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formation of this Institute in the Russian Federation was completed on the 1st January 2010: the court of jurors appeared in the latter region, where it existed - in the Chechen Republic. But the Constitutional Court decided to maintain the moratorium in the country.

However there are a lot of discussions about this moratorium between scientists, lawyers, ordinary citizens. There are following basic arguments of the opposite sides:

Arguments “against”:

1. Judicial mistake.

Nowadays it is not possible to create the court, which will work without mistakes. This means that inevitably innocents will be executed.

2. It does not restrain and doesn't prevent crimes

In most cases the offender expects to avoid punishment, as result the death penalty does not restrain from committing a crime.

3. The death penalty gives rise to crime

The Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet from the 30th April 1954 established the death penalty for the premeditated murder. The result was an increasing number of murders committed due to the fact that the criminals reduce the likelihood of prosecution, began to kill not only the victims, but also witnesses to their deeds.

4. Dehumanization of society

Human civilization at the present level of its development seeks to reaffirm the absolute sanctity of human life and the fundamental unacceptability of the death penalty. The rejection of the death penalty is the manifestation of humanism.

5. It does not serve the purpose of punishment.

It does not lead to the correction and moral impact on the offender. 6. The arguments of the philosophical and ethical character.

The life is given from God and the society cannot take it away. People just restrict the freedom of the offender, but they do not solve the problem of the death penalty.

Arguments “for”:

1. Softness of life imprisonment.

Many opponents of the death penalty convince opponents that life imprisonment is a tougher punishment. Terrorist Zacarias Moussaoui, involved in the terrorist attacks of 11th September 2001 and the accomplice of the murder of about 3,000 people, was convicted in may 2006. He was threatened with the death penalty, however the sentence was life imprisonment. Hearing the sentence, Zacarias shouted: "America, I won, you lost!"[6]

2. The risk of escape

In most cases, the criminals manage to catch and return to prison, but it takes a long time. During this time the offender may commit a new crime. While trying to escape, a prisoner can also kill guards.

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3. The terrorist threat.

Hostage-taking takes place in the world by terrorists. It is often required to exchange hostages for the imprisoned terrorists. Hostage-takings occur in the world at the time of the terrorist attacks. Often exchange hostages are required for terrorists who are in prison. The similar incidents stop the assault of special forces (involved in capturing terrorists, but almost always there are victims among the hostages and security forces), or they succumb to the terrorists and the perpetrators are released.

4. Economic injustice.

Any type of imprisonment is paid for by the state, namely taxes of lawabiding citizens.

5. Impossibility of relapse.

It is impossible to predict the future of a man, but it is possible to say that the death penalty ensures that an offender deprived of life will not commit new crimes.

One of the most common arguments of citizens is taxes. It is estimated that for one prisoner the Russian government spends more money than for salary of one teacher.

The idea of the capital punishment seems ideal by the time when people discover how much verdicts were erroneous. For example 349 erroneous verdicts were reached, and 23 of them were executed in 1987 in the USA. Also 126 persons were acquitted in the United States from 1978 to 2007, previously they were sentenced to death; in 2/3 of cases of this kind were made substantial miscarriage of justice. The incorrect verdicts took place in Russia too. After the establishment of moratorium, death sentences were rechecked. It has been found that 11 persons were sentenced to death because of errors in the application of the norms of criminal and criminal-procedural law.

People can think that death penalty is the best sentence for serial killers, pedophiles and so on. But right now Russia is not ready to cancel the moratorium on the death penalty because of the imperfection of the judicial system. The death penalty as extreme penalty does not serve to minimize the crime, so to eradicate crime; the state must improve the operational-search activity.

References

1.http://www.aif.ru/society/law/kprf_podnimet_vopros_ob_otmene_

moratoriya_na_ smertnuyu_kazn

2.https://amnesty.org.ru/pdf/DP_2015_final_ru.pdf

3."Methodes of execution by country". Nutzworld.com. Retrieved 23

February 2011.

4.Michael H. Tonry (2000). The Handbook of Crime & Punishment.

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5.The opinion No. 193 (1996) of the parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe on Russia's request for membership in the Council of Europe.

