- •Foreword
- •Table of contents
- •1. Executive summary
- •Overview
- •“Energy dominance” strategy
- •Deregulation
- •Energy infrastructure
- •Innovation
- •Power sector transition
- •Policy co-ordination
- •Energy security
- •Energy systems resilience
- •Key recommendations
- •2. General energy policy
- •Country overview
- •Supply and demand of energy
- •Primary energy supply
- •Energy production and self-sufficiency
- •Energy consumption
- •Energy trade
- •Institutions
- •“Energy dominance” strategy
- •Energy policies
- •Federal Power Act
- •Clean Air Act
- •National Environmental Policy Act
- •Natural Gas Act
- •Energy Policy and Conservation Act
- •Energy Policy Act of 2005
- •Energy Independence and Security Act
- •American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
- •Energy permitting and regulatory regimes
- •Energy pricing and taxation
- •Energy data
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •3. Energy and climate change
- •Overview
- •Institutions
- •Climate change mitigation
- •Emissions targets
- •Federal policies and regulations
- •Power sector
- •Transportation sector
- •Oil and gas sector methane emissions and natural gas flaring
- •Regional, state and local policies
- •Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
- •California’s climate action plan
- •Other regional programmes
- •Adapting to climate change
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •4. Energy efficiency
- •Overview
- •Institutional governance of energy efficiency policies
- •Transport sector
- •Energy consumption in the transport sector
- •Energy efficiency policies in the transport sector
- •Electric vehicles
- •Residential and commercial
- •Energy consumption in the buildings sector
- •Energy efficiency policies in the buildings sector
- •Tax credits
- •Building codes
- •Appliance and equipment standards
- •Co-generation
- •Federal buildings
- •Industry
- •Energy consumption in the industry sector
- •Energy efficiency policies in the industry sector
- •Demand response
- •Utility efficiency obligations
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •5. Renewable energy
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Renewable energy in TPES
- •Electricity from renewable energy
- •Policies and measures
- •Federal tax credits
- •Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act
- •Renewable portfolio standards
- •Corporate tax policy
- •Trade policy
- •Net metering
- •Grid upgrades
- •Department of Energy initiatives
- •Solar PV
- •Grid Modernization Initiative
- •Hydropower Vision
- •Offshore wind
- •Battery storage
- •Renewable Fuel Standard
- •Biofuels tax credits
- •Low Carbon Fuel Standard
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •6. Energy technology research, development and demonstration
- •Overview
- •Public spending on energy RD&D
- •Institutional framework
- •Energy RD&D programmes
- •Science and innovation programmes
- •National laboratories
- •Loan Programs Office
- •Advanced Research Projects Agency for Energy
- •Nuclear energy
- •Energy efficiency and renewable energy
- •Efficiency
- •Renewables
- •Transportation
- •Fossil energy
- •Office of Clean Coal and Carbon Management
- •Advanced fossil energy systems
- •Carbon capture, utilisation and storage
- •Electricity
- •Pathways to commercialisation
- •Technology-to-Market
- •Energy Investor Center
- •Technology Commercialization Fund
- •STEM
- •International collaborations
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Crude oil production
- •Refined oil products
- •Trade: Imports and exports
- •Trade of crude oil
- •Trade of refined oil products
- •Oil demand
- •Increasing biofuels demand in the United States
- •Outlook of oil supply and demand
- •Prices and taxes
- •Institutions
- •Oil exploration policies
- •Oil exploration
- •Tax reform
- •Permitting and mineral rights
- •Infrastructure
- •Pipelines
- •Price differentials
- •Refining
- •Ports
- •Emergency response policy
- •Legislation and emergency response policy
- •National Emergency Strategy Organization
- •Oil emergency reserves
- •Storage locations
- •SPR modernisation programme, planned sales and commercial lease
- •Emergency response to supply disruptions
- •Impacts of hurricanes
- •Responses to hurricanes
- •Participation in IEA collective actions
- •Assessment
- •Oil upstream
- •Oil markets
- •Oil security
- •Recommendations
- •8. Natural gas
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Production
- •Consumption
- •Biogas
- •Supply and demand outlook
- •Trade: Imports and exports
- •Market structure
- •Price and taxes
- •Infrastructure
- •Gas pipeline networks
- •Ongoing projects in the Northeast and New England
- •Ongoing projects between the United States and Mexico
- •Recent regulatory developments related to the construction of energy projects
- •LNG terminals
- •Regulation
- •LNG developments
- •Storage
- •Gas flaring
- •Gas emergency response
- •Gas emergency policy
- •Gas emergency organisation: Roles and responsibilities
- •Gas emergency response measures
- •Strategic storage
- •Interruptible contracts
- •Demand restraint
- •Fuel switching
- •Assessment
- •Natural gas markets
- •Natural gas security
- •Recommendations
- •9. Electricity
- •Overview
- •Electricity supply and demand
- •Electricity generation and trade
- •Electricity consumption
- •Electricity system regulation
- •FERC
- •NERC
- •State regulators
- •The physical grid
- •Market structure
- •Wholesale electricity markets
- •Traditional vertically integrated utility bulk systems
- •ISOs and RTOs
- •Capacity markets
- •Energy Imbalance Market
- •Distribution system rates and competition
- •Ownership
- •Retail prices and taxation
- •Policies and regulations
- •Federal Power Act
- •Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act
- •Energy Policy Act of 1992
- •FERC Orders 888 and 889
- •FERC Order 2000
- •Energy Policy Act of 2005
- •Electricity in the low-carbon transition
- •Federal environmental policy
- •State-level clean energy policies
- •Renewable portfolio standards
- •Zero-emissions credits
- •Net metering
- •System integration of renewables
- •Transmission
- •Demand response
- •Energy security
- •Grid reliability and resilience
- •NERC assessments
- •DOE and FERC efforts
- •Capacity market reforms
- •Other capacity mechanisms
- •Fuel security
- •Extreme weather
- •Cyberthreats
- •Emergency response
- •The DOE role
- •Assessment
- •Bulk power markets
- •Electricity reliability
- •Recommendations
- •10. Nuclear
- •Overview
- •Institutional oversight and regulation
- •The Nuclear Regulatory Commission
- •The Department of Energy
- •Operational fleet
- •Valuing low-carbon generation
- •Valuing resilience
- •New builds
- •V.C. Summer
- •Vogtle
- •SMRs and other advanced reactors
- •Nuclear fuel cycle
- •Interim storage and the Yucca Mountain repository
- •Production of enriched uranium
- •Accident tolerant fuels
- •Innovation, nuclear research, human resources, education
- •Versatile Test Reactor
- •Funding for nuclear innovation
- •Training nuclear scientists and engineers
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •11. Coal
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Institutions
- •Policy and regulation
- •Coal mining
- •Environmental regulations for coal-fired power plants
- •Fuel security
- •Emissions reduction efforts for coal-fired generation
- •Refined coal
- •Small-scale coal plants
