Grammar Active or Passive Voice

Do the tests:

1. Cheese.........from milk.

a) made b) is made c) makes

2. The letters............yesterday.

a) were written b) being written c) wrote

3. My secretary ......... the mail every morning.

a) is opened b) opens c) opened

4. Excuse the mess. The house........... now.

a) is being painted b) paints c) is painted

5. A gardener......... the flowers now.

a) waters b) is being watered c) is watering

6. John said they couldn't take photos. The camera............

a) was being repaired b) was repaired c) was repairing

7. Caroline ............. the dogs every morning.

a) was walked b) walks c) is walked

8. Heavy rain .......... the flood.

a) had being caused b) had been caused c) had caused

9. The new project............yet.

a) hasn’t finished b) hasn’t being finished c) has not been finished

10. Police officers ............ the evidence.

a) was examined b) were examining c) were being examined

Lesson 11

Respiratory System

1. Pre-reading activities

1.1 Pronounce and memorize the anatomic terms:

breathing - дихання pharynx - зів; глотка

nasal cavities - пазухи носа adenoids - аденоїди

throat - горло tonsils - мигдалики

larynx - гортань trachea - трахея

bronchus (bronchi) - бронх to inhale - вдихати

alveolus (alveoli) - альвеола to exhale - видихати

oxygen - кисень lungs - легені

bronchiole - бронхіола lobe - доля

thoracic cavity – грудна порожнина

a mucous membrane - слизова оболонка

cilia- війки респіраторного епітелію

to moisten the air - зволожувати повітря

carbon dioxide - вуглекислий газ

1.2 Match the words-combinations:

of vital importance тонкі стінки

interruption of breathing однакові за розміром

filter out bodies обмін газів

a common way процес дихання

thin walls переривання дихання

exchange of gases життєво важливе

equal in size відфільтровують тіла

the process of breathing загальний шлях

2. Reading activities

2.1 Read the text and get ready to comment upon its content:

Anatomy and Physiology of Respiration

Breathing is of vital importance for the preservation of life. Any interruption of breathing for a long time may cause death.

Air enters through the nose and the nasal cavities. A mucous membrane and cilia warm and moisten the air and filter out foreign bodies.

Then the air passes the pharynx (throat), where the adenoids and the tonsils are located. The pharynx serves as a common way for food and air. Air reaches the larynx (voice box) and then trachea and bronchial tree (bronchi). The bronchial branches are called bronchioles. Each bronchiole has an alveolus (air sack) at the end. The thin walls of alveoli allow for he exchange of gases between them and the capillaries. The blood absorbs the oxygen from the alveoli and gives carbon dioxide (carbonic acid gas) away, which is exhaled (breathed out). Then oxygen is carried to all parts of the body along with a protein (hemoglobin) in erythrocytes.

This process occurs in the lungs which occupy the major part of the cavity on both sides of the chest. The pleura envelopes the lungs. It is a double-folded membrane. The two lungs are not equal in size. The right lung is divided into three lobes and is a bit larger. The left lung is divided into two lobes. The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal one and helps in the process of breathing (inspiration-breathing in and expiration-breathing out).

2.2 Enumerate the main stages of the process of breathing. Consult the text if necessary.

2.3 Answer the questions:

1. What do we need cilia for? 2. Where does the exchange of gases take place? 3. By what means is oxygen carried to all parts of the body? 4. What is the difference between the two lobes of the lungs? 5. What membrane separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal one?

3. Vocabulary exercises

3.1 Fill in:

1. Breathing is of vital importance for the ... . 2. ... warm and moisten the air and filter out foreign bodies. 3. Air reaches the larynx and then ... . 4. Each bronchiole has an ... at the end. 5. The thin walls of alveoli ... between them and the capillaries. 6. ... separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity and helps in the process of breathing.

3.2 Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents for:

vital importance; any interruption of breathing; may cause death; moisten the air and filter out foreign bodies; the nasal cavities; serves as a common way; bronchial tree; allow for the change of gases; absorbs the oxygen from the alveoli; occurs in the lungs; are not equal in size; is divided into two lobes; separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal one; helps in the process of breathing.

3.3 Find in the text English equivalents for:

дихання; слизова оболонка; зволожувати повітря; гортань; бронхіальне дерево; альвеола; кисень; вуглекислий газ; торакальна порожнина; видихати; бути життєво важливим; кожне переривання; спричиняти щось; давати можливість; ділитися на долі; відокремлювати; допомагати в процесі дихання.

3.4 Find the English equivalents for the Latin terms:

Nasus, і m. 2. Cavum, і n. 3. Mucosus, a, um. 4. Nasalis, e. 5. Membrana, ae f. 6. Oxygenium, і n. 7. Carbo, onis m. 8.

Thoracalis, e. 9. Abdominalis, e.

(a — oxygen; b — abdominal; c — thoracic; d — carbon; e —cavity; f— nose; g — mucous; h — nasal; і — membrane)

3.5 Say if it is true or false:

1. Breathing is of vital importance for the preservation of life.

2. Interruption of breathing for a long time can't cause death.

3. A mucous membrane and cilia warm and moisten the air and filter out foreign bodies.

4. The pharynx serves only as a way for air.

5. The blood absorbs the carbon dioxide from the alveoli and gives oxygen away, which is exhaled (breathed out).

6. The two lungs are equal in size.

7. The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal one and helps in the process of breathing.

3.6 Fill in the blanks with the words given below and translate the following sentences:

1. A patient has difficulty in ... . 2. When one breathes normally not all ... are opened. 3. The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and ... . 4. Each bronchus leads to a separate ... . 5. When one ... , the external intercostal muscles contract and lift the ribs. 6. ...passes from the blood into the lungs and is breathed out. 7. The tonsils are masses of … .

(breathes in; lung; bronchi; alveoli; breathing; lymphatic tissue; carbon dioxide )

3.7 Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Дихання - життєво важливе для збереження життя.

2. Права легеня поділяється на дві долі і трошки більша

3. Тонкі стінки альвеол дозволяють відбуватися обміну газів.

4. Процес дихання відбувається в легенях.

5. Кожна бронхіола має альвеолу на кінці.

6. Слизова оболонка та війки респіраторного епітелію зігрівають і зволожують повітря і відфільтровують чужорідні тіла.

7. Кров всмоктує кисень з альвеол і віддає вуглекислий газ.

3.8. Read and translate the additional text: