- •Foreword
- •Table of contents
- •1. Executive summary
- •Overview
- •“Energy dominance” strategy
- •Deregulation
- •Energy infrastructure
- •Innovation
- •Power sector transition
- •Policy co-ordination
- •Energy security
- •Energy systems resilience
- •Key recommendations
- •2. General energy policy
- •Country overview
- •Supply and demand of energy
- •Primary energy supply
- •Energy production and self-sufficiency
- •Energy consumption
- •Energy trade
- •Institutions
- •“Energy dominance” strategy
- •Energy policies
- •Federal Power Act
- •Clean Air Act
- •National Environmental Policy Act
- •Natural Gas Act
- •Energy Policy and Conservation Act
- •Energy Policy Act of 2005
- •Energy Independence and Security Act
- •American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
- •Energy permitting and regulatory regimes
- •Energy pricing and taxation
- •Energy data
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •3. Energy and climate change
- •Overview
- •Institutions
- •Climate change mitigation
- •Emissions targets
- •Federal policies and regulations
- •Power sector
- •Transportation sector
- •Oil and gas sector methane emissions and natural gas flaring
- •Regional, state and local policies
- •Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
- •California’s climate action plan
- •Other regional programmes
- •Adapting to climate change
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •4. Energy efficiency
- •Overview
- •Institutional governance of energy efficiency policies
- •Transport sector
- •Energy consumption in the transport sector
- •Energy efficiency policies in the transport sector
- •Electric vehicles
- •Residential and commercial
- •Energy consumption in the buildings sector
- •Energy efficiency policies in the buildings sector
- •Tax credits
- •Building codes
- •Appliance and equipment standards
- •Co-generation
- •Federal buildings
- •Industry
- •Energy consumption in the industry sector
- •Energy efficiency policies in the industry sector
- •Demand response
- •Utility efficiency obligations
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •5. Renewable energy
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Renewable energy in TPES
- •Electricity from renewable energy
- •Policies and measures
- •Federal tax credits
- •Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act
- •Renewable portfolio standards
- •Corporate tax policy
- •Trade policy
- •Net metering
- •Grid upgrades
- •Department of Energy initiatives
- •Solar PV
- •Grid Modernization Initiative
- •Hydropower Vision
- •Offshore wind
- •Battery storage
- •Renewable Fuel Standard
- •Biofuels tax credits
- •Low Carbon Fuel Standard
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •6. Energy technology research, development and demonstration
- •Overview
- •Public spending on energy RD&D
- •Institutional framework
- •Energy RD&D programmes
- •Science and innovation programmes
- •National laboratories
- •Loan Programs Office
- •Advanced Research Projects Agency for Energy
- •Nuclear energy
- •Energy efficiency and renewable energy
- •Efficiency
- •Renewables
- •Transportation
- •Fossil energy
- •Office of Clean Coal and Carbon Management
- •Advanced fossil energy systems
- •Carbon capture, utilisation and storage
- •Electricity
- •Pathways to commercialisation
- •Technology-to-Market
- •Energy Investor Center
- •Technology Commercialization Fund
- •STEM
- •International collaborations
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Crude oil production
- •Refined oil products
- •Trade: Imports and exports
- •Trade of crude oil
- •Trade of refined oil products
- •Oil demand
- •Increasing biofuels demand in the United States
- •Outlook of oil supply and demand
- •Prices and taxes
- •Institutions
- •Oil exploration policies
- •Oil exploration
- •Tax reform
- •Permitting and mineral rights
- •Infrastructure
- •Pipelines
- •Price differentials
- •Refining
- •Ports
- •Emergency response policy
- •Legislation and emergency response policy
- •National Emergency Strategy Organization
- •Oil emergency reserves
- •Storage locations
- •SPR modernisation programme, planned sales and commercial lease
- •Emergency response to supply disruptions
- •Impacts of hurricanes
- •Responses to hurricanes
- •Participation in IEA collective actions
- •Assessment
