 7, 1960, 15–18
14A. A. Chernov, Modern Crystallography III, Crystal Growth, Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1984
15P. Ramdohr, The Ore Minerals and Their Intergrowths, New York, Pergamon Press, 1969
16R. I. Santon, Ore Petrology, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1972
17A. Putnis, Introduction to Mineral Sciences, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992
Suggested reading
P. Ramdohr, The Ore Minerals and Their Intergrowths, New York, Pergamon Press, 1969
A.Spray, Metamorphic Textures, New York, Pergamon Press, 1969
R.I. Santon, Ore Petrology, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1972
J.P. Bard, Microtextures of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks, Dordrecht, D. Reidel, 1986
A.Putnis, Introduction to Mineral Sciences, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992