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.pdfstages of micropropagation, composition of nutrient medium and record different characteristics of grown plants. Secondly, researchers tackle the problem of plant adaptation to soil conditions. Then the work discusses the obtained results. In conclusion it is stated that micropropagation has a lot of advantages and it is a great alternative to vegetative propagation.
Micropropagation techniques are important for clonal multiplication, germplasm improvement, and gene conservation of member of the Ericaceae (heath family) [1].
The highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) belongs to the genus Vaccinium L. (Ericaceae) and is widely cultivated in various parts of the world. The most of highbush cultivars are commercially and biologically important as small fruits for their high content of vitamins, bioactive organic substances with antibacterial effect, anthocyanin pigments, and also as an excellent source of antioxidants. Large-scale production of high quality plants is necessary for commercial plantation establishment. There is an increase in both interest and efforts to establish the production plantations of some of the cultivars of this species, suitable for cultivation as an alternative fruit crops, as medicinal plants and landscape ornamental ground cover plants [2].
The goal of my research is to study particularities of micropropagation of different varieties of highbush blueberry with further adaptation to the soil.
Traditional vegetative propagation of highbush blueberry by cuttings has not been successful due to poor rooting ability, considerable demand for large amount of mother plants, their limited seasonal growth and relatively high price. Generative reproduction does not produce homogeneous progeny. Micropropagation is worth researching because such method gives an effective alternative method to guarantee homogenous material for cultivation and research purposes [3]. Micropropagation can provide genetic stability of plant material, recovery of plants from fungal and bacterial pathogens, viral, mycoplasma and nematode infections. Additionally, it is possible to obtain 100 000-1 000 000 clones per year in conditions of micropropagation, whereas only 5-100 in conditions of vegetative propagation for the same period [4].
Experimental objects for micropropagation in vitro were different cultivars of highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corimbossum L.): Patriot, Jersey, Bonus (provided by the CJSC "Gammi").
There are few methods of micropropagation: the inhibition of apical dominance and development of axillary buds; the use of microcuttings; the formation of microtubers; the induction of emergence of adventitious buds directly from the explant tissue; obtaining callus tissues with subsequent induction of organogenesis or embryogenesis [4].
It is known that the development of most axillary meristems is inhibited due to the phenomenon of apical dominance (the suppression of growth of lateral buds due to primary development of terminal buds)[2].
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Fig.1 The scheme of location of meristems on the plant
Therefore, in this case in order to activate axillary meristems the removal of apical dominance is necessary, so the tops of the plants were deleted. The plants were cut with a scalpel for cuttings, each contained two buds and they were placed on the nutrient medium. The medium created by T. Murashige and F. Skoog was used for micropropagation. On average, for all varieties of blueberry duration of the period of growth on the nutrient medium was 80 days.
A rapid growth of the cultivars Jersey and Bonus was recorded during the observation. These varieties were characterized by significant superiority in growth (average hight is 14.4 cm - for Jersey and 13.8 cm – for Bonus), number of leaves (17 and 23, respectively). Patriot was characterized by rather abundant branching (degree of branching -7) and number of leaves (16) with an average length of shoots (8.5 cm) in comparison with other varieties. Also average values of the multiplication factor were calculated for each variety. The values were almost the same: Patriot – 3,9; Bonus 3,5; Jersey – 3,1. Variety Patriot differed by the greater length of the internodes, larger leaf blades. On the contrary Bonus and Jersey had shorter and thinner stems and the closest to the apex leaves which were characterized by a greater area of leaf blades than those that were farther away from the apex.
At the end of the period of growth on the nutrient medium the cultivars were planted into the peat and adapted to the new conditions. The stage of rooting of micropocuttings together with their adaptation to the soil conditions and planting in the field is the most time-consuming stage, which defines the success of micropropagation. As a rule, composition of the medium changes: the concentration of mineral salts reduces twice, and sometimes in fourfold, the amount of sucrose reduces too.
Often after transplanting plants into the peat stunting, defoliation and death of plants are observed. To improve the quality of adapted plants the following methods are used: incubating of microcuttings for 2-3 hours in sterilized concentrated solution of auxins before planting; using different
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concentrations (from 0,5 till 2 mkmol) of auxins as a widespread growth regulator in micropropagation.
In this case adaptation to the soil conditions consists of 2 stages. We used 2 types of plants with root and without root. In the first stage microcuttings were planted in plastic containers with tightly closed lids. In two weeks the lids were removed from the container. During the planting the cultivars were actively watered. 80 days later grown plants were transplanted into the same peat in the pots, four in each. In the course of adaptation it could be seen that all varieties had a high length of the stem and roots, broad leaf blades, but the variety Patriot (both with roots and without roots) was characterized by a greater degree of branching compared with Bonus and Jersey.
