The Muscular System

1. Pre-reading activities

1.1 Read and memorize the words:

extremities – кінцівки contraction – скорочення

facial – лицьовий attach – прикріпляти

relaxation – розслаблення striated – смугастий

smooth – гладкий voluntary – довільний

1.2 Match the words-combinations:

body weight серцевий м’яз

form the walls робити рухи

attached to the bones м’язові волокна

make movements утворюють стінки

striated muscles вага тіла

cardiac muscle кріпляться до кісток

muscle fibers смугасті м’язи

2. Reading activities

2.1 Read and translate the text: The Muscles

The muscles form about 40 per cent of the body weight. They are subdivided into three groups. These groups are the muscles of the trunk, head and extremities. There are about 600 skeletal muscles. As far as their form is concerned they can be long, wide and short. The long muscles compose the extremities; the wide ones lie on the trunk and form the walls of the body cavities. Skeletal muscles are considered "voluntary" muscles because the person controls their use. The short muscles are not numerous. Some of them form facial muscles. Muscles are attached to the bones, internal organs and blood vessels. They allow us to make an internal or external movement due to their contraction or relaxation.

As for the structure of the muscles there are also three types of them: striated (skeletal) muscles, smooth (visceral) muscles and a cardiac muscle. The first ones move all the bones, face and eyes. The second ones move our internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels and secretory ducts. Smooth muscles are called "involuntary" because they cannot be made to work by conscious choice, but are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. The cardiac muscles are only found in the heart. These muscles, which contain both striped and smooth tissue, are involuntary. We have no control over cardiac muscles.

The muscles contain many muscle fibers which are connected together by connective tissue. There are many nerves and blood vessels in the muscles.

3. Post-reading activities

3.1 Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents for:

are subdivided into three groups; the muscles of the trunk, head and extremities; as far as their form is concerned; form the walls of the body cavities; allow us to make an internal or external movement; have no control over visceral muscles.

3. 2 Suggest the English equivalents for:

маса тіла; поділяються на; скелетні м’язи; довгі, широкі та короткі; скорочення; смугасті м'язи; гладкі м’язи; cерцевий м’яз; волокна; кровоносні судини.

3.3 Choose the proper words:

1. The muscles are subdivided into ... (two, three) groups. 2. The long muscles compose the ... (extremities, the walls of the body cavities). 3. Muscles are ... (attached, connected) to the bones, internal organs and blood vessels. 4. The .... (striated, smooth) muscles move all the bones, face and eyes. 5. The ... (striated, smooth) muscles move our internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels. 6. The muscles contain many muscle fibres which are connected together by ... (connective, nervous) tissue.

3.4 Answer the questions to the text:

1. How many per cent of the body weight do the muscles form? 2. What do the long muscles compose? 3. What muscles form the walls of the body cavities? 4. What are muscles attached to? 5. What types of muscles do you know? 6. The striated muscles move all the bones, face and eyes, don’t they? 7. What are muscle fibers connected together by?

3 .5 Say if it true or false:

1. The muscles are subdivided into four groups.

2. The wide muscles compose the extremities.

3. Muscles are attached to the bones, internal organs and blood vessels.

4. Smooth muscles move our internal organs.

5. We have no control over striated muscles.

6. There are many nerves and blood vessels in the muscles.