- •Oil upstream
- •Oil markets
- •Oil security
- •Recommendations
- •8. Natural gas
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Production
- •Consumption
- •Biogas
- •Supply and demand outlook
- •Trade: Imports and exports
- •Market structure
- •Price and taxes
- •Infrastructure
- •Gas pipeline networks
- •Ongoing projects in the Northeast and New England
- •Ongoing projects between the United States and Mexico
- •Recent regulatory developments related to the construction of energy projects
- •LNG terminals
- •Regulation
- •LNG developments
- •Storage
- •Gas flaring
- •Gas emergency response
- •Gas emergency policy
- •Gas emergency organisation: Roles and responsibilities
- •Gas emergency response measures
- •Strategic storage
- •Interruptible contracts
- •Demand restraint
- •Fuel switching
- •Assessment
- •Natural gas markets
- •Natural gas security
- •Recommendations
- •9. Electricity
- •Overview
- •Electricity supply and demand
- •Electricity generation and trade
- •Electricity consumption
- •Electricity system regulation
- •FERC
- •NERC
- •State regulators
- •The physical grid
- •Market structure
- •Wholesale electricity markets
- •Traditional vertically integrated utility bulk systems
- •ISOs and RTOs
- •Capacity markets
- •Energy Imbalance Market
- •Distribution system rates and competition
- •Ownership
- •Retail prices and taxation
- •Policies and regulations
- •Federal Power Act
- •Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act
- •Energy Policy Act of 1992
- •FERC Orders 888 and 889
- •FERC Order 2000
- •Energy Policy Act of 2005
- •Electricity in the low-carbon transition
- •Federal environmental policy
- •State-level clean energy policies
- •Renewable portfolio standards
- •Zero-emissions credits
- •Net metering
- •System integration of renewables
- •Transmission
- •Demand response
- •Energy security
- •Grid reliability and resilience
- •NERC assessments
- •DOE and FERC efforts
- •Capacity market reforms
- •Other capacity mechanisms
- •Fuel security
- •Extreme weather
- •Cyberthreats
- •Emergency response
- •The DOE role
- •Assessment
- •Bulk power markets
- •Electricity reliability
- •Recommendations
- •10. Nuclear
- •Overview
- •Institutional oversight and regulation
- •The Nuclear Regulatory Commission
- •The Department of Energy
- •Operational fleet
- •Valuing low-carbon generation
- •Valuing resilience
- •New builds
- •V.C. Summer
- •Vogtle
- •SMRs and other advanced reactors
- •Nuclear fuel cycle
- •Interim storage and the Yucca Mountain repository
- •Production of enriched uranium
- •Accident tolerant fuels
- •Innovation, nuclear research, human resources, education
- •Versatile Test Reactor
- •Funding for nuclear innovation
- •Training nuclear scientists and engineers
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •11. Coal
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Institutions
- •Policy and regulation
- •Coal mining
- •Environmental regulations for coal-fired power plants
- •Fuel security
- •Emissions reduction efforts for coal-fired generation
- •Refined coal
- •Small-scale coal plants
- •CCUS
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •12. The resilience of US energy infrastructure
- •Overview
- •Definition of resilience
- •Institutional governance
- •Energy resilience policies
- •Incident emergency response
- •Exercises
- •Climate resilience
- •Energy production
- •Energy consumption
- •Energy infrastructure siting
- •Resilience in electricity
- •Resilience in oil and gas infrastructure
- •Upstream
- •Downstream
- •Midstream
- •Cybersecurity resilience
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •ANNEX A: Organisations visited
- •Review criteria
- •Review team and preparation of the report
- •Organisation visited
- •ANNEX B: Energy balances and key statistical data
- •Footnotes to energy balances and key statistical data
- •ANNEX C: International Energy Agency “Shared Goals”
- •ANNEX D: Glossary and list of abbreviations
- •Acronyms and abbreviations
- •Units of measure
ANNEX A: Organisations visited
Review criteria
The Shared Goals, which were adopted by the IEA Ministers at their 4 June 1993 meeting in Paris, provide the evaluation criteria for the in-depth reviews (IDRs) conducted by the International Energy Agency (IEA). The Shared Goals are presented in Annex C.