During our research it was revealed that the studied varieties are easily propagated, has fast growth on the used nutrient medium, then adapt to soil conditions easily.
To sum up, using the methods of biotechnology in the sphere of micropropagation, it is possible to obtain improved plant culture with a high multiplication factor.
References
1)Samir C. Debnath: Propagation of Vaccinium in Vitro, International Journal of Fruit Science, pages 47-71; published online 2008
2)Peter Maassen & Johan P. Olsen: Protocols for Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits, University dynamics and European Integration, pages 445-457; published by Springer, 2007
3)Laura Jaakola, Anne Tolvanen, Kari Laine & Anja Hohtola: Effect of N6 – isopentinyladenin concentration on growth initiation in vitro and rooting of bilberry and lingonberry microshoots, Plant cell, Tissue and Organ culture 66, pages 73-77, 2001
4)O. A. Timofeeva, U. U. Nevmerzhitskya: Clonal micropropagation of plants: Teaching manual /– Kazan: Kazan University, pages 3-5; 2012
Kolobov O. D., Sarkisian T. A.
(Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil
Engineering)
CASTLE ROMANTICISM OF THE 19TH CENTURY IN GERMANY
To start with, Germany is famous for its castles and palaces. They appeared in the 9th century and started developing. These structures served as
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fortifications for cities, their great walls protected inhabitants from enemy armies. Medieval fortresses had a military function and excluded the aesthetic aspect. But in some centuries the main castle’s function was lost, and they became an expression of luxury and wealth of its owner.
The importance of castles is the expansion of architectural knowledge, which is especially important for professionals. As specialists, they must have the necessary knowledge base, which can be used in their work. For example, elements of castle architecture can be found today in contemporary buildings. The ways of constructing medieval castles and castles of romanticism, standing to this day are also of great interest.
THE NEW STYLE
In the 19th century a shift from feudal survivals took place. And the new architectural tendency was born. It was called castle romanticism. The main value in Romanticism was a person and a relationship between a person and nature. Romanticism didn’t accept the reality, considering it as a “terrible world”. And therefore this style extended to unreal and mystical phenomenon.
Strict symmetry and rationality of classicism were replaced by a great variety of architectural forms, free planning and scenic attractions. It could be lancet windows, bay windows, battlements, gothic spires and even framework. Interest in history was rapidly increasing. And there was active reconstruction of the damaged castles. However, it was not reliable. New palaces were only an imitation of medieval castles. And that is how new architectural styles such as Romanesque revival and Gothic revival styles appeared. And now I would like to give you some examples.
LICHTENSTEIN CASTLE
Lichtenstein Castle is a Gothic revival castle, which is situated on a cliff. Lichtenstein Castle was built on the original foundation in 1840s. First fortress walls were found there in 13th century.
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The castle was twice destroyed. And in the 19th century this land was owned by Duke Wilhelm of Urach. He added new parts to the castle, which were created by the architect Carl Alexander Heldeloff. Medieval walls have been preserved up to the second floor. And new construction had such distinctive features as high massive walls, rare narrow windows and a big amount of architectural elements. In Lichtenstein Castle there is a small bridge, which leads to the entrance. A gate is highlighted by two neo-gothic towers and surrounded by original medieval towers with battlements. The castle begins with two levels. Then a three-storey palace raises with lancet windows, terraced tongs and bay windows. Bay windows are projecting beyond the plane of the façade. It can be semi-circular or many-sided part of the room with several windows. Behind them stands a slender donjon with a crown gear on its top. Donjon served as a refuge during the attack of the enemy.
NEUSCHWANSTEIN CASTLE
The next castle didn’t have a medieval base, and it was completely built in the 19th century. It is Neuschwanstein Castle, which is the most famous German construction all over the world. It is also located on the top of a cliff. The building was performed in the Romanesque revival style. Construction of the castle was entrusted to the court architect Eduard Riedel. It started in 1869 and was fully completed in 14 years. In the castle’s interior there are illustrations for Wagner’s operas and ancient Germanic legends. Ludwig II took an active part in the development of Neuschwanstein’s design. According to the plan, Neuschwanstein’s ensembles were composed of five buildings, which are manor house, a knight’s house, women’s quarters and the Bergfried access gate. They organized a ring around a courtyard. The whole complex reaches a length of 150 meters. The castle was originally conceived asymmetrical, imitating a real medieval fortress. However, the most important element of the Middle Ages
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castle – fortifications – were not included in the composition. The main entrance is a symmetrical pass-gate with two flanking towers. Gate is made in bright and contrasting colors. The main surface of the wall is created from red bricks, against which stand out bright spots lined with yellow sandstone portal, gables and towers. The castle was still incomplete when Ludwig II died in 1886. And six weeks later this castle became accessible to the public.