6.Chirkin, Sergey. Zacarias Moussaoui: "America, you lost. I won!". Rossiyskaya Gazeta (4 may 2006)

Fomina A. M.2, Kartseva E. V.2, Vdovina O. G.1

(1National Research University Higher School of Economics,

Nizhny Novgorod,

2Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil

Engineering2)

THE COMPARISON OF THE LABOUR MARKET STATISTICS IN

RUSSIA AND GERMANY

Every person is a part of the large system of the state, in which he lives and works. This system includes the labor market as well. This is the fact that the labor market is the most accurate detector of the population social position in any country. The labor market statistics is an important tool to study labor resources, a competitive ability of the branches of the economy and the analysis of the living standard of the population.

Nowadays there is an opinion that European countries have made the greatest progress in the labor market regulation and promotion of the population welfare, compared to other countries, including Russia. But is it true?? To answer this question is possible only if we study the statistical data of the certain labor markets.

In this work the labour markets of the Russian Federation and Germany are considered. By comparing the statistics of these countries in the XXI century it is possible to draw conclusions about the situation on the labour markets of two countries, the dynamics of their development in this area and the effectiveness of the measures concerning human resources.

Unemployment is one of the main problems on the labor market. In the real economic life the unemployment comes out as exceeding work force above the demand for it.

In each country there is a natural rate of unemployment, which is caused by its geographic size, the communication system, the pace of the economic development and the like. International experience allows us to assure that unemployment in the range of 5 - 7% of the economically active population is

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not only inevitable, but also quite acceptable, because it is compatible with the maintenance of normal socio-economic life in the country.

Based on data from statistical centers about the lab our markets of Russia [1] in the XXI century, the unemployment rate, the growth rate and increase of unemployment rate in the investigated period were calculated:

The average unemployment rate in Russia in the XXI century is 7.048%. Therefore, we can conclude that in the past five years, the unemployment rate is lower than the average over the past years.

These figures confirm the steady decline in the unemployment from 2000 to 2015.

Speaking about the German labor market, which exhibits social features with the effective intervention of the state, it should be noted that last year the number of people in employment reached the maximum after the unification of Germany, and the unemployment rate is the lowest in 16 years.

Based on the data of the Federal statistical office of Germany [2], the lab our market statistics over the past 15 years has the following characteristics:

Similar to previously done calculations with data on the Russian Federation labor market, the same indicators for the labour market of Germany were calculated.

The average unemployment rate in Germany in the XXI century is 7,308. Consequently, over the past 6 years, the unemployment rate in Germany is below average during the investigated period.

These calculations show a steady decline in the unemployment rate in the country after 2005.

Comparing the obtained results of the calculations and studies, in which the coefficients of the active population, employment, unemployment rates of the two countries, the calculations of the average level of unemployment, growth factors and rates of this indicator were computed, we can draw the following conclusions:

•The average unemployment rate during the investigated period in is Russia is lower than in Germany – 7,048 and 7,308, respectively.

•The average growth rate of this indicator is slightly lower in Russia (-4.2%) than in Germany (-3,8), which allows to conclude there is the greater intensity of reducing unemployment in Russia.

•However, at the moment Germany has a much lower unemployment rate (4.1 %) in comparison with Russia. And the last three years this indicator did not exceed 5%, while in Russia the unemployment rate over the past 4 years is more than 5%.

Maintenance of the stable negative dynamics of the unemployment growth is largely due to effective socio-economic policy. Russia retains the indicator in a "healthy" level (5-7%). The foreign policy situation has largely affected the increase of unemployment in 2015. It has provoked an economic crisis, in which a large number of enterprises were forced to resort to staff

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reduction, while in Germany after the Hartz’s reform in 2003-2005.g., which has affected the basic institutions of the lab our market and led to a comprehensive restructuring of employment, the unemployment rate decreased from 10.4% to 4.1, indicating a high effectiveness of the reform.

Summing up, it should be noted, despite the widespread belief about the perfection of the European governance systems in comparison with the Russian one, this research has shown that the indicators of the Russian labor market in the XXI century as the detector of the social position of the population is not inferior to European countries. Thus, now more than ever it is important not only to maintain the stability in this area of the state system, but also to take all necessary measures to improve the situation on the lab our market basing on the experience of foreign countries and the peculiarities of the own country.

References

1.Russian Federation Federal State Statistics Service http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b14_30/Main.htm

2.Federal Statistical Office of Germany. The Labour Market https://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/Indicators/LongTermSeries/LabourMa rket/lrarb011.html

Kuzmina S. M., Kartseva E. V.

(Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil

Engineering)

WHAT REQUIREMENTS INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES HAVE FOR YOUNG PROFESSIONALS AND WHAT SKILLS YOUNG PEOPLE SHOULD POSSESS

This research is conducted on the example of the several international companies: KPMG, Intel and DHL International. The list of the requirements for young professionals has been studied, who would like to have internships at these companies or to be employed. The companies were selected based on the following principles: popularity among students, the desire of people to get workplacement in these corporations, the availability of information on the company's official website, the versatile activity and diversity of the professional direction of the company. All three corporations provide an opportunity for students and graduates to get internship. The main objective of this study is precisely the issue.

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KPMG. Here is a list of professional services offered by these businesses: audit, tax and legal advice, consulting services and other services industry [1]. The company name comes from the first letters of the surnames of the founders of independent accounting firms who have joined the KPMG: Klynveld, Peat, Marwick, Goerdeler.

Intel Corporation - an American corporation that manufactures a wide range of electronic devices and computer components, including microprocessors, chipsets and others [2]. In Russia the Corporation works closely with universities in the development of the new educational programs, and to provide opportunities for students to study the process works in practice in the company.

DHL International – a German multinational company that produces its activities in the field of logistics, that is, transportation and delivery of goods. The abbreviation in the name of the company is made up of the first letters of the founders surnames -Adrian Dalsey, Larry Hillblom and Robert Lynn.Under. The brand name DHL has four subsidiaries:

DHL Supply Chain —Supply Chain Management;

DHL Global Mail —postal services, direct mail;

DHL Global Forwarding —air freight, sea freight, multimodal

transport;

DHL Freight — overland transport [3].

English has been the international language for a long time; it is studied by many persons especially by those who want to communicate with people around the world. The man who knows this language will always be in demand. People who are fluent in that language, are called as interpreters for important events, they can teach others the language. Many opportunities are open to people with language skills.

KPMG, Intel and DHL International have branches in a lot of different countries, and English is the official language in all them. All important events, meetings and conferences are held in English. It should also be noted that knowledge of the language will be in the priority position, as even the description of vacancies and internships at the company's websites made in English. Job interviews are conducted in English. Therefore, the employer understands the level of the language proficiency. The interview also shows how well the candidate knows the terminology and professional slang. Still, many companies conduct tests to determine the level of the language. The candidate can avoid writing a test, if he has a certificate. It is necessary to pass the exam in some foreign language schools to get the certificate. This certificate would be an advantage when applying for a job.

All exams are divided into British and American. Here's the basic list [4]: The British exams:

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1.FCE (First Certificate in English) – this is a test of basic knowledge of the English language for people from non-English speaking countries. It is popular for employment in Europe.

2.CAE (Certificate in Advanced English) – this is confirmation of the "advanced" level. Required for admission of students to the universities and colleges of Europe.

3.IELTS (International English Language Testing System) – with this certificate you will increase the chance to get a job in Europe, Australia and New Zealand, as this certificate is popular among employers.

There are also a number of exams with an emphasis in the professional sphere.

The American exams:

1.TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) – Exam to test basic knowledge of non-English speaking people, especially popular for admission to universities in the US and Canada.

2.GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test) –this exam includes –mathematical and analytical tests, except that there is an essay in English.

3.GRE (Graduate record Examinations) –the examination required for admission to the US graduate school for all specialties, with the exception of narrow-profile law, medicine and business.

The following necessary requirement is analytical thinking. Analytical thinking is a person's ability to analyze information using logic. Companies need people who can think, analyze and act. This quality helps them quickly navigate the work to structure everything and to find faster ways of solving problems.

In addition, the management wants to know how the candidate works in a team. Management believes that it is at times increases productivity, improves results, and improves interpersonal skills and skills in working with conflict. The ability to work with conflicts will develop resistance to stress. A person with such skills will always be in demand at a company.

Readiness to travel is one of the points that candidates need. The ability to write a report concerning a business trip, the ability to solve the current situation, independence, responsibility and efficiency - all these skills you can show to your managers after a single trip.

This is a list of the most basic requirements, which are present in the job of all three corporations. However, due to the fact that the company produces its activities in different professional fields, there are a number of criteria peculiar to each company individually. So to apply for a job at KPMG is easier for people with a degree in management, personnel management, law or economic diploma. The Intel opens areas in the following fields: information technology, mathematics, physics, radio physics, business informatics, the development of

computer systems, electronics, computer systems theory, management,

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economics, finance, marketing and human resource management.DHL International, in turn, invites logisticians, managers, economists and financiers.

