4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY

towards growth in EVs and an increasing push by US automakers to manufacture EVs will require an ongoing government effort to ensure a conducive environment for EV growth.

Federal minimum energy efficiency standards are a story of success and currently apply to more than 60 different product groups. They will push the worst-performing appliances from the US market, saving end users USD 2.4 trillion by 2035. In addition, EnergyGuide labels significantly improve transparency on energy consumption and running costs, giving end users a better-informed decision on the total costs of a product and pulling the market towards more efficient appliances. The voluntary ENERGY STAR programme allows end users to pick energy efficient products going beyond federal standards or not covered by them. Building off the efficacy of standards to date, the federal government could seek to include more product groups where cost-effective, and use the review process of existing standards, labels and programmes to reflect more rapid technological developments to adapt them to cost-optimal levels.

Recommendations

The US government should:

Set an appropriate annual energy efficiency renovation rate for buildings owned or used by the federal government, and centralise the organisation and management for contracting of all federal building efficiency improvements, for example in the Federal Energy Management Program Office or Office of Federal Sustainability.

Update efficiency standards for appliances and vehicles to give industry investment certainty and reduce costs for end users, and improve the effectiveness of ENERGY STAR and EnergyGuide labelling through updated requirements and presentation formats.

Support states in the updating of building codes, including of energy-neutral buildings, and develop a US-wide building energy performance rating and labelling system beyond ENERGY STAR.

Financially incentivise companies‘ uptake of the Superior Energy Performance platinum and ISO 50001 standards, for example through tax credits, and expand energy audit support programmes for small and medium-sized enterprises.

References

ACEEE (American Council for an Energy Efficiency Economy) (2018a) Good News: Congress Stands Up for Energy Efficiency with Omnibus Bill, https://aceee.org/press/2018/03/good-news-congress-stands-energy.

ACEEE (2018b), Energy Efficiency Portals, https://aceee.org/energy-efficiency-portals. ACEEE (2018c) Building Policies, https://aceee.org/topics/building-policies.

ACEEE (2018d), Energy Efficiency Programs for Utility Customers, https://aceee.org/topics/energy-efficiency-programs-utility-customers.

ACEEE (2018e), Appliance Standards, https://aceee.org/topics/appliance-standards.

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CARB (California Air Resources Board) (2018a), Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Program, https://arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/zevprog.htm.

CARB (2018b), Facts about California Clean Vehicle Incentives, www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/factsheets/clean_vehicle_incentives.pdf.

Council on Environmental Quality (2018), Office of Federal Sustainability, www.sustainability.gov/index.html.

DOE (Department of Energy) (2019a), Energy Efficient Mobility Systems, www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/energy-efficient-mobility-systems.

DOE (2019b), Business Energy Investment Tax Credit (ITC), www.energy.gov/savings/business-energy-investment-tax-credit-itc.

DOE (2018a), Electric Vehicles: Tax Credits and Other Incentives, www.energy.gov/eere/electricvehicles/electric-vehicles-tax-credits-and-other-incentives.

DOE (2018b), Building Energy Codes Program, www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/building- energy-codes-program.

DOE (2018c), Appliance & Equipment Standards, www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/appliance-and-equipment-standards-program.

DOE (2018d), Standards Development and Revision, www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/standards-development-and-revision.

DOE (2018e), About the Federal Energy Management Program, www.energy.gov/eere/femp/about-federal-energy-management-program-0.

DOE (2018f), Energy Star, www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/energy-star.

DOE (2016a), Saving Energy and Money with Building Codes in the United States, www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/12/f34/Codes%20Fact%20Sheet%2012-28-16.pdf.

DOE (2016b), Saving Energy and Money with Appliance and Equipment Standards in the United States, www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/Appliance%20and%20Equipment%20Standar ds%20Fact%20Sheet-011917_0.pdf.

EIA (Energy Information Administration) (2019), Annual Energy Outlook 2019, www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/.

EIA (2018), Electric Power Sales, Revenue, and Energy Efficiency Form EIA-861 Detailed Data Files, October 2018, www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia861/.

EIA (2016), California Program Encourages Adoption of Zero-Emissions Vehicles, Today in Energy, www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=28192.

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (2019), Combined Heat and Power, www.epa.gov/energy/combined-heat-and-power.

EPA (2016), EPA and NHTSA Adopt Standards to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Improve Fuel Efficiency of Mediumand Heavy-Duty Vehicles for Model Year 2018 and Beyond, Regulatory Announcement, https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/P100P7NL.PDF?Dockey=P100P7NL.PDF.

EPA (2012), EPA and NHTSA Set Standards to Reduce Greenhouse Gases and Improve Fuel Economy for Model Years 2017-2025 Cars and Light Trucks, https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100EZ7C.TXT.

FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission) (2018), Assessment of Demand Response and Advanced Metering, November 2018.

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Federal Register (2018), The Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient (SAFE) Vehicles Rule for Model Years 2021-2026 Passenger Cars and Light Trucks, Vol. 83, No. 165, Proposed Rules, Department of Transportation NHTSA and EPA, Washington, August 24, 2018.

GE Power (2017), Now is the Time…for Combined Heat and Power, www.ge.com/content/dam/gepower-pw/global/en_US/documents/chp/ge-chp- whitepaper.pdf.

Green Car Congress (2018), California Governor Orders 5M ZEV Target for 2030; More Hydrogen Fueling and EV Charging Stations, www.greencarcongress.com/2018/01/20180126-brown2.html.

ICF (2018), New Federal Tax Benefits Offer Boost to CHP Investment. Here’s What You Need to Know, March 15, 2018, www.icf.com/blog/energy/federal-tax-extension-chp.

ICCT (International Council on Clean Transportation) (2016), Policy Update, U.S. Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations for Model Year 2018-2027 Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Engines, and Trailers, www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/US%20HDV%20Phase%202%20FRM_polic y-update_08252016_vF.pdf.

IEA (International Energy Agency) (2019), World Energy Balances 2019 [database], IEA, Paris, www.iea.org/statistics/.

IEA (2018), Energy efficiency indicators 2018 [database], IEA, Paris, www.iea.org/statistics/.

NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) (2018), Corporate Average Fuel Economy, www.nhtsa.gov/laws-regulations/corporate-average-fuel-economy.

Smarter House (2018), Federal Energy Efficiency Tax Incentives, https://smarterhouse.org/resources/federal-tax-incentives.

US Department of Transportation and EPA (2018), Factsheet: Proposed California Waiver Withdrawal, https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=P100V26M.pdf.

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