I would like to conclude by saying that castle romanticism is an important step in the history of architecture. It fully shows a new outlook of the 19th century, namely a freedom of imagination and propensity to nature. The basis of the new style is medieval castles, which are organically supplemented with new elements. This structures got a completely new approach to the construction, but still they had a touch of ancientry, which made them look historic. Exactly this intensive interest in country’s history provided the birth of new architectural styles and new development of art.
Abaimova E. P., Burkova E. A., Sarkisian T. A.
(Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil
Engineering)
PSYCHOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
To start with, we would like to say, that we spend our lives inside buildings and our thoughts are shaped by their walls. Besides, nowadays we lead an active life, moving to different parts of a city, and often feel psychological stress. Close contact with urban environment brings an endless information flow. Streets, buildings, squares, interior of buildings cause various emotions. So, architectural environment should help us put up with fast and action packed lifestyle, that’s why it is very important to know about psychological implications of architecture. For example, how do different spaces and colours influence our brain?
First of all. we are going to speak about influence of different forms on people. The study has shown that they cause different emotions. Simple geometric forms such as a circle and a square are perceived much better and faster than complicated ones. Horizontal and vertical lines often cause association of calmness and clearness, but curved lines cause association of elegance and easiness.
As for a circle, for example, it is one of the most common geometric forms. It has no beginning and no ending, no direction, that’s why it is associated with both infinity and completeness. A square is a symbol of order
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and combination of four different elements, for example, seasons or cardinal points. A triangle can show dynamics and direction of movement.
So, in general, the study shows that object with straight edges have been rated less attractive and comfortable for people’s lives.
Now we are moving to the next point which is devoted to colour’s effects.
Colour is a kind of architectural expression. We can emphasize separate structure among complex of the buildings with the help of the colour. So, overall look of the building and its colour influence just the composition of the street and outer space, but interior colour affects the mood and feelings of people more.
For example, monotone landscapes of cities with a predominance of grey color make people depressed, dissatisfied with life, tired and despaired. In contrast, beautiful and harmonious landscapes with elements of nature and art excite every person, raise the mood and operability, relax.
Standard buildings painted with different but not fleshy colors improve perception of environment.
There have been also a lot of experiments about impact of colours of inner walls of the room. For instance, red one makes people be more accurate and attentive to details. Scientists think it’s because red is associated with danger that makes people concentrated and open-eyed. But the blue colour has another influence. Possibility of thinking fast and attentively is disappearing. But fantasy is improving. People are becoming more creative in this situation. Most likely, the reason is that the blue is associated with the sky and ocean that bring people feeling of freedom and other positive emotions.
We would like to draw your attention to the next point, effects of different configuration of the ceiling. We will tell about this according to the experiment of the psychologist Joan Meyers – Levy, at the Carlson School of Management. She demonstrated that, when people are in a low-ceilinged room, they are much quicker at solving tasks that are connected with problems of different kinds of limits. In contrast, people in high-ceilinged room have success at puzzles in which the answer touches on the theme of freedom. She thinks, it’s because airy spaces make us feel free
Taking into consideration all that we have mentioned we can conclude by saying that architecture is not only outer and inner appearance of the building.
It’s a special way to change some process in people’s brain, to force to work different sides of our mind. So, knowledge of phycology of architecture can make our life better. Objects, created with using it, may bring such mood and emotions that are needed in some specific situation, pleasure of environment and comfort. Besides, they help avoid mental diseases, nerve stain and the wish of leaving a place.
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Antonov A. A., Sarkisian T. A.
(Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil
Engineering)
ECOLOGICAL TENDENCIES IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE
Nowadays society has faced a lot of troubles, caused by nature's resources bad use. Global warming, ozone holes in atmosphere, greenhouse gas effect are the problems we, modern people, have to solve. And I would like to demonstrate you how architecture, my future profession, could answer such ecological questions.
From the very ancient times, mankind was taught by nature. Man was analyzing every object around him, making it some kind of symbol. The first religions like animism and totemism were based on animals or nature spirits that had a sacral meaning for locally living people. That is the way how the people treated nature before, because it was undiscovered and mighty, it was ruling everything around, changing the weather, and turning a day to night, that was very important for first people's survival.
So, a man was always taking information from nature and turning it into new ideas. The sun has become a wheel that gives us transport, claws of predator animals have turned into sharpened spears and the bird's flight gave brave people, as Icarus was, an idea of a flying technology.
Such inventions have provided great human civilizations that were based, mostly on nature's resources such as seasides, rivers and even lakes, because they could provide a usable communication, that could became a trade-route. Let us take a look on Ancient Greece. "Antiquity" still sounds like an absolute concentration of cultural classical traditions. Theater, music, philosophy, and, of course, architecture, have become their first scientific shapes in antique Greece.