- •CCUS
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •12. The resilience of US energy infrastructure
- •Overview
- •Definition of resilience
- •Institutional governance
- •Energy resilience policies
- •Incident emergency response
- •Exercises
- •Climate resilience
- •Energy production
- •Energy consumption
- •Energy infrastructure siting
- •Resilience in electricity
- •Resilience in oil and gas infrastructure
- •Upstream
- •Downstream
- •Midstream
- •Cybersecurity resilience
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •ANNEX A: Organisations visited
- •Review criteria
- •Review team and preparation of the report
- •Organisation visited
- •ANNEX B: Energy balances and key statistical data
- •Footnotes to energy balances and key statistical data
- •ANNEX C: International Energy Agency “Shared Goals”
- •ANNEX D: Glossary and list of abbreviations
- •Acronyms and abbreviations
- •Units of measure
ANNEXES
ANNEX D: Glossary and list of abbreviations
In this report, abbreviations and acronyms are substituted for a number of terms used within the International Energy Agency. While these terms generally have been written out on first mention, this glossary provides a quick and central reference for the abbreviations used.
Acronyms and abbreviations
AC |
Alternating current |
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ACE |
Affordable Clean Energy |
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AEO |
Annual Energy Outlook |
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AMO |
Advanced Manufacturing Office |
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ASHRAE |
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers |
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ATF |
Accident tolerant fuel |
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BEAT |
Base erosion and anti-abuse tax |
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BIS |
Bureau of Industry and Security |
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BLM |
Bureau of Land Management |
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BOEM |
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management |
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BSER |
Best system of emissions reduction |
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BTO |
Buildings Technologies Office |
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CAFE |
Corporate Average Fuel Economy |
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CAISO |
California Independent System Operator |
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CARB |
California Air Resources Board |
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CCS |
Carbon capture and storage |
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CCUS |
Carbon capture, utilisation and storage |
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CEM |
Clean Energy Ministerial |
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CEQ |
Council on Environmental Quality |
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CERT |
Committee on Energy Research and Technology |
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CESER |
Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response |
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CHP |
Combined heat and power |
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CIP |
Critical infrastructure protection |
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CISF |
Consolidated interim storage facilities |
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COL |
Combined licence |
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CPP |
Clean Power Plan |
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CREZ |
Competitive Renewable Energy Zones |
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CRT |
Climate Resilience Toolkit |
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CSAPR |
Cross-State Air Pollution Rule |
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DGR |
Deep geological repository |
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DHS |
Department of Homeland Security |
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DOD |
Department of Defense |
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DOE |
Department of Energy |
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DOT |
Department of Transportation |
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DR |
Demand response |
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EERE |
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy |
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EERS |
Energy efficiency resource standards |
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EGCC |
Energy Sector Government Coordinating Council |
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EIA |
Energy Information Administration |
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EIC |
Energy Investor Center |
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EIM |
Energy Imbalance Market |
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EOR |
Enhanced oil recovery |
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EPA |
Environmental Protection Agency |
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EPC |
Engineering, procurement and construction |
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EPCA |
Energy Policy and Conservation Act |
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ERCOT |
Electric Reliability Council of Texas |
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ERO |
Electric reliability organisation |
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ESBWR |
Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactors |
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EV |
Electric vehicle |
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FAST |
Fixing America’s Surface Transportation |
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FE |
Fossil energy |
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FEMA |
Federal Emergency Management Agency |
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FEMP |
Federal Energy Management Program |
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FERC |
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission |
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FID |
Final investment decision |
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FIRST |
Flexible, Innovative, Resilient, Small, Transformative |
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FOA |
Funding Opportunity Announcements |
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FRCC |
Florida Reliability Coordinating Council |
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FTA |
Free trade agreement |
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FTC |
Federal Trade Commission |
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GAIN |
Gateway for Accelerated Innovation in Nuclear |
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GDP |
Gross domestic product |
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GHG |
Greenhouse gas |
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GIS |
Geographic information system |
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HALEU |
High-assay low enriched uranium |
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HH |