It turns out that some of the required skills cannot be acquired without experience. Many companies arrange paid and unpaid internships for graduates and the final year students. If young professionals show themselves, then they can take on the full-scale operation.

Thus on the example of KPMG Intel and DHL International the main requirements for the candidates have been presented. Based on these data, you can estimate your chances to get a job in one of the companies. You can also identify their weaknesses and pull them up to the required level.

References

1.http://www.edumagazine.net/index.php?option=com_content&view =article&id=919:mjezhdunarodnyj-tjest-na-znanije-anglijskogo-jazyka-propusk- v-djelovoj-mir&catid=56:reviews&Itemid=71

2.http://www.dhl.ru/ru/careers/students.html

3.http://www.intel.ru/content/www/ru/ru/jobs/locations/russia/student

s/internships.html

4.https://ru.wikipedia.org

Blinova V. E., Aleshugina E. A.

(Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil

Engineering)

THE PROBLEM OF ADAPTATION OF RELIGIOUS OBJECT FOR

MODERN PURPOSES (EUROPEAN EXAMPLES)

The research work is devoted to the problem of adaptation of religious object for modern purposes. The relevance of the research work lies in the following. It is importation to retain monuments of historical and cultural heritage of religions objects.

The objects of the research are churches and cathedrals.

There are the following goals of the research based on the study of Soviet and foreign experience adaptation and analyze of the conditions of religions object in three areas: Nizegorodskaya, Vladimirskaya, Novgorodskaya.

The hyposesis of research is we will retain monuments of historical and cultural heritage if the process of their adaptation for modern purposes is carried out. As first, experience of adaption of religious objects in our country in the XX century was studied. In Soviet times, the Orthodox heritage was not respected:

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churches were blown up, flooded, they were used as warehouses, clubs, factories. Later, the church was restored to its previous function, although a large number of churches still stand abandoned.

Then we researched the state of religious objects in three areas: Nizegorodskaya, Vladimirskaya, Novgorodskaya. We evaluated the quantity of active and inactive religious objects in Nizegorodskaya area and found out that the percentage ratio equals to 60% of them being active and 40% of them inactive. Many churches are not in use, they decay and unique architecture of the 19th-20th century is slowly dying with them. Thus, we analyzed the examples of retain religious architectures in a abroad in the XXI century.

The Dominican church 800-year served Dutch community a long time. Built in 1294, the Dominicans gave up the structure in 1794 when Maastricht was invaded by Napoleon and the religious order was forced out. Since that time it has served as a parish, then a warehouse, then an archive, and most recently as a bicycle storage location.

Selexyz, one of the larger chains of bookstores in the Netherlands, teamed up with Merkx + Girod to completely repurpose the old, significant building. Now three-storey houses are completed with staircases, elevators and walkways. Glancing up, restored frescoes adorn the vaulted ceilings while a cross-shaped table forms a less-than-subtle centrepiece in the choir cafe. The building is again flowing with life and activity.

With construction of the new Claire and Marc Bourgie Pavilion of Quebec and Canadian Art at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, the architects at Provencher Roy + Associés Architectes have achieved a remarkable conversion of a heritage church. At a time when conservation of the religious patrimony is a challenge all over the world, this architectural intervention is an exemplary model of the genre. Its excellence has been acknowledged by the 2010 Canadian Architect Awards of Merit, the Grand Prix du design 2011, and the Prix d’excellence 2011 from the Institut de développement urbain du Québec, which, upon presentation of its award, congratulated Provencher Roy + Associés Architectes for “its thorough architectural reflection with regard to this project, its exceptional urban integration, and its design, which brings past and future together.”

Beside the restored former Erskine and American Church, transformed into a 444-seat concert hall, the rear annex has been completely reconstructed in contemporary style to form the new art pavilion.

The architects meticulously restored the church’s envelope. Some parts that were too badly damaged were completely resculpted. The 146 stained-glass windows (including the 20 Tiffany windows) were removed, restored, and reinstalled behind glass panels that make the building watertight. Inside, the plaster ceiling and the mouldings were completely restored, as were the woodwork pieces adorning the nave.

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