The Peripter is the most widely-known construction, invented by Greek architects. Such example as Parthenon in Athens, built by Fidius, could tell us about monolith with strict, but very organic forms. Mighty columns, carrying the roof of the temple, are the most attractive part of the temple's building; they provide an unforgettable perspective view that could remind us of forest trees,- tall and high. But, if you pay your attention to the very finish of the column you will see a capital. Invented by ancient architects, columns were divided into three orders:
1)Doric. Its strong, rectangular forms carrying a top of any building symbolize a man.
2)Ionic. The curved circular lines symbolize a gentle woman's body that looks so harmonious.
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3) Corinthian. Its most artistically made capital is full of floral forms that, without any doubt, symbolize a young lady like a fresh blossom.
So, one of the most ancient and historically important civilizations shows us how respectful architects were to nature and how they treated it. But, the relentless wheel of the history goes further.
And now, passing such glorious periods of architecture's history as Gothic, Renaissance and etc., we are going to Barcelona to face one of the most significant architects in whole world's history. Antonio Gaudi was a first man to transform nature's dynamics into architecture.
A great German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, said, that architecture is a frozen music. If it is so, Gaudi's buildings could play us a most complicated, many-sided melody, we even can imagine.
There are no straight lines, no rectangular forms at all on some of his creation's faces. Sagrada Familia temple reminds us of a kind of gigantic bee hive, with many of holes, which could be used as exits. Mila house, or "Casa Mila" in Spain, is an operable building, projected for people, but, in my point of view, it mostly reminds of some wild cave of a mountain cliff, shaped by time itself, but, still, it looks absolutely harmonious. And that is of course, caused by Gaudi's inspiration of nature's forms.
So, we have travelled 2357 years (from Parthenon to Mila house foundation) and we could still notice, that humanity is widely using information that our vision could take from the nature.
In the 21st century, we are living in a world's informational space that has faced a lot of history’s most important events for the amazingly short time. Such scientific victories as an industrial Revolution, first man in the Space, invention of many pharmaceutical preparations. Such terrible accidents as World War II and I, Hiroshima and Nagasaki and a lot of things, we could name, have also happened.
That was a reason of a global changing of people's philosophy of life and increase of humanistic tendencies, inspired by scientific progress. In most occasions, such politics lead us to a better life without wars, cataclysms, hardlife and even surviving conditions. But, in such a way, the people's needs have also grown. That is why here, in post-Soviet space we have a lot of massoperable buildings that were just copied all across the SU. That is why we have a lot of typical architectural forms spread across our country. We can't say, that such "typical" projects make our aesthetical living conditions practically uncomfortable, but, talking about the nature-like building principal, the copying of forms is disharmonic, because every natural object should be unique.
And, basing on such thoughts, many fascinating architectural artworks were created. Such talented and highly-acclaimed British architect, Zaha Hadid, is an author of many unbelievable projects that were turned into life with their whole chaotic form's beauty. Guangzhou (China) Opera house has unique sound-characteristics in its auditorium. That is provided by a curved ceiling
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form, reminding us of a bee-hive with lots of lights that give a listener a pleasant, cosy lighting. Haidar Aliev center in Baku, Azerbaijan has a wave-like form that also could remind us of some creature that is moving close to the ground. Also, I should notice, that Zaha Hadid always used neutral coloristic solutions for her projects, that looked very harmonic and it is, as I think, also an influence of her nature's vision.
So, even if today's world of progress that could look like "a man's workshop", as Bazarov, character of Ivan Turgenev has said, we could find out that architects are taught by nature and have a great progress in analyzing its forms, using modern technologies.
The use of nature's resources is increasing nowadays, as, I've said before, and humanity’s needs are also increasing. That leads us to ecological catastrophes, such as drying of seas, cutting down the whole woods, disturbing tectonic plates that lay down beneath the world Ocean. And, as architecture and man itself were always taught by nature, now, it is the high time for us to be grateful to nature's experience and protect it.
As a "green" movement increases in number of their followers and ecological tendencies are going all-around the world, architects also do think environmentally friendly and try to find out the solutions, that would be not only "nature-like" looking, but also could protect the local and global environment. Basing on the Evolo.us site experience, I could name such competitive projects as an Umbrella Skyscraper, based in the Arctic. This structure provides not only a living space for scientists, that do a global-warming-connected researches, but it also has a glass-made embrace roofing that reflects sun rays, protecting polar ice masses from melting down.
Himalaya water reserve tower is a very useful building, required for storing fresh water. The fact is that Himalaya Mountains contain about 40% of world's fresh water resource that should be saved from just flooding-away after mountain tops melting. This tower also looks very harmonious around the great mountain landscapes.
In my paper I was trying to tell that from the very ancient times nature has inspired a human to invent and provide new technologies and aesthetical art forms. And now, in the times, that need nature resources use reformation, architecture should also be in avant-garde of sciences that could be absolutely environmentally friendly.
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