Review team and preparation of the report
The IEA’s joint in-depth review and emergency response review team visited the United States from 24 September-1 October 2018. The team met with government officials, energy companies, interest groups, research institutions, and other organisations and stakeholders. This report was drafted on the basis of the review team’s preliminary assessment of the country’s energy policy and information on subsequent policy developments from the government and private-sector sources. The members of the team were:
IEA member countries:
Mr. Rob Heferen, Australia (team leader)
Mr. Gumersindo Cue Aguilar, Mexico
Mr. Brad Little, Canada
Mr. Torgeir Knutsen, Norway
Mr. Sergio López Pérez, Spain
European Union:
Mr. Ruben Kubiak
OECD Nuclear Energy Agency:
Mr. Henri Paillere
IEA Secretariat:
Mr. Aad van Bohemen
Ms. Sylvia Beyer
Ms. Lucie Girard
The team is grateful for the co-operation and assistance of the many people it met throughout the visit in Washington. Thanks to their kind hospitality, openness and willingness to share information, the visit was highly informative, productive and enjoyable. The team expresses particular gratitude to the Department of Energy for organising the visit, especially Glen Sweetnam and Gina Erickson. The team is also sincerely grateful to Dan Brouillette, Deputy Secretary of Energy, Theodore Garrish, Assistant Secretary for the Office of International Affairs, and Andrea Lockwood, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Africa, Middle East, Europe & Eurasia, for all their support throughout the review process.
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ANNEXES
Sylvia Beyer managed the review visit, while Divya Reddy drafted the report, with the exception of the oil, gas and resilience chapters, which were drafted by Lucie Girard and Jihyun Selena Lee. Henri Paillere from the Nuclear Energy Agency drafted the nuclear chapter.
The report was prepared under the guidance of Aad van Bohemen, Head of Energy Policy and Security Division. Helpful comments and updates were provided by the review team members and IEA staff, including Carlos Fernandez Alvarez, Heymi Bahar, Toril Bosoni, Jean-Baptiste Dubreuil, Peter Fraser, Simone Landolina, Pharoah Le Feuvre, Olivier Lejeune, Luca Lo Re, Diana Louis, Samantha McCulloch, Gergely Molnar, Kristine Petrosyan, Andrew Prag, Joe Ritchie, Sacha Scheffer and Matthew Wittenstein.
Oskar Kvarnström and Lilly Lee prepared the figures. Roberta Quadrelli and Faidon Papadimoulis provided support on statistics. Therese Walsh managed the editing process, Astrid Dumond, Isabelle Nonain-Semelin and Clara Vallois managed the production process. Jad Mouawad supported the press launch.
Organisation visited
During its visit in Washington, the review team met with the following organisations:
American Coal Council
American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity
American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy
American Petroleum Institute
BP America Inc.
Business Council for Sustainable Energy
Chevron Corporation
ClearPath
District of Columbia Public Service Commission
Duke University, Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions
Edison Electric Institute
Electric Power Research Institute
Energy Information Administration
Energy Policy Research Foundation, Inc.
Environmental Protection Agency
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Energy Association
Geothermal Resources Council
Grid Strategies, LLC
Institute for Energy Research
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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners National Association of State Energy Officials
National Association of State Utility Consumer Advocates National Hydropower Association
National Energy Technology Laboratory North American Electric Reliability Corporation Nuclear Energy Institute
Nuclear Regulatory Commission Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Partnership for Affordable Clean Energy PJM
United States Council for Automotive Research, LLC U.S. Chamber of Commerce
U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Department of State Wilkinson Barker Knauer, LLP
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IEA. All rights reserved.