Henry Hub |
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IAC |
Industrial Assessment Center |
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IEA |
International Energy Agency |
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IECC |
International Energy Conservation Code |
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INL |
Idaho National Laboratory |
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IRS |
Internal Revenue Service |
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ISER |
Infrastructure Security and Energy Restoration |
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ISO |
International Organization for Standardization |
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ITC |
Investment tax credit |
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LCFS |
Low Carbon Fuel Standard |
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LEED |
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design |
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LNG |
Liquefied natural gas |
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LOOP |
Louisiana Offshore Oil Port |
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LPG |
Liquefied petroleum gas |
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LPO |
Loan Programs Office |
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LTO |
Light tight oil |
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LWR |
Light water reactor |
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MARAD |
Maritime Administration |
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MATS |
Mercury and Air Toxics Standard |
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MGGRA |
Midwestern Greenhouse Gas Reduction Accord |
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MI |
Mission Innovation |
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MINER |
Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response |
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MISO |
Midcontinent Independent System Operator |
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MRO |
Midwest Reliability Organization |
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MSHA |
Mine Safety and Health Administration |
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NAAQS |
National Ambient Air Quality Standards |
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NAERM |
North American Energy Resiliency Model |
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NAS |
National Academy of Sciences |
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NASA |
National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
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NASEO |
National Association of State Energy Officials |
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NDIC |
North Dakota Industrial Commission |
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NE |
Nuclear Energy |
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NEET |
Nuclear Energy Enabling Technologies |
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NEHHOR |
Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve |
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NEPA |
National Environmental Policy Act |
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NERC |
North American Electric Reliability Corporation |
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NESO |
National Emergency Strategy Organization |
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NGA |
Natural Gas Act |
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NGPA |
Natural Gas Policy Act |
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NGSR |
Northeast Gasoline Supply Reserve |
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NHTSA |
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration |
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NIMS |
National Incident Management System |
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NOAA |
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |
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NOPR |
Notice of proposed rulemaking |
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NPCC |
Northeast Power Coordinating Council |
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NPP |
Nuclear power plants |
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NRC |
Nuclear Regulatory Commission |
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NREL |
National Renewable Energy Laboratory |
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NRF |
National Response Framework |
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NSPS |
New Source Performance Standards |
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NSR |
New Source Review |
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NSS |
National Security Strategy |
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NYISO |
New York Independent System Operator |
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NYMEX |
New York Mercantile Exchange |
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OASIS |
Open Access Same-Time Information System |
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OCS |
Outer Continental Shelf |
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OMB |
Office of Management and Budget |
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OSTP |
Office of Science and Technology Policy |
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OTT |
Office of Technology Transitions |
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PG&E |
Pacific Gas & Electric |
PHMSA |
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration |
PPP |
Purchasing power parity |
PRB |
Powder River Basin |
PREPA |
Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority |
PRIS |
Power Reactor Information System |
PSD |
Prevention of Significant Deterioration |
PTC |
Production tax credit |
PV |
Photovoltaic |
PURPA |
Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act |
QHSR |
Quadrennial Homeland Security Review |
R&D |
Research and development |
RD&D |
Research, development and demonstration |
RF |
Reliability First |
RFS |
Renewable Fuel Standard |
RGGI |
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative |
RPS |
Renewable portfolio standard |
SAFE |
Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient |
SEP |
Superior Energy Performance |
SIP |
State Implementation Plan |
SLR |
Subsequent license renewal |
SMR |
Small modular reactors |
SPP |
Southwest Power Pool |
SPR |
Strategic Petroleum Reserve |
SSA |
Sector-Specific Agency |
STEM |
Science, technology, engineering and mathematics |
STEO |
Short-Term Energy Outlook |
TCF |
Technology Commercialization Fund |
TCP |
Technology Collaboration Programmes |
TFC |
Total final consumption |
TPES |
Total primary energy supply |
UAMPS |
Utah Associated Municipal Power Systems |
UNFCCC |
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |
US |
United States |
USDA |
United States Department of Agriculture |
VIEU |
Vertically integrated electric utilities |
VLCC |
Very large crude carriers |
WCI |
Western Climate Initiative |
WECC |
Western Electricity Coordinating Council |
WTI |
West Texas Intermediate |
ZEC |
Zero-emissions credit |
ZEV |
Zero-emission vehicle |
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ANNEXES
IEA. All rights reserved.